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32-559: Prior to the foundation of the university, Salamanca was home to a cathedral school, known to have been in existence by 1130. The university was founded as a studium generale by the Leonese king Alfonso IX in 1218 as the scholas Salamanticae , with the actual creation of the university (or the transformation of the existing school into the university) occurring between August 1218 and the following winter. A further royal charter from King Alfonso X, dated 8 May 1254, established rules for

64-486: A studium generale was entitled to teach in any other studium without further examination. That privilege, known as jus ubique docendi , was, by custom, reserved only to the masters of the three oldest universities: Salerno , Bologna and Paris . Their reputations were so great that their graduates and teachers were welcome to teach in all other studia , but they accepted no outside teachers without an examination. Pope Gregory IX , who, seeking to elevate

96-452: A bull, Oxford masters were not allowed to teach in Paris without examination. Oxford reciprocated by demanding examinations from Paris masters and ignoring the papal privileges Paris enjoyed.) Finally, the pope could issue bulls guaranteeing the autonomy of the university from the interference of local civil or diocesan authorities, a process that had begun with the issuing of the 1231 bull for

128-511: A council of geographers at the University of Salamanca. While the geographers were skeptical of Columbus and his voyage calculations, the University of Salamanca always defended the theory of unknown territories to the west, and supported Columbus' voyage, believing that new territories may be discovered. In the next century, the morality and laws of colonization in the Indies were debated by

160-463: A more precise (but still unofficial) meaning as a place that (1) received students from all places, (2) taught the arts and had at least one of the higher faculties (that is, theology , law or medicine ) and (3) that a significant part of the teaching was done by those with a master's degree. A fourth criterion slowly appeared: a master who had taught and was registered in the Guild of Masters of

192-783: A tradition of cohabitation with humans as an insect hunter. A robust species, up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long, its tubercules are enlarged and give the species a spiny armoured appearance. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is also known as moorish gecko , crocodile gecko , European common gecko , and, regionally, as osga (in Portuguese), salamanquesa (in Spanish) and dragó (in Catalan). Adults can measure up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in), tail included. Robust body and flat head. Back, legs and tail with prominent conic tubercles. Its regenerated tail

224-469: A year around April and June. After 4 months, little salamanquesas of less than 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length are born. Moorish geckos are slow to mature, taking 4 to 5 years in captivity. The introduction of the species may impact on native fauna, by preying on frogs and smaller lizards. The adoption of this species as a pet has led to populations becoming established in Florida and elsewhere. It

256-516: Is a reptile with magical attributes in Spanish tradition. In Romanian folklore , the devil runs a school of black magic named Scholomance . The name is derived from "Salamanca" and the wise king " Solomon ". Salamanca draws undergraduate and graduate students from across Spain and the world; it is the top-ranked university in Spain based on the number of students coming from other regions . It

288-559: Is also known for its Spanish courses for non-native speakers, which attract more than two thousand foreign students each year. Scientific research is carried out in the university and research centers associated with it, such as at the Centro de Investigación del Cáncer [Cancer Research Centre], Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León or INCyL [Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and León], Centro de Láseres Pulsados Ultracortos Ultraintensos [Ultrashort Ultraintense Pulse Lasers Centre]. It

320-471: Is an isolated introduced population in southern Western Sahara. It can live up to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) in altitude. Mainly nocturnal or crepuscular . Also active during the day, on sunny days at the end of the winter especially. They like to receive sunlight near their refuge. They hunt insects and in the warmer months of the year it can be found hunting nocturnal insects near light sources, street lamps, etc. They lay 2 almost-spherical eggs twice

352-754: Is one of only two Hispanophone universities in the world that have a MoU with the United Nations to train language professionals for the organization. In conjunction with the University of Cambridge , the University of Salamanca co-founded the Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) in 1989. In 2018, the institution celebrated its eighth centennial. The library holds about 906,000 volumes. Other notable students and academic teachers include: Studium generale Studium generale

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384-419: Is smoother and doesn't have tubercles. Obtuse mouth, big eyes with no eyelids and vertical pupil. Fingers with big lateral growths and adherent division less laminae in the bottom face. Only the third and fourth fingers end in union. Brownish grey or brown coloration with darker or lighter spots. These colours change in intensity according to the light. When they are active by day their colour is darker than during

416-418: Is the old customary name for a medieval university in medieval Europe. There is no official definition for the term studium generale . The term studium generale first appeared at the beginning of the 13th century out of customary usage, and meant a place where students from everywhere were welcomed, not merely those of the local district or region. In the 13th century, the term gradually acquired

448-510: The Council of Trent . The school's mathematicians studied the calendar reform, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII and proposed the solution that was later implemented. By 1580, 6,500 new students had arrived at Salamanca each year, amongst the graduates were state officials of the Spanish monarchy administration. It was also during this period when the first female university students were probably admitted, Beatriz Galindo and Luisa de Medrano ,

480-536: The School of Salamanca , along with the development of the study of science , geography and cartography of the Americas , and as well as the study of general subjects of economics , philosophy and theology . Salamanca's colleges ( Colegios Mayores ) were founded as charitable institutions to enable poor scholars to attend the university. By the eighteenth century they had become closed corporations controlled by

512-522: The common wall gecko , is a species of gecko ( Gekkota ) native to the western Mediterranean area of North Africa and Europe. It has been introduced to Madeira and Balearic Islands , and the Americas (in Montevideo, Buenos Aires and California). A nocturnal animal with a predominantly insectivorous diet, it is commonly observed on walls in urban environments in warm coastal areas; it can be found further inland, especially in Spain where it has

544-423: The 14th century were several, among them: Today studium generale is primarily used within a European university context as a description for lectures, seminars and other activities which aim at providing academic foundations for students and the general public. They are in line with the humanistic roots of the traditional universities to reach outside of their boundaries and provide a general education. In

576-419: The University of Paris. Although not a necessary criterion, bestowing the "privileges of Paris" to other studia generalia became customary. The pope was not the only supplier of privileges. The Holy Roman Emperor also issued imperial charters granting much the same privileges, starting with the University of Naples in 1224. A universal student body, one or more higher faculties, teaching by masters,

608-399: The current academic culture seen in modern European universities. The universities generally considered studia generalia in the 13th century were: Both theological and secular universities were registered. This list quickly grew as new universities were founded throughout Europe. Many of these universities received formal confirmation of their status as studia generalia towards

640-657: The early post-war years in Germany the concept was re-introduced, for example, with a formal programme begun in 1948 at the Leibniz College of University of Tübingen . Today the term is often used interchangeably with orientation year and may be regarded as the academic equivalent of a Gap year . A studium particulare tended to take local students. A studium generale , by contrast, would take students from all regions and all countries. Tarentola mauritanica Tarentola mauritanica , known as

672-521: The end of the 13th century by way of papal bull , along with a host of newer universities. While these papal bulls initially did little more than confer the privileges of a specified university such as Bologna or Paris, by the end of the 13th century universities sought a papal bull conferring on them ius ubique docendi , the privilege of granting to masters licences to teach in all universities without further examination (Haskins, 1941:282). Universities officially recognized as studia generalia in

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704-557: The families of their founders, and dominated the university between them. Most were destroyed by Napoleon's troops. In the 19th century, the Spanish government dissolved the university's faculties of canon law and theology . They were later reestablished in the 1940s as part of the Pontifical University of Salamanca . The faculty renovated the theology department, laid the foundation for modern-day law, international law, modern economic science and actively participated in

736-465: The latter probably being the first woman ever to give classes at a university. In popular belief, the university was associated with sorcery. A certain cave in Salamanca was considered the site of a school of black magic. In Spanish, Salamanca may mean "cave", "an evil iguana" and "hand trick" and the salamanquesa ( Tarentola mauritanica , the Spanish name is also derived from " salamander ")

768-457: The most prestigious places of learning in Europe . The Vatican continues to designate many new universities as studia generalia , although the popular significance of this honour has declined over the centuries. As early as the 13th century, scholars from a studium generale were encouraged to give lecture courses at other institutes across Europe and to share documents, and this led to

800-678: The newly founded University of Alcalá . These men staffed the various councils of state, including, eventually, the Consejo de Indias and Casa de Contratacion , the two highest bodies in metropolitan Spain for the government of the Spanish Empire in the New World . While Columbus was lobbying the King and Queen for a contract to seek out a western route to the Indies, he made his case to

832-544: The night. It can be found on many construction sites, ruins, rock fields, tree trunks, etc. In Europe it can be found through most of the Iberian Peninsula (except northwestern Portugal and most of northern Spain), southern France, coastal Italy, southern Slovenia, northern coastal Croatia and southwestern parts of Greece. In North Africa it ranges from northern Egypt, through northern Libya, northern and central Tunisia, and northern Algeria to most of Morocco. There

864-606: The organisation and financial endowment of the university, and referred to it for the first time by that name. A papal bull of Alexander IV in 1255 confirmed the Royal Charter of Alfonso X and granted universal recognition to the university's degrees. The historical phrases Quod natura non dat, Salmantica non praestat (what nature does not give, Salamanca does not lend, in Latin) and Multos et doctissimos Salmantica habet (many and very versed Salamanca has) give an idea of

896-419: The prestige of the papal-sponsored University of Toulouse , which he had founded in 1229, issued a bull in 1233, allowing Masters of Toulouse to teach in any studium without an examination. It consequently became customary for studia generalia , eager to elevate themselves, to apply for similar bulls. The older universities at first disdained requesting such privileges themselves, feeling their reputation

928-694: The prestige the institution rapidly acquired. In the reign of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile , the Spanish government was revamped. Contemporary with the Spanish Inquisition , the expulsion of the Jews and Muslims, and the conquest of Granada , there was a certain professionalization of the apparatus of the state. This involved the massive employment of "letrados", i.e., bureaucrats and lawyers, who were "licenciados" (university graduates), particularly, of Salamanca , and

960-464: The residency requirements set out in canon law . As this privilege was granted only to those in studia generalia , certainly routinely by the 14th century, it began to be considered by many to be not only another (fifth) criterion but the definition of a studium generale . (Although the old universities of Oxford and Padua , which resisted asking for a papal bull, had sufficient reputation to be referred to as studium generale without

992-558: The right to teach in other studia , retention of benefices, autonomy: those were common features in studia generalia . In other respects (structure, administration, curriculum etc.), studia generalia varied. Generally speaking, most tended to copy one of two old models: the student-centred system of Bologne or the master-centered structure of Paris. Most of the early studia generalia were found in Italy , France , England , Spain and Portugal , and these were considered

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1024-399: Was sufficient. However, Bologna and Paris eventually stooped down to apply for them too, receiving their papal bulls in 1292. Arguably, the most coveted feature of the papal bulls was the special exemption, instituted by Pope Honorius III in 1219, which allowed teachers and students to continue reaping the fruits of any clerical benefices they might have elsewhere. That dispensed them from

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