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110-590: In 1137, a delegation of Cistercians from the Lützel monastery ( Upper Alsace ) arrived in the Salmannsweiler district on Lake Constance to found the Salem monastery. At the time of settlement, there was already a chapel there, which was subject to the double patronage of St. Verena and St. Cyriac . This chapel was demolished around 1150 for the construction of a new monastery church. No structural evidence of

220-620: A "mad dog" unworthy to be king. Falkenberg was condemned and imprisoned for such libel. Other opponents included Grand Master's proctor Peter Wormditt, Dominic of San Gimignano, John Urbach, Ardecino de Porta of Novara, and Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo Andrew Escobar . They argued that the Knights were perfectly justified in their crusade as it was a sacred duty of Christians to spread the true faith. Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly published an independent opinion that attempted to somewhat balance both Polish and Teutonic positions. The council established

330-465: A (self-)portrait of the master craftsman, who in this case must have been a frater barbatus, a beard-wearing lay brother. The change from figurative to floral motifs is unusual; It is conceivable that the program was changed after the leadership of the Cistercian order strongly condemned the veneration of Mary and the excessive decoration of the churches in 1298. One of the oldest pieces of equipment

440-404: A colossal high altar whose wood carvings (which were largely destroyed in the fire of 1697) reached almost 20 meters in height under the vault of the nave. It had numerous carved figures, some of which were larger than life. The patron saints of the church (patrocinia) were painted in gold, while others were painted in a naturalistic style or kept in plain white. The large number of carved figures on

550-493: A design from 1773. Originally the commission was to go to Josef Anton Feuchtmayer, but as he died in 1770, it was planned and executed by his successor Johann Georg Dirr and renewed by Johann Georg Wieland in 1785. The relief shows a depiction of the washing of the feet and the Last Supper . As the altar was to be placed under the crossing, it is decorated with motifs on both sides. This meant that two priests could say mass for

660-500: A distance the tower did not look any different from masonry towers of this type, but must have appeared even more magnificent in its copper sheen. With the gilded spire knob, which itself was almost two meters in diameter, the tower reached a height of over 85 meters - more than fifty meters higher than the roof ridge of the nave. Sixteen new bells decorated with reliefs and a new clock mechanism were purchased. The central nave and side aisles are covered by Gothic cross vaults. The vault of

770-415: A few putti and stucco figures as well as the benches of the choir stalls in the minster bear witness to this period of decoration. The artistic upheaval that brought Salem back into the role of pioneer among the southern German abbeys was due to Abbot Anselm's trips to Paris in 1765 and 1766. There, Anselm became acquainted with the court architecture of early French classicism and enthusiastically decided on

880-433: A fire that destroyed the monastery buildings with the exception of the church. Nevertheless, the choir organ had suffered badly and had become unplayable. A lying positive organ was used for the most necessary use and was repaired in 1720 by the archbishop's organ maker Johann Christoph Egedacher from Salzburg. As early as 1714, Abbot Stephan I had chosen this to have four very individual organs built according to his ideas with

990-580: A gallery with a polygonal end on three sides, following the example of the monastery church in Morimond . Above the westernmost bay of the choir, the vaulting created an upper storey, where there was probably a small chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary , all the angels and St. Michael the Archangel . The windows of the west façade, which were still uncovered at the time, allowed light to fall through

1100-460: A large-scale redesign of the minster in the French style. The monastery management initially tried to win over the renowned palace and church architect Pierre Michel d'Ixnard  [ de ] for the overall design. However, the planning phase dragged on for several years without a final decision and Feuchtmayer's death in 1770 also deprived him of artistic direction. It was not until 1772 that

1210-559: A modest gray with a few decorative elements made of gold leaf. They stand on classicist consoles in front of the windows of the nave. The series of figures was started by Christoph Schenck  [ de ] , completed in 1630 by Zacharias Binder and is one of the most important wood carvings of the early Baroque in the Lake Constance area. In the 15th century, organ music found its way into Cistercian church services. The Salem organ history coincides in all important sections with

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1320-656: A number of depictions from the life of the Virgin Mary: the flight into Egypt , the birth of Christ and an ostrich as a symbol of the Immaculate Conception . In the northern area there is the adoration of the Magi , an angel, a praying monk and numerous plant motifs that symbolize the Virgin Mary or, according to other interpretations, Christ. The depiction of the bearded monk is usually interpreted as

1430-467: A principle that could no longer be consistently enforced in the late Middle Ages. The furnishings thus always appeared to be a compromise between the spiritual obligation to renounce and the abbots' need for prestige, who ultimately had to compete with the prince-bishops not only on a religious but also on a political level. Little is known about the furnishings of the 14th and 15th centuries, and even less has survived. The fragments that can be attributed to

1540-462: A profound and continuous influence on the course of the council in his capacity of imperial protector of the church. An innovation at the council was that instead of voting as individuals, the bishops voted in national blocs. The vote by nations was in great measure the initiative of the English, German, and French members. The legality of this measure, in imitation of the "nations" of the universities,

1650-573: A total of 117 sounding registers. Only the Liebfrauenorgan on the gallery of the southern transept and the Trinity organ on the west gallery were rebuilt. Both had two manuals, 31 sounding registers and had a 32′ sub bass in the pedal. It was only Abbot Anselm II (term 1746–1778) who took up the four-organ project again and had the church equipped with four new organs. The Swabian “royal organ maker” Karl Joseph Riepp  [ de ] , who

1760-561: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Canton of Jura location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Council of Constance The Council of Constance ( Latin : Concilium Constantiense ; German : Konzil von Konstanz ) was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church that was held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance (Konstanz) in present-day Germany. This

1870-742: Is a village situated on the Franco - Swiss border. It is divided between the two countries, the northern half (47 inhabitants in 1999) being part of the commune of Lucelle, Haut-Rhin , in the Haut-Rhin department , the southern half being part of Pleigne , in the Swiss Canton of Jura . An important Cistercian monastery, Lucelle Abbey , was located here from the early 12th to the late 18th century. 47°25′23″N 7°14′52″E  /  47.42306°N 7.24778°E  / 47.42306; 7.24778 This Haut-Rhin geographical article

1980-403: Is credited with the innovative design language of the altars, which chose simple, geometric elements such as pyramids , obelisks , triangular pediments and truncated columns instead of the curved lines of the late Baroque. A huge decorative structure resembling a stage set was installed in front of the east wall. The interior was completely painted in light shades of grey in 1777 to harmonize with

2090-509: Is likely that King Sigismund was also present at the consecration of the church on December 23, 1414, as he had spent the night in the Salem town courtyard in Überlingen the day before and arrived at the council on December 24. With Salem as a pioneer, Gothic architecture had found its way from Strasbourg on the Upper Rhine to Lake Constance: At around the same time, the diocese of Constance also had Constance Minster modernized in

2200-500: Is no indication as to whether and to what extent the windows were colored. Glass craftsmen are documented in the rich Salem sources: "Item domum adiacentem, quam pictores et vitrorum artifices frequentius inhabitare consueverunt." Around 1620, the monastery gained a high status within the order with the founding of the Upper German Cistercian Congregation, which was based in Salem. At the same time,

2310-529: Is of much later provenance than the council itself, however: the Pisan line represented by John XXIII had been considered legitimate not just by most of the Latin church at the time of the council, but also subsequently by Pope Martin V, who referred to John as "our predecessor" in contrast to the other two claimants, who were merely "popes so-called in their obediences". The specific argument distinguishing two parts in

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2420-470: Is the late Gothic tabernacle from 1494. The stone tower, decorated with Gothic ornaments, is 16 meters high. It originally stood as a monument on the grave of the great abbot John I Stantenat (1471–1494) and today stands on the north wall of the transept, where it is partially hidden by the gallery. The pinnacles are stone carvings from Salem workshops, probably by the nationally effective master craftsman Hans von Safoy. The gilded carved figures were not made for

2530-405: Is to be relinquished to the secular court." (Council of Constance Session 15 – 6 July 1415). The secular court sentenced him to be burned to death at the stake. Jerome of Prague , a supporter of Hus, came to Constance to offer assistance but was similarly arrested, judged, found guilty of heresy and turned over to the same secular court, with the same outcome as Hus. Poggio Bracciolini attended

2640-655: The Diocese of Samogitia , with its seat in Medininkai and subordinated to Lithuanian dioceses, and appointed Matthias of Trakai as the first bishop. Pope Martin V appointed the Lithuanians Jogaila and Vytautas , who were respectively King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, as vicars general in Pskov and Veliky Novgorod in recognition of their Catholicism. After another round of futile negotiations,

2750-570: The Gollub War broke out in 1422. It ended with the Treaty of Melno . Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic wars continued for another hundred years. Although Pope Martin V did not directly challenge the decrees of the council, his successor Eugenius IV repudiated an attempt by a faction at the Council of Basel to declare the provisions of Haec sancta and Frequens a matter of faith. His 1439 bull on

2860-669: The Samogitian borders. The tensions erupted into the brief Hunger War in summer 1414. It was concluded that the disputes would be mediated by the Council of Constance. The Polish-Lithuanian position was defended by Paulus Vladimiri , rector of the Jagiellonian University , who challenged legality of the Teutonic crusade against Lithuania . He argued that a forced conversion was incompatible with free will, which

2970-470: The alabaster of the altars; the baroque frescoes were also painted over in the process. This last comprehensive redesign still characterizes the overall appearance today and is considered unique in southwest German sacred art. It became a model for similar decorations, for example in the Neresheim abbey . The art historian Georg Dehio praised its "pseudo-Dodoric stiff austerity", which fits in well with

3080-573: The "most genuine and truthful monastic style" of Cistercian architecture. While "embellishments" of Gothic churches were common in the 18th century, the interior of Salem Minster was designed in such a way that it opened up a view of the original church architecture. This was entirely in keeping with the new understanding of Gothic art that gained a foothold in France around 1750 and a little later in Germany with Goethe. The current high altar dates back to

3190-575: The 19th century, present-day Catholic theologians generally regard these decrees as either invalid or as practical responses to a particular situation without wider implications. The council's main purpose was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the Avignon Papacy . Pope Gregory XI 's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death (in 1378) and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI , resulted in

3300-615: The Bishops voted to accept the summons. Prince Malatesta immediately informed the council that he was empowered by a commission from Pope Gregory XII to resign the Papal Throne on the Pontiff's behalf. He asked the council whether they would prefer to receive the abdication at that point or at a later date. The Bishops voted to receive the Papal abdication immediately. Thereupon the commission by Gregory XII authorizing his proxy to resign

3410-737: The Church, notably in France, continued to uphold the validity of its decisions long after the event: Haec sancta was reaffirmed in the Gallican Articles of 1682, and even during the First Vatican Council of 1869–70 the French-American bishop of St. Augustine, Florida , Augustin Vérot , attempted to read Haec sancta into the record of deliberations. Despite the apparently definitive rejection of conciliarism at

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3520-502: The English, who sent twenty deputies and three bishops. The Spanish deputies (from Portugal, Castile, Navarre and Aragon), initially absent, joined the council at the twenty-first session, constituting upon arrival the fifth nation. Many members of the new assembly (comparatively few bishops, but many doctors of theology and of canon and civil law, procurators of bishops, deputies of universities, cathedral chapters, provosts, etc., agents and representatives of princes, etc.) strongly favored

3630-853: The First Vatican Council, the debate over the status of Constance was renewed in the 20th century. In the 1960s, in the context of the Second Vatican Council , the reformist Catholic theologian Hans Küng and the historian Paul de Vooght  [ cs ] argued in defense of the dogmatic character of Haec sancta , suggesting that its terms could be reconciled with the definition of papal supremacy at Vatican I. Küng's argument received support from prelates such as Cardinal Franz König . Other Catholic historians adopted different views: Hubert Jedin considered Haec sancta to be an emergency measure with no binding validity beyond its immediate context, while Joseph Gill rejected

3740-501: The Gothic style, and shortly after the completion of construction in Salem, work began in the neighbouring imperial city of Überlingen to expand the parish church of St. Nicholas into a five-aisled basilica to surpass Salem. The minster is integrated into the monastery precinct and is barely taller than it. Today, the austere, simple forms of the church contrast with its expansive baroque architectural style. The architectural reduction of

3850-508: The Klettgau region). Some of them are dedicated to religious saints such as Bernard of Clairvaux and Benedict of Nursia, but the regionally venerated Saint Conrad of Constance was also included. A special niche under the east wall was dedicated to St. Verena, who was already a patron saint of the minster's predecessor church. Dirr designed the Verena altar here as well as two reliefs depicting

3960-615: The Knights. The Dominican theologian John of Falkenberg proved to be the fiercest opponent of the Poles. In his Liber de doctrina , Falkenberg argued that the Emperor has the right to slay even peaceful infidels simply because they are pagans. ... The Poles deserve death for defending infidels, and should be exterminated even more than the infidels; they should be deprived of their sovereignty and reduced to slavery. In Satira , he attacked Polish-Lithuanian King Jogaila , calling him

4070-472: The Lords of Bodman , Gremlich and Jungingen , who as donors contributed to the economic situation of the monastery, also rest here; However, the last graves of these noble families date from the early 17th century. Since the early 15th century, deserving non-aristocratic laypeople such as the master builder Michael von Safoy have also been buried in the minster. Lucelle Lucelle ( German : Lützel )

4180-562: The Orgue Ordinaire was hidden invisibly behind the choir stalls. The organs were played simultaneously in specially composed orchestral masses. Due to the consequences of secularization, the two transept organs were sold. The intact Trinity organ above the west gallery, which was still there until 1900, was replaced in 1901 by a pneumatic organ from the Überlingen organ building workshop Wilhelm Schwarz & Sohn  [ de ] . The typical disposition of this period encloses

4290-542: The Papacy on his behalf was read and Malatesta, acting in the name of Gregory XII, pronounced the resignation of the papacy by Gregory XII and handed a written copy of the resignation to the assembly. Former Pope Gregory XII was then created titular Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Ruffina by the council, with rank immediately below the Pope (which made him the highest-ranking person in the church, since, due to his abdication,

4400-537: The Romans and of Hungary (and later Holy Roman Emperor), pressed for another council to resolve the issue. That council was called by John XXIII and was held from 16 November 1414 to 22 April 1418 in Constance , Germany. The council was attended by roughly 29 cardinals , 100 "learned doctors of law and divinity", 134 abbots , and 183 bishops and archbishops . Sigismund arrived on Christmas Eve 1414 and exercised

4510-470: The Salem church, which is only broken up by individual decorative elements on the façade, demonstratively distances itself from the pomp of the official church cathedrals and the monastery architecture of the Cluniac monks. To the south is the cloister, which leads directly to the convent building. This entrance, known as St. Bernard's Portal, served as the entrance for the monks, while other churchgoers used

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4620-515: The See of Peter in Rome was vacant). Gregory XII's cardinals were accepted as true cardinals by the council, but the members of the council delayed electing a new pope for fear that a new pope would restrict further discussion of pressing issues in the church. By the time the anti-popes were all deposed and the new Pope, Martin V , was elected, two years had passed since Gregory XII's abdication, and Gregory

4730-562: The Temptation of St. Benedict and the Temptation of St. Bernard. Wieland created two statues of St. John and Mary as well as a large relief depicting the Assumption of Mary , which replaced an older altarpiece with the same motif. The carved choir stalls were made by Josef Anton Feuchtmayer and his colleagues Franz Anton and Johann Georg Dirr between 1765 and 1775. The seats date from 1766/1767 and are still stylistically rococo, while

4840-517: The already roofed room under the eastern nave provided sufficient space for the convent. The interruption was initially due to financial problems, as Louis the Bavarian , an opponent of the Pope, was in power from 1314 to 1347, who revoked the Habsburg protection over Salem and thus terminated the legal security of many estates. After Louis' successor Charles IV affirmed the abbey's rights again,

4950-424: The architecturally rather coarse building. The west front is surmounted by a high triangular harp gable, the basic shape of which, an equilateral triangle, could be understood as a worship of the Trinity in medieval numerical mysticism. Two mighty buttresses support the façade and frame the entrance to the church. The design of the gables is repeated in a similar form on the east side and on the south and north sides of

5060-547: The assembled Bishops, and the King yielded the presidency of the proceedings to the papal legates, Cardinal Giovanni Dominici of Ragusa and Prince Carlo Malatesta . On 4 July 1415 the Bull of Gregory XII which appointed Dominici and Malatesta as his proxies at the council was formally read before the assembled Bishops. The cardinal then read a decree of Gregory XII which convoked the council and authorized its succeeding acts. Thereupon,

5170-461: The authority of the council and thus became a source for ecclesial conciliarism , was promulgated in the fifth session, 6 April 1415: Legitimately assembled in the holy Spirit, constituting a general council and representing the Catholic church militant, it has power immediately from Christ; and everyone of whatever state or dignity, even papal, is bound to obey it in those matters which pertain to

5280-482: The back wall and the structure are already neoclassical. Ten gilded relief panels, designed by Wieland around 1785 and placed on the stalls, depict scenes from the Old and New Testaments. On top of them are carved half-columns bearing busts (presumably) of religious saints; it has not yet been possible to identify them clearly. The old choir stalls were made by Melchior Binder in 1593, the remains of which are now displayed at

5390-423: The building history of the minster, which was consecrated in 1414. A few decades later, Caspar Bruschius  [ de ] reported in his Chronologia that Abbot Georgius Münch had a “quite handsome” organ built in 1441, the largest pipe of which was 28 feet long and four spans in circumference. The second organ was probably a smaller choir organ, which was probably installed as a functional instrument soon after

5500-404: The central nave. The pillars, which lie directly between the choir and the ambulatory, have an octagonal cross-section.They belong to the oldest construction phase and document an orientation towards an older architectural style, such as that characteristic of the church of Lilienfeld Abbey . Overall, the columns of the ambulatory are much slimmer than the massive pillars of the western nave, making

5610-422: The choir room appear lighter and brighter. The visible supporting elements were therefore concealed or reshaped in favor of the overall visual effect of the interior. This development, which is typical of the beginning of German High Gothic in contrast to French Gothic , is also evident in the conception of the interior as a sculptural spatial shell to be designed. Until 1750, the eastern central nave (choir) had

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5720-457: The church, although the windows on the east side were bricked up during the remodeling of the interior around 1750. The front side of the northern transept also has a large eight-pane fan-shaped rose window based on the model of Strasbourg Cathedral , which proves that it was designed as a showpiece side of the church. The tracery lattice in front of the gable wall with staggered two-lane lancets, which are connected horizontally by cloverleaf shapes,

5830-427: The connection between the church building and Rudolf I's policy of revindication suggest that construction began around 1285. Rather than roughly hewn quarry stones , as in the previous church, large blocks of hewn sandstone were used for the new building, which came from quarries in the surrounding area. The workers and planners were probably mostly lay brothers, some of whom were also active beyond Salem, for example in

5940-480: The constant presence of the King, other rulers demanded that they have a say in who would be pope. Gregory XII then sent representatives to Constance, whom he granted full powers to summon, open, and preside over an Ecumenical Council; he also empowered them to present his resignation of the papacy. This would pave the way for the end of the Western Schism. The legates were received by King Sigismund and by

6050-559: The construction of the Birnau pilgrimage church, could no longer resist the temptation to equip the church with a magnificent crossing tower. The master builder Johann Caspar Bagnato , who had made a name for himself with the construction of Altshausen Castle, was commissioned to plan and build the tower in 1753, and it was completed in 1756. The tower was constructed using timber framing and clad with copper panels. The corner pilasters were made of lead and decorated with bronze, so that from

6160-541: The construction of the minster. Until the death of Frederick II in 1250, the monastery was under the protection of the Hohenstaufen kings. The power vacuum in the Holy Roman Empire that followed his death was exploited by the monastery's neighbors to take hold of its possessions. The ascension of Rudolf I in 1273 ended the interregnum , after which he took Salem under his protection and ensured that

6270-477: The construction of the tower of the Bebenhausen monastery church. Construction began on the east side and progressed rapidly at first. Eleven altars were consecrated in 1307; twelve more were consecrated in 1313 and 1319. When the choir and transept were completed and roofed around 1319, construction was only continued slowly, if not temporarily halted. The number of monks had decreased since 1300, so that

6380-693: The council and related the unfairness of the process against Jerome. Paweł Włodkowic and the other Polish representatives to the Council of Constance publicly defended Hus. In 1411, the First Peace of Thorn ended the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War , in which the Teutonic Knights fought the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania . However, the peace was not stable and further conflicts arose regarding demarcation of

6490-528: The council was seemingly first made by the 17th-century Sorbonne theologian André Duval, and remained a fringe view for some time before its vindication within the Catholic Church under the influence of 19th-century ultramontanism . With the support of King Sigismund , enthroned before the high altar of the cathedral of Constance, the Council of Constance recommended that all three papal claimants abdicate, and that another be chosen. In part because of

6600-422: The defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378. After thirty years of schism, the rival courts convened the Council of Pisa seeking to resolve the situation by deposing the two claimant popes and electing a new one. The council claimed that in such a situation, a council of bishops had greater authority than just one bishop, even if he were the bishop of Rome. Though

6710-462: The diocese of Constance and Salem wanted to demonstrate this independence, the Petershausen monastery church was probably the direct model for Salem Minster. The roof ridge of the transept extends up to the 32 m high ridge of the central nave . The gabled roofs of the nave and transept tower over the low side aisles with their mono-pitched roofs by around twice as much. The roof truss above

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6820-454: The elected Antipope Alexander V and his successor, Antipope John XXIII (not to be confused with the 20th-century Pope John XXIII ), gained widespread support, especially at the cost of the Avignon antipope, the schism remained, now involving not two but three claimants: Gregory XII at Rome, Benedict XIII at Avignon, and John XXIII. Therefore, many voices, including Sigismund, King of

6930-460: The extraordinary ringing of the bells in the crossing tower, which was demolished in 1807/1808. The southern gallery of the transept carried the Liebfrauen organ and the northern one the tabernacle organ (for the latter, the water power of a stream diverted underground took over the function of the limestone). The Trinity organ was installed in the magnificent organ case above the west portal, and

7040-485: The faith, the eradication of the said schism, and the general reform of the said church of God in head and members. Haec sancta synodus marks the high-water mark of the Conciliar movement of reform. The acts of the council were not made public until 1442, at the behest of the Council of Basel ; they were printed in 1500. The creation of a book on how to die was ordered by the council, and thus written in 1415 under

7150-495: The fire had to be repaired and the destroyed altars and church furnishings replaced. The sculptor Franz Joseph Feuchtmayer , who had lived in nearby Mimmenhausen since 1706, produced most of the sculptural decoration, while the painter Franz Carl Stauder created the altar pieces. Under the abbots Konstantin Miller (1725-1745) and Anselm II Schwab (1748-1778), the rococo style decoration was continued until around 1765. In keeping with

7260-491: The first monastery church has survived. If the church of the primary abbey of Clairvaux and the churches of Lützel, Kaisheim and other Cistercian monasteries built at the same time allow conclusions to be drawn, it was a three-aisled basilica with a cruciform ground plan in the Romanesque style. According to Knapp (2004), the transept may have been divided into three chapels on the north side and two east-facing chapels on

7370-481: The first time forgave the use of the pontifical insignia in the coat of arms. (In 1384, this right was permanently granted by Urban VI .) A salt pot and a coat of arms are reminiscent of Eberhard II, the Archbishop of Salzburg, who took the monastery under his protection in 1201 after the founder family died out and subsequently referred to it as “second founder” of the monastery was venerated. 57 gilded reliefs on

7480-408: The following centuries. The initiator of the new building was Abbot Ulrich II von Seelfingen (1282-1311). The main reason for the new building was probably that the old church had become too small for the convent, which had grown to around 300 monks and lay brothers within a few decades. For a long time, it was thought that the new building was started in 1299; however, more recent building surveys and

7590-405: The founder Guntram von Adelsreute and the first Salem abbot Frowin, raise doubts: On the one hand, none of the monastery churches were standing at the time of their deaths; On the other hand, it was only in the 18th century that skeletons were exhumed during renovation work and buried under these names. The Archbishop of Salzburg Eberhard II is also supposedly located here. Hugo I von Werdenberg and

7700-402: The founder of Western European monasticism, and Bernard of Clairvaux , the saint of the order and great Cistercian missionary. Finally, the donor monument is dedicated to the founders of the monastery: Baron Guntram von Adelsreute, who donated the building site for the monastery, King Conrad III , who made Salem an imperial abbey, and Pope Benedict XII , who gave the right to a Salem abbot for

7810-510: The furnishings of the abbey church, adjoining buildings or the manor houses are now widely scattered. Wooden sculptures and panel paintings can be linked to the Cistercian abbey insofar as they probably belonged to the former furnishings or can at least be proven to have been in Salem's possession at a later date. At the time, the interior walls of the minster were simply whitewashed and decorated with green, red and ochre trim as well as decorative ornaments. Abbot Johannes I Stantenat (1471-1494) had

7920-443: The high altar was complemented by a dozen larger-than-life wooden apostle figures. The walls were whitewashed in gray and painted with a network of grouting, the facings of the clerestory were decorated and the vault was adorned with garlands of plants. To reinforce the sublime effect of the high altar, the partly colored windows were completely replaced by unadorned clear glazing. The "second baroqueization" began around 1710 following

8030-400: The high choir dates back in part to 1301. Original glazed roof tiles, which once gave the roof a golden sheen, have been preserved on the south side of the choir; until it was re-roofed in 1997, the entire roof of the nave was still largely covered with tiles from the period of construction. On the outside of the building, only the harp gables and the lancet windows lend a certain filigree to

8140-478: The inventory was destroyed in the flames. When the monastery complex was rebuilt by the Vorarlberg master builder Franz Beer between 1697 and 1708, the minster was in danger of disappearing visually behind the huge complex of buildings. Beer therefore planned a free-standing bell tower, but this was not built. Abbot Anselm II Schwab (in office 1746-1778), who had already demonstrated his sense of prestige with

8250-450: The keystones of the ribbed vault in the ambulatory date from the earliest construction period around 1298. In the south aisle they show, among other things, animal symbols, including a lion, an eagle and a pelican, which represent the resurrection , ascension and sacrificial death of Christ , a monkey as a symbol of the devil, as well as grimaces, monsters and demons, which as apotropaic figures were supposed to ward off evil. There are also

8360-493: The laity on the west side and for the convent on the east side at the same time. The church has 25 other altars. The 10 largest are in the side chapels between the nave pillars; others are in the ambulatory of the choir. Some of the altar tables are still preserved from the Middle Ages; the structure and the sculptures were designed by Dirr and Wieland in the style of French classicism and made of light-colored alabaster (from

8470-399: The lost property was returned. Thanks to the income secured in this way and a series of letters of indulgence issued in the 1280s, the monastery found itself in a financial position to build a new, larger church. The building of the minster thus also documents a new era in the history of the monastery - the beginning of Habsburg protection, which was to secure the monastery's independence in

8580-484: The matter, Moyses vir Dei , was underwritten by the Council of Florence . In convening the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17), Pope Julius II further pronounced that Frequens had lost its force; Lateran V is sometimes seen as having itself abrogated Haec sancta , though the reading is controversial. Either way, while Rome itself came to reject the provisions made by the council, significant parts of

8690-457: The minster was consecrated. The next abbot ordered a new small organ in 1511 from a priest Bernhardin from the Reichenau abbey . Around 1600 the two organs were rebuilt and rebuilt. The Apiarium reported in 1708 about the “all-things” organ with the 28-foot-high pipe in the middle of the front field, which therefore tapered on both sides. On the night of 9/10. In March 1697 the abbey was hit by

8800-423: The nave is supported by pillars in an asymmetrical "icebreaker" shape: Towards the nave, they present themselves as rectangular pillars whose bulky shape is tempered by slender bundles of columns; towards the side aisles, they terminate at an acute angle, making the vault appear lighter and the side aisles more spacious. For reasons of statics, the pillars were drawn far into the depths, replacing special buttresses on

8910-594: The new liturgy of the Tridentine Mass was introduced in Salem, which required new sacred objects and a reorganization of the church interior. Abbot Thomas I Wunn (1615-1647) took the increased importance of his monastery and the necessary spatial reorganization as an opportunity to have the entire room refurnished and redecorated. The work carried out between 1627 and 1633 is considered to be the earliest complete Baroque decoration in southern Germany. The sculptor Christoph Daniel Schenck  [ de ] created

9020-417: The opening session and condemned in the eighth on 4 May 1415, and Jan Hus , along with their followers. Hus, summoned to Constance under a letter of safe conduct , was found guilty of heresy by the council and turned over to the secular court. "This holy synod of Constance, seeing that God's church has nothing more that it can do, relinquishes Jan Hus to the judgment of the secular authority and decrees that he

9130-405: The outside. This construction method created spaces between the pillars for small side chapels, which in turn are vaulted with cross ribs, creating the impression of an additional side aisle. The eastern parts of the side aisles are each divided into two narrower naves by rows of columns and ribbed vaults . The outer supports are designed as slender pillars that end in three-quarter columns towards

9240-414: The people. The high altar was therefore moved under the crossing and the choir stalls to the east side of the now extended nave. Previously, the laity and monks had only been separated by a wooden barrier (rood screen), but now the fathers were completely alone. The medieval play of light was lost and gave way to a frontal, theatrical spatial effect; instead, the choir was now better lit, as more light entered

9350-510: The plague struck southern Germany in 1348. It was not until around 1400 that the building could be continued and completely rebuilt in the 1420s, as recent dendrochronological studies have shown. The construction period of around 150 years is nevertheless quite short in comparison, as many Gothic church buildings remained incomplete for a long time or, like Ulm Minster, were only completed in the Gothic-inspired 19th century. The church

9460-419: The preserved classicist case from the workshop of Johann Georg Dirr, whereby the prospectus still shows Riepp's handwriting and the pipes of Johann Christoph Egedacher from the previous organ, some of which he used. The gravestones in the minster document that most of the abbots of the monastery were buried here - with the exception of those who left the monastery before their death. Some graves, such as those of

9570-424: The project was fully resumed and successfully completed. The monastery appointed d'Ixnard's pupil Johann Joachim Scholl  [ de ] as building director, who drew up an overall design and oversaw its implementation. Feuchtmayer's successor Johann Georg Dirr and his son-in-law Johann Georg Wieland took over a large part of the sculptural work on altars, monuments and decorative elements. Wieland in particular

9680-407: The rebuilding of the monastery complex, which had been destroyed by fire in 1697. It is closely linked to the economic revival of the monastery in the 18th century, which was made possible by tax relief. The representative tasks of the imperial abbey had also grown, as it had to compete with the feudal splendor of the surrounding counties and small principalities. First, however, the organs damaged in

9790-671: The rights of pagans and just war in response to a conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Kingdom of Poland and the Order of the Teutonic Knights . The council is also important for its role in the debates over ecclesial conciliarism and papal supremacy . Constance issued two particularly significant decrees regarding the constitution of the Catholic Church: Haec sancta (1415), which asserted

9900-537: The room through additional windows in the upper part of the nave. For the Cistercians, simplicity in design and a renunciation of color also applied to the interior of the church. While the official church and orders such as the Cluniacs invested their wealth in the magnificent decoration of the churches, the Cistercians feared that the lavish pictorial decoration could distract the monks from their piety. However,

10010-406: The rows of columns of the choir and the upper storey, creating a mystical lighting effect. One of the reasons for the conversion was space problems: As early as 1708, the monastery chronicle Apiarium Salemitanum complained about the large crowds of lay people and the "immense concursus" in the church. Abbot Anselm feared that the monastery's discipline could be disturbed too much by this contact with

10120-420: The sacrament shrine, but are probably remains of the high altar made by Michel Erhart. Since it was moved to its current location in 1751, the shrine has been framed by gilded putti and cloud towers from Josef Anton Feuchtmayer's workshop. The early Baroque period left its mark in the form of fourteen larger-than-life wooden sculptures depicting the twelve apostles, the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, decorated in

10230-577: The same as those of Constance Minster and its length is similar to that of Basel Minster . The building material is finely textured molasse sandstone in yellow-grey, greenish and brown tones, which is unrendered on the outside. The monastery church in Kappel am Albis and the Petershausen monastery cathedral, which no longer exists today, may have served as regional models for the cruciform building. As Petershausen, like Salem, had become independent from

10340-454: The south side, in addition to the central rectangular apse. It is documented that it was built entirely of stone and had at least eight altars, the first four of which were consecrated by the Bishop of Chur and the Bishop of Constance on September 13, 1152. The church itself was consecrated on July 14, 1179 after around 30 years of construction. It was demolished a century later to make way for

10450-401: The superiority of ecumenical councils over popes in at least certain situations, and Frequens (1417), which provided for councils to be held automatically every ten years. The status of these decrees proved controversial in the centuries after the council, and Frequens was never put into practice. Though Haec sancta , at least, continued to be accepted as binding by much of the church up to

10560-401: The taste of the time, Franz Joseph Spiegler painted the vaulted ceilings of the ambulatory with colorful figurative ceiling frescoes, a few of which are visible again today under the peeling plaster. Numerous altars were redesigned and provided with stucco marble ante-menorals. The decorative and sculptural work was carried out by the elder Feuchtmayer's son Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer . Today, only

10670-435: The title Ars moriendi . Haec sancta is today generally considered invalid by the Catholic Church, on the basis that Gregory XII was the legitimate pope at the time and the decree was passed by the council in a session before his confirmation. On this reading, the first sessions of the Council of Constance represented an invalid and illicit assembly of bishops, gathered under the authority of an antipope. This historiography

10780-417: The transept. Ten tracery windows on each side of the central nave ( clerestory ) provide light to the interior. Six of these are located to the west and four to the east of the transept. The side aisles have one more window axis, as the window arches of the eastern nave have been further apart than the bays of the ambulatory since the renovation of 1750. There are further tracery windows on the four gables of

10890-407: The urge to decorate could not always be stopped: The designers of Salem Minster no longer held back as much as they had in the early days of the order's art. However, gilded keystones, painted vault ribs and colored elements in the otherwise colorless windows, as one would expect in Salem, were not welcomed by the order's leadership. The church furnishings were also to be made of the simplest materials,

11000-617: The voluntary abdication of all three popes, as did King Sigismund. Although the Italian bishops who had accompanied John XXIII in large numbers supported his legitimacy, he grew increasingly more suspicious of the council. Partly in response to a fierce anonymous attack on his character from an Italian source, on 2 March 1415 he promised to resign. However, on 20 March he secretly fled the city and took refuge at Schaffhausen in territory of his friend Frederick, Duke of Austria-Tyrol. The famous decree Haec sancta synodus , which gave primacy to

11110-572: The west end of the side aisles. What is remarkable about them is the independent combination of late Gothic formal language with antique elements, as was common in the Italian Renaissance . Four neoclassical monuments are located in the crossing. They commemorate the most important figures in the history of the monastery and the tradition of the order: the abbot monument lists the Salem abbots and their dates of death alongside skeletons. Two further monuments commemorate Benedict of Nursia,

11220-460: The west portal. Another portal - closed since 1750 - can be found on the north side of the transept; it originally served as a separate entrance for high-ranking guests. Salem Minster is a three-aisled basilica with transept, choir and ambulatory on a rectangular base measuring 67 × 28 m (external dimensions); the narrow, tall structure of the transept does not protrude laterally beyond the basic quadrangle. The dimensions of Salem Minster are roughly

11330-542: The windows of the nave renewed, the stone tabernacle built, and a carved wooden altar made, in addition to structural repairs; the reredos carved by Michel Erhart around 1494 was probably lost apart from a few wooden figures. According to the rules of the order, the large and numerous windows were only allowed to be painted with simple grisailles so as not to violate the commandments of simplicitas (simplicity) and humilitas (humility). Art historians assume that colored and figural elements were also incorporated; however, there

11440-420: Was already dead. The council took great care to protect the legitimacy of the succession, ratified all his acts, and a new pontiff was chosen. The new pope, Martin V , elected November 1417, soon asserted the absolute authority of the papal office. A second goal of the council was to continue the reforms begun at the Council of Pisa (1409). The reforms were largely directed against John Wycliffe , mentioned in

11550-556: Was an essential component of a genuine conversion. Therefore, the Knights could only wage a defensive war if pagans violated natural rights of the Christians. Vladimiri further stipulated that infidels had rights which had to be respected, and neither the Pope nor the Holy Roman Emperor had the authority to violate them. Lithuanians also brought a group of Samogitian representatives to testify to atrocities committed by

11660-457: Was based in Dijon , was commissioned to do this. They were created between 1766 and 1774, comprised a total of 13 keyboards and were composed of 12 works with 7,223 pipes. In their diverse tonal individuality and characteristics - e.g. (the soft and brilliant Liebfrauenorgan, the strong Trinity organ) At least the three big ones were in harmony and yet consciously different. They were coordinated with

11770-423: Was consecrated even before construction was completed. Abbot Jodokus Senner took advantage of the Council of Constance , which had begun in 1414, and invited the Archbishop of Salzburg Eberhard III, who was present there, to consecrate the church. Eberhard III probably felt a connection to Salem because his predecessor in office, Eberhard II, had taken the monastery under his protection around 200 years previously. It

11880-469: Was more than questionable, but during February 1415 it carried and thenceforth was accepted in practice, though never authorized by any formal decree of the council. The four "nations" consisted of England, France, Italy, and Germany, with Poles, Hungarians, Danes, and Scandinavians counted with the Germans. While the Italian representatives made up half of those in attendance, they were equal in influence to

11990-400: Was probably also modeled on Strasbourg. In accordance with the rules of the Cistercian order, which demanded simplicity and modesty, the minster was not given a church tower, but only a simple ridge turret to carry the bells. This changed in the 18th century: in 1697, a fire destroyed almost the entire monastery building. The building survived the fire largely undamaged, while a large part of

12100-494: Was the first time that an ecumenical council was convened in the Holy Roman Empire . The council ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing Pope Martin V . It was the last papal election to take place outside of Italy. The council also condemned Jan Hus as a heretic and facilitated his execution; and it ruled on issues of national sovereignty and

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