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72-424: Salaam Namaste ( transl.   Hello Greetings ) is a 2005 Indian romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Siddharth Anand in his directorial debut and produced by Aditya Chopra under Yash Raj Films . The film stars Saif Ali Khan and Preity Zinta in lead roles, alongside a supporting cast of Arshad Warsi , Tania Zaetta and Jugal Hansraj . The film was released on 9 September 2005, and

144-422: A gestational sac , yolk sac , and fetal pole . The gestational age can be assessed by evaluating the mean gestational sac diameter (MGD) before week 6, and the crown-rump length after week 6. Multiple gestation is evaluated by the number of placentae and amniotic sacs present. Other tools used for assessment include: A pregnant woman may have a pre-existing disease , that may become worse or become

216-406: A hospital may leave the hospital as soon as she is medically stable, and chooses to leave, which can be as early as a few hours later, but usually averages a stay of one or two days; the average postnatal stay following delivery by caesarean section is three to four days. During this time the mother is monitored for bleeding , bowel and bladder function, and baby care. The infant 's health

288-586: A "cheerleader-homecoming queen-fraternity sweetheart pretty", but gave the film a mixed review. 51st Filmfare Awards : Nominated 7th IIFA Awards : Won Nominated Romance film Romantic films often explore the essential themes of love at first sight , young and mature love, unrequited love, obsession, sentimental love, spiritual love , forbidden love, platonic love, sexual and passionate love, sacrificial love, explosive and destructive love, and tragic love . Romantic films serve as great escapes and fantasies for viewers, especially if

360-499: A Geisha , Slumdog Millionaire , Up in the Air , The Artist , Gloria Bell , and Malcolm & Marie . Director Richard Linklater helmed the prominent Before trilogy, consisting of Before Sunrise , Before Sunset , and Before Midnight . Kasautii Zindagii Kay is a popular Indian romantic drama television series of the 2000s. Same-sex romantic dramas that tackle LGBT issues include Brokeback Mountain , Blue

432-535: A Thief , Vertigo , The Crying Game , The Bodyguard , Unfaithful , Wicker Park , The Phantom of the Opera , The Tourist , and The Adjustment Bureau . The screenwriters taxonomy creates additional categories beyond "subgenre" when discussing films, making the argument that all narrative Hollywood films can be delineated into comedies or dramas (identified as a "film type"). The taxonomy also identifies fifty "macro genres", which can be paired with

504-412: A controversial medical past. Under the beliefs at the time about pain and the prejudice towards African people, he had practiced his surgical skills and developed skills on slaves. These women were the first patients of modern gynecology. One of the women he operated on was named Anarcha Westcott , the woman he first treated for a fistula. Women and men inhabited very different roles in natal care up to

576-483: A delivery reduced childbed fever fatalities by 90%. So it was concluded that it was physicians who had been spreading disease from one labouring mother to the next. Despite the publication of this information, doctors still would not wash. It was not until the 20th century when advancements in aseptic technique and the understanding of disease would play a significant role in the decrease of maternal mortality rates among many populations. The development of obstetrics as

648-458: A dozen marriage proposals. She traveled to Australia for a one-year foreign exchange program, then decided to stay and become a surgeon. After hearing this, her parents disowned her. To pay for her education, she works as an R.J. at a local radio station, ' Salaam Namaste '. Nick is scheduled to do an interview for Salaam Namaste , but he oversleeps the first time, then again when it's rescheduled, and irritated Ambar insults him on-air. Nick becomes

720-467: A drunk girl from the bar named Stella. The next morning, an annoyed Stella tells Nick that all he did the previous night was cry over Ambar. Nick is relieved, but Ambar sees Stella in the bedroom and assumes that they have slept together. Nick discovers that Ambar was trying on rings for Jignesh's girlfriend, Tina. He searches for Ambar with the help of many devoted Salaam Namaste listeners. He finds her and apologises but Ambar's water breaks and they rush to

792-435: A filmmaker's "voice" because the artistic choice to have the characters sing does not affect the story or the characters – it simply alters how the story and characters are conveyed. Therefore, a romance film like Grease would be categorized as a dramatic (type), romance (super genre), high school / coming of age (macro genres), musical (voice) – rather than simply as a "musical romance". Obstetrician Obstetrics

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864-447: A lever for the introduction of men into an arena previously managed and run by women – midwifery. The addition of the male-midwife (or man-midwife) is historically a significant change to the profession of obstetrics. In the 18th century medical men began to train in area of childbirth and believed with their advanced knowledge in anatomy that childbirth could be improved. In France these male-midwives were referred to as accoucheurs ,

936-638: A practice for accredited doctors happened at the turn of the 18th century and thus was very differently developed in Europe and in the Americas due to the independence of many countries in the Americas from European powers. "Unlike in Europe and the British Isles, where midwifery laws were national, in America, midwifery laws were local and varied widely". Gynaecology and Obstetrics gained attention in

1008-440: A risk to the pregnancy, or to postnatal development of the offspring Induction is a method of artificially or prematurely stimulating labour in a woman. Reasons to induce can include pre-eclampsia , foetal distress, placental malfunction, intrauterine growth retardation and failure to progress through labour increasing the risk of infection and foetal distresses. Induction may be achieved via several methods: During labour,

1080-411: A serious complication had taken place and the midwife had exhausted all measures at her disposal. Calling a surgeon was very much a last resort and having men deliver women in this era was seen as offending female modesty. Prior to the 18th and 19th centuries, midwifery was well established but obstetrics was not recognized as a specific medical specialty. However, the subject matter and interest in

1152-459: A surgical practice in 1795 and performed the first ovariotomy in 1809 on a 47-year-old widow who then lived on for 31 more years. He had attempted to share this with John Bell whom he had practiced under who had retired to Italy. Bell was said to have died without seeing the document but it was published by an associate in Extractions of Diseased Ovaria in 1825. By the mid-century the surgery

1224-461: A title later used all over Europe. The founding of lying-in hospitals also contributed to the medicalization and male-dominance of obstetrics. These early maternity hospitals were establishments where women would come to have their babies delivered, as opposed to the practice since time immemorial of the midwife attending the home of the woman in labour. This institution provided male-midwives with endless patients to practice their techniques on and

1296-440: A very telling and serious comment on commitment-phobia especially among the ambitious urban males who would rather have their cake and sleep with it too." Salaam Namaste was the highest-grossing Indian film at the overseas market. It grossed ₹ 572 million (US$ 6.9 million) worldwide. Fran Bailey , Australia's Minister for Small Business and Tourism at the time, attributed the 21% growth of Indian tourism to Australia, to

1368-460: A well-shot tour of Melbourne , you can't go wrong with Salaam Namaste ". Rama Sharma of The Tribune gave a positive review of the main lead and concluded the film as worth a watch, despite an "inadequate" end. Namrata Joshi of Outlook called it "a rare Hindi film" in its portrayal of the characters, but criticized the pregnancy part, which she found unconvincing. Khalid Mohamed of DNA India called it "a picture that's polarized between

1440-691: Is a romantic story with a historical period setting, normally with a turbulent backdrop of war, revolution, or tragedy. This includes films such as Gone with the Wind , Doctor Zhivago , Reds , Titanic , A Very Long Engagement , Atonement , Portrait of a Lady on Fire , and Cold War . Paranormal romance is a popular genre of film which features romantic relationships between humans and supernatural creatures. Popular tropes include vampirism , time travel , ghosts and psychic or telekinetic abilities – i.e. things that cannot be explained by science. The genre originated in literature and moved on to

1512-820: Is a term associated with romance films mostly targeted to a female audience. Although many romance films may be targeted at women, it is not a defining characteristic of a romance film and a ' chick flick ' does not necessarily have a romance as a central theme, revolve around the romantic involvement of characters or even include a romantic relationship. As such, the terms cannot be used interchangeably. Films of this genre include Gilda , The Red Shoes , Sense and Sensibility , Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , Dirty Dancing , The Notebook , Dear John , A Walk to Remember , Thelma & Louise , Fifty Shades of Grey , Sleepless in Seattle , You've Got Mail and Romeo + Juliet . Also known as epic romance, this

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1584-457: Is able to surmount most obstacles. Humour in such films tends to be of a verbal, low-key variety or situational, as opposed to slapstick. Films within this genre include City Lights , A Night at the Opera , It Happened One Night , His Girl Friday , My Wife's Goblin , The Philadelphia Story , Intolerable Cruelty , Roman Holiday , Good Morning, My Dear Wife , The Big Sick , Enough Said , Lost In Translation , To All

1656-423: Is also monitored. Prior to the 18th century, caring for pregnant women in Europe was confined exclusively to women , and rigorously excluded men. The expectant mother would invite close female friends and family members to her home to keep her company during childbirth . Skilled midwives managed all aspects of the labour and delivery. The presence of physicians and surgeons was very rare and only occurred if

1728-464: Is often employed to indicate the emotional mood, creating an atmosphere of greater insulation for the couple. The conclusion of a romantic drama typically does not indicate whether a final romantic union between the two main characters will occur. Some examples of romantic drama films and shows before 2000 are Man's Way with Women , Casablanca , María Candelaria , Pride & Prejudice , Appointment with Happiness , Wakeful Eyes , Among

1800-423: Is pregnant, and they decide to end the pregnancy but she cannot go through with it. The pair argue and break up. Over the next five months, they have several comical disagreements. During one argument, the baby kicks for the first time and Nick realises he still loves Ambar. Ambar asks Nick to take a blood test because she has thalassemia minor, and if he has the disease too, there will be complications. Nick takes

1872-565: Is pregnant. Salaam Namaste became the third highest-grossing Indian film of the year , as well as India's biggest hit in the overseas market that year. On 24 September 2005, the script of the film was invited to be included in the Margaret Herrick Library , which is operated by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Zinta received widespread critical acclaim for her role and earned nominations for Best Actress at

1944-446: Is routinely used for dating the gestational age of a pregnancy from the size of the fetus , determine the number of fetuses and placentae , evaluate for an ectopic pregnancy and first trimester bleeding, the most accurate dating being in first trimester before the growth of the foetus has been significantly influenced by other factors. Ultrasound is also used for detecting congenital anomalies (or other foetal anomalies) and determining

2016-514: Is the Warmest Colour , Carol , Moonlight , and Call Me by Your Name . Romantic fantasies describe fantasy stories using many of the elements and conventions of the romance genre. Some examples include The Lady Eve , Top Hat , The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (Les Parapluies de Cherbourg) , Singin' in the Rain , Groundhog Day , Enchanted , Cinderella , Beauty and

2088-504: Is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy , childbirth and the postpartum period . As a medical specialty , obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN), which is a surgical field. Prenatal care is important in screening for various complications of pregnancy . This includes routine office visits with physical exams and routine lab tests along with telehealth care for people with low-risk pregnancies: Routine tests in

2160-488: Is too expensive for routine observation. Instead, obstetric ultrasonography is the imaging method of choice in the first trimester and throughout the pregnancy, because it emits no radiation , is portable, and allows for realtime imaging. The safety of frequent ultrasound scanning has not been confirmed. Despite this, increasing numbers of women are choosing to have additional scans for no medical purpose, such as gender scans, 3D and 4D scans. A normal gestation would reveal

2232-562: The Caesarean section . Before the 1880s mortality rates in lying-hospitals would reach unacceptably high levels and became an area of public concern. Much of these maternal deaths were due to puerperal fever , then known as childbed fever. In the 1800s Ignaz Semmelweis noticed that women giving birth at home had a much lower incidence of childbed fever than those giving birth by physicians in lying-hospitals. His investigation discovered that washing hands with an antiseptic solution before

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2304-651: The Filmfare Awards , IIFA Awards , Star Screen Awards and Zee Cine Awards . Nikhil "Nick" Arora ( Saif Ali Khan ) and Ambar "Amby" Malhotra ( Preity Zinta ) are two progressive Indians who have left India to live in Melbourne , Australia. Nick was originally sent abroad to become an architect, but his real passion is cooking. After graduating, he designs a restaurant, which he takes over as head chef. While living at home in Bangalore , Ambar rejected more than

2376-696: The Rodgers and Hammerstein productions. Some examples include South Pacific , West Side Story and its 2021 remake , Grease , High School Musical , Across the Universe , Moulin Rouge! , the Mamma Mia! franchise, Sunshine on Leith , and La La Land . Romantic thriller is a genre of film which has a storyline combining elements of the romance film and the thriller genre . Some examples of romantic thriller films are Desire , To Catch

2448-436: The biophysical profiles (BPP), which are generally easier to detect in the second trimester when the foetal structures are larger and more developed. X-rays and computerized tomography (CT) are not used, especially in the first trimester, due to the ionizing radiation , which has teratogenic effects on the foetus. No effects of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the foetus have been demonstrated, but this technique

2520-537: The female reproductive system and sexual practice can be traced back to Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece. Soranus of Ephesus sometimes is called the most important figure in ancient gynecology. Living in the late first century AD and early second century, he studied anatomy and had opinions and techniques on abortion, contraception – most notably coitus interruptus  – and birth complications. After his death, techniques and works of gynecology declined; very little of his works were recorded and survived to

2592-419: The romance super genre. Using this approach, films like Gone with the Wind (noted above) would be classified as a dramatic (type) historical/family (macro genres) romance (genre) rather than simply a historical romance; while The Notebook would be identified at dramatic (type) disease (macro genre) romance (genre) rather than simply a romantic drama. Similarly, musicals are categorized as one option for

2664-468: The "altercation between domesticity and individual freedom". Authors Snachari De and Amit Sarwal noted the film for presenting the " Australian Dream " as an alternative for the American Dream . They further noted that premarital pregnancy was not tabooed in the film as would be expected from a film involving Indian characters. Subhash K. Jha further wrote, "Beneath the vibrant veneer, the film makes

2736-403: The 18th century. The role of a physician was exclusively held by men who went to university, an overly male institution, who would theorize anatomy and the process of reproduction based on theological teaching and philosophy. Many beliefs about the female body and menstruation in the 17th and 18th centuries were inaccurate; clearly resulting from the lack of literature about the practice. Many of

2808-628: The American medical field at the end of the nineteenth century through the development of such procedures as the ovariotomy. These procedures then were shared with European surgeons who replicated the surgeries. This was a period when antiseptic, aseptic or anaesthetic measures were just being introduced to surgical and observational procedures and without these procedures surgeries were dangerous and often fatal. Following are two surgeons noted for their contributions to these fields include Ephraim McDowell and J. Marion Sims . Ephraim McDowell developed

2880-582: The Beast , Knowing , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , Midnight in Paris , Her , and The Shape of Water . Romantic musical (alternatively musical romance ) is a genre of film which features romantic relationships and whose story is partially explained through song and/or dance numbers. This genre originated on Broadway and moved to the silver screen thanks in part to the popularity of

2952-460: The Boys I've Loved Before , Four Weddings and a Funeral , Dave , Say Anything... , Moonstruck , In Summer We Must Love , As Good as It Gets , Something's Gotta Give , When Harry Met Sally... , Annie Hall , Manhattan , The Apartment and Pablo and Carolina . Romantic dramas usually revolve around an obstacle that prevents deep and true love between two people. Music

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3024-606: The Ruins , The River of Love , Dearer than my Life , Love Story , Paris and Love , Featureless Men , Coming Home , Daughters of the Dust , Like Water for Chocolate , Sommersby , The Bridges of Madison County , The English Patient , Shakespeare in Love , An Officer and a Gentleman , Saptapadi and Cinema Paradiso . 21st century examples include Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna , Sideways , Memoirs of

3096-593: The ability to spin on a dime between comedy and drama". Ethan Alter of Film Journal International concluded, "It's fair to say that the Melbourne setting, along with Khan and Zinta, makes the film. Otherwise, it mainly feels like Bollywood business as usual." The BBC ' s Manish Gajjar described the film as "a great entertainer" and enjoyed the pairing of Khan and Zinta, who he thought performed convincingly and whose comic timing he found "just perfect". Writing for The New York Times , Anita Gates praised Zinta as

3168-423: The beginning of the century. But obstetrics was underdeveloped compared to other medical specialities. Many male physicians would deliver children but very few would have referred to themselves as obstetricians. The end of the 19th century did mark a significant accomplishment in the profession with the advancements in asepsis and anaesthesia , which paved the way for the mainstream introduction and later success of

3240-539: The birth of a child would be in the sitting position, usually when performed on the side of a bed to support the mother. Men were introduced into the field of obstetrics in the nineteenth century and resulted in a change of the focus of this profession. Gynaecology directly resulted as a new and separate field of study from obstetrics and focused on the curing of illness and indispositions of female sexual organs. This had some relevance to some conditions as menopause, uterine and cervical problems, and childbirth could leave

3312-412: The blood test and discovers that Ambar is carrying twins. On the way home, Nick realises he has left Ambar alone through the whole pregnancy when she needed him the most. He decides to commit to her and their children and goes to buy an engagement ring. At the store, he sees Ambar trying on rings with her friend, Jignesh. He believes she is marrying Jignesh and is devastated. In a drunken haze, he takes home

3384-593: The caterer for a wedding Ambar attends. His best friend Ranjan "Ron" ( Arshad Warsi ) falls in love with Ambar's best friend Cathy ( Tania Zaetta ) at the wedding. Nick feels a connection with Ambar, although they have no idea who the other really is. Ron and Cathy hastily marry and Nick and Ambar discover each other's true identities. Nick gives the interview on Salaam Namaste , where he states that he loves Ambar. The pair fall in love and decide to move in together. Although they planned on maintaining distance amongst each other, they end up making love. Later, Ambar discovers she

3456-440: The eventual need for midwives to become certified. Many European countries by the late 19th century were monitoring the training of midwives and issued certification based on competency. Midwives were no longer uneducated in the formal sense. As midwifery began to develop, so did the profession of obstetrics near the end of the century. Childbirth was no longer unjustifiably despised by the medical community as it once had been at

3528-408: The fetal neck (thicker nuchal skin correlates with higher risk of Down syndrome being present) and two chemicals (analytes), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and human chorionic gonadotropin (pregnancy hormone level itself ). It gives an accurate risk profile very early. A second blood screen at 15 to 20 weeks refines the risk more accurately. The cost is higher than an "AFP-quad" screen due to

3600-419: The film as "a visual treat", praised the performances of Khan and Zinta who "live their roles" and Anand's "confident debut". Sarita Tanwar of Mid Day noted the film's "bold, refreshing and unique" subject, praised the performances, but thought the script needed "some fine-tuning". Rediff 's Lindsay Perreira concluded that "for an afternoon of laughs, some excellent performances by Khan, Zinta and Jaffrey, and

3672-400: The film's "substance lies in the pensive questions it poses, and answers, about adult relationships", and appreciated the "memorable performances", noting Zinta's character of "the strong-willed, independent Ambar" to be "a rare Bollywood heroine." Subhash K. Jha argued that the treatment of the subjects, along with the performances, made up for an otherwise mediocre story. Screen described

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3744-637: The film's success: "Australia is receiving enormous exposure through Salaam Namaste , the latest Bollywood hit filmed entirely on location in Victoria ." Salaam Namaste received positive reviews from critics upon release, with high praise directed towards the bold concept and storyline, and Zinta's performance in particular received widespread critical acclaim. Taran Adarsh from the entertainment portal Bollywood Hungama rated Salaam Namaste 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "an immensely likeable film that should appeal to all ages, mainly its target audience --

3816-410: The film. Abhishek Bachchan is the narrator and makes a special appearance as a doctor towards the end. Director Siddharth Anand makes an appearance as the taxi driver towards the end. The mother and son in the bookshop Saif Ali Khan 's character visits, are actor Arshad Warsi 's wife and son, Maria Goretti and Zeke. Preity Zinta's then-boyfriend, Ness Wadia , makes an appearance as the man reading

3888-581: The first trimester of pregnancy generally include: Genetic screening for Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), the national standard in the United States, is rapidly evolving away from the AFP- quad screen , done typically in the second trimester at 16–18 weeks. The newer integrated screen (formerly called F.A.S.T.E.R for First And Second Trimester Early Results) can be done at 10 plus weeks to 13 plus weeks with an ultrasound of

3960-529: The hospital. At the hospital, Ron is there with Cathy, who's giving birth as well, and the nurse turns out to be Stella. She tells Ambar that Nick didn't do anything the previous night and is in love with Ambar. They meet the obstetrician Dr. Vijay ( Abhishek Bachchan ), who turns out to be a comical and incompetent doctor who albeit manages to deliver the children. Before the birth, Nick proposes to her, to which she joyously agrees. The film ends with Nick and Ambar welcoming twins. Several people made cameos in

4032-574: The late 18th century when gynecology and obstetrics reemerged as a medical specialism. The 18th century marked the beginning of many advances in European midwifery , based on better knowledge of the physiology of pregnancy and labour. By the end of the century, medical professionals began to understand the anatomy of the uterus and the physiological changes that take place during labour. The introduction of forceps in childbirth also took place at this time. All these medical advances in obstetrics were

4104-546: The newspaper beside whom Zinta sits on the bus. The film has seven songs composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar . The music of the film released on 3 August 2005. The music includes 4 songs and 2 remixes. Lyrics are penned by Jaideep Sahni . According to the Indian trade website Box Office India , with around 14,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's thirteenth highest-selling. The film dealt with such topics as cohabitation , premarital sex and pregnancy, and

4176-468: The obstetrician carries out the following tasks: The main emergencies include: The World Health Organization makes a distinction between the use of postpartum care when it concerns the care of the mother after giving birth, and postnatal care when the care of the newborn is concerned. Postpartum care is provided to the mother following childbirth. A woman in the Western world who gives birth in

4248-589: The screen in the early 2000s, following the success of the Twilight Saga adaptations from Stephenie Meyer 's books. By 2007–08, film studios were producing various paranormal romance films, many adapted from novels. Examples of paranormal romance films include The Exterminating Angel , The Twilight Saga , Warm Bodies , Vampire Academy , I Am Dragon , and The Shape of Water . Romantic comedies are films with light-hearted, humorous plotlines, centered on romantic ideals such as that true love

4320-467: The story" and Zinta "especially does a good job with the hysterics". Dominic Ferrao of Filmfare noted that "Khan and Zinta come off with flying colors, delivering superlative and lively performances" and concluded that the film exemplifies how "Indian cinema is evolving". Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph called it "the film of the year", praising Khan's comic timing and Zinta as "an absolute treat to watch". Devyani Srivastava of Mid-Day believed

4392-436: The terrific and the tedious", but noted the main leads. Salaam Namaste was reviewed positively by several foreign media outlets. Derek Elley of Variety noted its similarity to Nine Months and said it "serves up a bonny 2.5 hours of dialogue-driven entertainment". Elley called Khan "a real leading man" and Zinta "the most substantial actress among the younger Bollywood crop", believing they avoid sentimentality and "show

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4464-454: The theories of what caused menstruation prevailed from Hippocratic philosophy. Midwives , meaning "with woman", were those who assisted in the birth and care of both born and unborn children, a position historically held mainly by women. During the birth of a child, men were rarely present. Women from the neighbourhood or family would join in on the process of birth and assist in many different ways. The one position where men would help with

4536-738: The two leads finally overcome their difficulties, declare their love, and experience their "happily ever after", often implied by a reunion and final kiss. In romantic television series, the development of such romantic relationships may play out over many episodes or different characters may become intertwined in different romantic arcs. Screenwriter and scholar Eric R. Williams identifies Romance Films as one of eleven super-genres in his screenwriters' taxonomy , claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are action , crime , fantasy , horror , science fiction , comedy , sports , thriller , war and western . ' Chick flick '

4608-444: The ultrasound and second blood test, but it is quoted to have a 93% pick up rate as opposed to 88% for the standard AFP/QS. This is an evolving standard of care in the United States. Most doctors do a sugar load in a drink form of 50 grams of glucose in cola, lime or orange and draw blood an hour later (plus or minus 5 minutes). The standard modified criteria have been lowered to 135 since the late 1980s. Obstetric ultrasonography

4680-435: The youth". He further noted Khan for his "spirited performance" and Zinta "delivering her most accomplished performance to date". The film was said to resemble the 1995 American film Nine Months , with film critic Anubha Sawhney precising that it lifts particular scenes from the same. The Hindu noted "a surprising realness about the whole thing" and noted particularly the film's second-half where "everyone's too immersed in

4752-411: Was a way for these men to demonstrate their knowledge. Many midwives of the time bitterly opposed the involvement of men in childbirth. Some male practitioners also opposed the involvement of medical men like themselves in midwifery and even went as far as to say that male-midwives only undertook midwifery solely for perverse erotic satisfaction. The accoucheurs argued that their involvement in midwifery

4824-591: Was both successfully and unsuccessfully being performed. Pennsylvanian surgeons the Attlee brothers made this procedure very routine for a total of 465 surgeries – John Attlee performed 64 successfully of 78 while his brother William reported 387 – between the years of 1843 and 1883. By the middle of the nineteenth century this procedure was successfully performed in Europe by English surgeons Sir Spencer Wells and Charles Clay as well as French surgeons Eugène Koeberlé , Auguste Nélaton and Jules Péan . J. Marion Sims

4896-479: Was entirely ignored. This made it nearly impossible to pursue an education in midwifery and also have the recognition of being a doctor or surgeon. Obstetrics was pushed to the side. By the late 19th century, the foundation of modern-day obstetrics and midwifery began developing. Delivery of babies by doctors became popular and readily accepted, but midwives continued to play a role in childbirth. Midwifery also changed during this era due to increased regulation and

4968-513: Was the first Indian film to be shot entirely in Australia. The film tells the story of two young and modern Indians, Nick and Ambar, who have left their homes to make a life on their own in Melbourne , Australia. The story follows one year of their lives, dealing with their problems and relationships, from their first meeting at a wedding ceremony, to their decision to move in together without marriage, to their break-up upon discovering that Ambar

5040-467: Was the rejection of obstetrics by the medical community. The 19th century marked an era of medical reform in Europe and increased regulation over the profession. Major European institutions such as The College of Physicians and Surgeons considered delivering babies ungentlemanly work and refused to have anything to do with childbirth as a whole. Even when Medical Act 1858 was introduced, which stated that medical students could qualify as doctors, midwifery

5112-472: Was the surgeon responsible for being the first treating a vesicovaginal fistula – a condition linked to many caused mainly by prolonged pressing of the foetus against the pelvis or other causes such as rape, hysterectomy, or other operations – and also having been doctor to many European royals and the 20th President of the United States James A. Garfield after he had been shot. Sims does have

5184-400: Was to improve the process of childbirth. These men also believed that obstetrics would forge ahead and continue to strengthen. 18th-century physicians expected that obstetrics would continue to grow, but the opposite happened. Obstetrics entered a stage of stagnation in the 19th century, which lasted until about the 1880s. The central explanation for the lack of advancement during this time

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