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68-517: Salerno's Schola Medica Salernitana was the most important medical school in Europe between the 10th and 13th centuries. Following the rise of university medical schools, it briefly merged with the University of Naples , which moved to Salerno from 1253 to 1258 before returning to Naples and establishing its own medical school there. Meanwhile, the University of Montpellier displaced Salerno as

136-509: A barter economy. During the late 9th century, long-distance trade revived between Amalfi and Gaeta with Byzantine , the latter which benefited from a flourishing trade network with the Arabs. Karl Marx in "The German Ideology" acknowledged the role of Amalfi in the very beginning of European mercantile Capitalism. An independent republic from the 7th century until 1073, Amalfi extracted itself from Byzantine vassalage in 839 and first elected

204-492: A brake on the pesky work of medicines. The first sovereign act validating the college's prerogatives by granting legal recognition to the academic titles issued by it dates back to Emperor Frederick II in 1200. All the doctors in the city were "Alunni" and they also gradually had the right to enter the college. Usually the function of conferring graduates took place either in the Church of St. Peter at Court, or of St. Matthew or in

272-480: A collection of hygiene rules, based on its doctrine. The Medical College was an independent academic body of the School. Its aim was to submit students who had completed the required years of study to a rigorous examination to obtain the doctorate, not only to practice medicine but also to teach it. The Medical College was a professional organization for the defense of the medics' interests and dignity, and also to put

340-467: A distinction between medicus and medicus et clericus because they mark two distinct periods of Salerno medicine. A medicus was the traditional physician who practiced empiricism , and he uses concoctions to help the patient. Medicus et clericus is a doctor in the original sense of a scholar of art and doctrine. With Garioponto (who studied the ancient Latin writers who followed Hippocrates and Galen) Salernitan medicine begins its golden age. We see for

408-517: A duke in 958; it rivalled Pisa and Genoa in its domestic prosperity and maritime importance before the rise of the Republic of Venice . In spite of some devastating setbacks it had a population of some 70,000 to 80,000 reaching a peak about the turn of the millennium, during the reign of Duke Manso (966–1004). Under his line of dukes, Amalfi remained independent, except for a brief period of Salernitan dependency under Guaimar IV . In 1073,

476-410: A general therapy and drug preparation treatment. Matteo Plateario junior wrote Glosse Platearium , where he describes plants and various medicinal products. Musandino is the renowned master, destined to spread the dogmas of medicine. Other eminent figures were Romualdo Guarna , who was called twice to the bedside of William I of Sicily , and Antonio Solimena, who treated Queen Joanna II of Naples at

544-658: A great increase in student numbers. The University of Salerno offers degrees in 10 faculties: The library "biblioteca Eduardo R. Caianiello " offers students over 400,000 volumes and constitutes one of the major collections of books in Italy. In May 2015 the University of Salerno saw the establishment of a new research institute, the International Centre for Studies and Research "Mediterranean Knowledge" , composed by 14 Research Units located in universities of

612-488: A high quality and has been used by artists such as Giuseppe Leone , who described it: "There is a whole world that the Amalfi paper evokes and an artist who is sensitive to the suggestion of these places is aware that it is unique and exciting". Three traditional events draw numerous visitors to Amalfi. First are the feast days of Saint Andrew (25–27 June, and 30 November), celebrating the city's patron saint . Then there

680-671: A key role in the growth of the School: Salerno, a Mediterranean port, fused influences of Arab and Eastern Roman culture. Books of Avicenna and Averroes arrived by sea, and the Carthaginian physician Constantine the African (or Ifrīqiya) who arrived in the city for several years came to Salerno and translated many texts from Arabic: Aphorisma and Prognostica of Hippocrates, Tegni and Megategni of Galen, Kitāb-al-malikī (i.e. Liber Regius, or Pantegni) of Alī ibn'Abbās (Haliy Abbas),

748-473: A nave and two aisles divided by 20 columns. The façade of the cathedral is Byzantine in style and is adorned with various paintings of saints, including a large fresco of Saint Andrew. The gold caisson ceiling has four large paintings by Andrea dell'Asta . They depict the flagellation of Saint Andrew , the miracle of Manna, the crucifixion of Saint Andrew and the Saint on the cross. From the left hand nave there

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816-656: A popular seaside resort beginning in the Edwardian era , with members of the British upper class spending their winters in Amalfi. Amalfi is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Amalfi began as a maritime power, trading grain from its neighbours, salt from Sardinia and slaves from the interior, and even timber, in exchange for the gold dinars minted in Egypt and Syria , in order to buy

884-404: A school where their knowledge could be collected and disseminated. The origins of the "School" should date back to the 9th century, though the documentation for this first period is rather poor. Little is known about the nature, lay or monastic, of doctors who were part of it, and it is unclear whether the "School" already had an institutionalized organization. Antonio Mazza dates the foundation of

952-539: A special statute. School teachers distinguished medicine in theory and practice. The first gave the necessary lessons to know the body structures, the parts that compose it, and their qualities; the second gave the means to preserve the health and to fight disease. And, in common with all other medical schools of the time, the basis of medical teaching was the principles of Hippocrates and Galen. The ancient texts of Salerno's masters do not deviate from this tradition. The spread of Salernitan medical doctrines to distant regions

1020-741: A treatise on the ophthalmology of Hunayn bin Ishaq and the Viaticus of Ibn al-Jazzar . The most famous pharmacopeia of the Middle Ages, the Antidotarium Nicolai , also was written in the circles of the school. Among the physicians who trained at the Schola Medica Salernitana is Gilles de Corbeil . With the emergence of the University of Naples , the "School" began to lose importance. Over time its prestige

1088-725: Is "Byzantine New Year's Eve" (31 August) celebrating the beginning of the New Year according to the old civil calendar of the Byzantine Empire . The third event is the Historical Regatta (first Sunday in June), a traditional rowing competition among the four best known Italian historical maritime republics : Amalfi, Genoa , Pisa , and Venice . This event is hosted by a different city every year, so it comes to Amalfi once every four years. Amalfi can be reached using

1156-491: Is a flight of stairs which leads to the crypt. These stairs were built in 1203 for Cardinal Pietro Capuano, who, on 18 May 1208, brought Saint Andrew's remains to the cathedral from Constantinople . The bronze statue of Saint Andrew in the cathedral was sculpted by Michelangelo Naccherino , a pupil of Michelangelo ; also present are Pietro Bernini marble sculptures of St. Stephen and St. Lawrence. In 1206, Saint Andrew 's relics were brought to Amalfi from Constantinople by

1224-623: Is a town and comune in the province of Salerno , in the region of Campania , Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno . It lies at the mouth of a deep ravine , at the foot of Monte Cerreto (1,315 metres, 4,314 feet), surrounded by dramatic cliffs and coastal scenery. The town of Amalfi was the capital of the maritime republic known as the Duchy of Amalfi , an important trading power in the Mediterranean between 839 and around 1200. The town became

1292-540: Is accredited with several books on gynaecology and cosmetics, collectively known as The Trotula . De Passionibus Mulierum Curandorum was first published around 1100 AD and was a prominent text until a major revision by Louise Bourgoise, a midwife whose husband worked as assistant to Ambrose Paré in the early 1600s. A further 19 less definitive manuscripts by Trota can be found in European libraries today. Additional women physicians who attended this school became known as

1360-574: Is attested by documents such as a codex that is kept in the Capitolare di Modena from the abbey of Nonantola. These confirm the antiquity of medical teaching in Salerno, and prove that the tradition of Latin culture had not switched off and its dissemination center was Salerno. The most famous treatise produced by the school is Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum . The work, in Latin verse, appears to be

1428-564: Is first recorded in Salerno under their name early in the 13th Century. Subsequent incarnations—c.1480 now found in Brussels; and in the early 1500s, published in Paris with art by Robinet Testard and now found in both Paris and St. Petersburg—bore the name "Livre des simples medecines". Facsimiles with commentary for both editions have been published by Opsomer and Stearn (1984) and by Moleiro (2001). Under this cultural thrust are rediscovered

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1496-468: Is to say in arte aromatariae , the candidate was required to be of a moral and honest character, qualities which the School held in high esteem. Such a diploma was often held as evidence of the 'religious' character of a young graduate. The authenticity of the doctoral privileges, issued by the Collegio di Salerno, was attested by the notary, and was necessary to teach the subject. A doctorate not only had

1564-624: The Byzantine silks that it resold in the West. Grain-bearing Amalfi traders enjoyed privileged positions in the Islamic ports, Fernand Braudel notes. The Amalfi tables ( Tavole amalfitane  [ it ] ) provided a maritime code that was widely used by the Christian port cities. Merchants of Amalfi were using gold coins to purchase land in the 9th century, while most of Italy worked in

1632-580: The " Women of Salerno ", or the mulieres Saleritanae, and included women such as Abella , Constance Calenda , Rebecca de Guarna , and Mercuriade . Books made the Salernitan school famous. They had a strong start with the Pantegni , Constantine's translation and adaptation of the Al-malaki of Haly Abbas , ten volumes of theoretical medicine and ten of practical medicine. He had also translated

1700-546: The 9th century there was a great legal culture in Salerno as well as the existence of lay teachers and an ecclesiastical school. Alongside the masters of the law there were also those who cared for the body and taught the dogmas of the art of health. By the 10th century the city of Salerno was already very famous for its healthy climate and its doctors, and the fame of the medical school had reached northern Europe. We are told that "they were devoid of literary culture but provided with great experience and innate talent", and their fame

1768-475: The 9th century, the school was originally based in the dispensary of a monastery . It achieved its greatest celebrity between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, from the last decades of Lombard power, during which its fame began to spread more than locally, to the fall of the Hohenstaufen . The arrival in Salerno of Constantine Africanus in 1077 marked the beginning of Salerno's classic period. Through

1836-453: The Abbot of Montecassino Desiderio (future Pope Victor III ) and bishop Alfano I . In this context, the "School" of Salerno grew until it became a point of attraction of both sick and students from all over Europe. The prestige of doctors in Salerno is largely witnessed by the chronicles of the time and the numerous manuscripts kept in the major European libraries. In 1231, the authority of

1904-736: The Amalfitani, sacked the city; Lothair claimed as part of the booty a copy of the Pandects of Justinian which was found there. In 1135 and 1137, it was taken by the Pisans and rapidly declined in importance, though the Amalfian Laws were recognized in the Mediterranean until 1570. A tsunami in 1343 destroyed the port and lower town, and Amalfi never recovered to anything more than local importance. In medieval culture Amalfi

1972-654: The Cappuccini Convento in the 1880s. Celebrated visitors to Amalfi included the composer Richard Wagner and the playwright Henrik Ibsen , both of whom completed works while staying in Amalfi. Amalfi occupied a high position in medieval architecture; its cathedral of Sant'Andrea ( Saint Andrew , 11th century), the campanile , the convent of the Cappuccini, founded by the Amalfitan Cardinal Pietro Capuano , richly represent

2040-474: The Chapel of St. Catherine. But at the beginning of the year 1000 the conferment took place in the palace of the city. The oath represented the highest moral conception of the doctor's function, who swore to give his help to the poor without asking for anything and at the same time was a sublime affirmation before God and men to maintain an honest life and strict conduct. In order to obtain a pharmacy license, that

2108-452: The Gospel. Many Salernitan works were lost. The masters of the school have the great merit of dictating for the first time the norms that the doctor must follow when he is at the patient's bed. They are a precious document that reveals how dedicated were these teachers to the physician's mission and their spirit of observation and profound knowledge of the human body. It is necessary to make

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2176-823: The Mediterranean countries. The ICSR, that has its administrative office at the University of Salerno, aims at favouring research and dissemination of knowledge about the most important topics of the Mediterranean Basin. For that purpose it publishes the book series Mediterranean, Knowledge, Culture, Heritage , the Journal of Mediterranean Knowledge and a series of Working Papers. The ICSR, moreover, periodically organizes national and international conferences. 40°46′16″N 14°47′26″E  /  40.77111°N 14.79056°E  / 40.77111; 14.79056 Schola Medica Salernitana The Schola Medica Salernitana ( Italian : Scuola Medica Salernitana )

2244-812: The Mediterranean during the Early Middle Ages. The building now contains architectural and sculptural remains, a row-barge used in the Historical Regatta, a number of models of ships and it also acts as a venue for visual art exhibitions. Starting from December 2010, the Ancient Arsenals of Amalfi host the Compass Museum on the premises of the two aisles of the building, which were spared by the Amalfi seaquake of 1343. The Museum of Handmade Paper, located in Mill Valley in

2312-527: The Pietro Capuano following the Sack of Constantinople (an event of the 4th Crusade ) after the completion of the town's cathedral. The cathedral contains a tomb in its crypt that it maintains still holds a portion of the relics of the apostle . A golden reliquary which originally housed his skull and another one used for processions through Amalfi on holy days can also be seen. The structure of

2380-588: The Viaticum of al-Jazzār (Algizar), the Liber divisionum and the Liber experimentorum of Rhazes (Razī), the Liber dietorum, Liber urinarium and the Liber febrium of Isaac Israel the Old (Isaac Iudaeus). Johannes (d. February 2, 1161) and Matthaeus Platearius , possible father and son, resided in Salerno at this time when they apparently published their famous "Liber de Simplici Medicina" (a.k.a. "Circa Instans") which

2448-419: The arsenal consists of two large stone-built halls with vaulting supported by repeated pointed arches. The vaulting rests on ten piers, originally there were twenty two, the missing twelve and the structure they supported having been lost to centuries of coastal erosion . The main function of the arsenal was the building, repair and storage of warships. Amalfitan war-galleys were among the largest to be found in

2516-648: The artistic movement prevailing in Southern Italy at the time of the Normans, with its tendency to blend the Byzantine style with the forms and sharp lines of the northern architecture. At the top of a flight of steps, Saint Andrew's Cathedral ( Duomo ) overlooks the Piazza Duomo, the heart of Amalfi. The cathedral dates back to the 11th century; its interior is adorned in the late Baroque style with

2584-447: The building was converted into a museum as a result of the will of Nicholas Milano, the mill's then owner. The museum contains the machinery and equipment (restored and fully functional) that was once used to manufacture paper by hand. The Amalfi coast is famed for its production of Limoncello liqueur and the area is a known cultivator of lemons . The correct name is "sfusato amalfitano", and they are typically long and at least double

2652-501: The classical works long forgotten in the monasteries. Thanks to the "Medical School", medicine was the first science discipline to come out of the abbeys to confront again with the world and experimental practice. Monks of Salerno and of the nearby Badia di Cava were of great importance in Benedictine geography, for we note in the city in the eleventh century the presence of three important figures of this order: Pope Gregory VII ,

2720-406: The crusades, Robert was struck by a poisoned arrow . Because his condition had become serious, he returned to Salerno to consult physicians, whose response was drastic: the only way to save his life was to suck away the poison from the wound, but who would have done it would have died in his place. Roberto dismissed everyone, preferring to die, but his wife Sibylla of Conversano sucked his poison over

2788-571: The doctors' opinion. After a long voyage, the whole court came to Salerno and Henry, before attending the Medical school, wanted to go to the Cathedral to pray on the tomb of St. Matthew . Here, in a vision, he found himself miraculously cured of evil and married Elsie on the same altar of the saint. Another tradition is that of the Legend of Robert of Normandy and Sibylla of Conversano . During

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2856-547: The encouragement of Alfano I, Archbishop of Salerno and translations of Constantine Africanus, Salerno gained the title of "Town of Hippocrates " ( Hippocratica Civitas or Hippocratica Urbs ). People from all over the world flocked to the "Schola Salerni", both the sick, in the hope of recovering, and students, to learn the art of medicine. The school was based on the synthesis of the Greek-Latin tradition supplemented by notions from Arab and Jewish cultures. The approach

2924-508: The end of the 14th century. Distinguished for his doctrine, he was raised to the high office of Maestro Razionale della Magna Curia . Another noble figure was Giovanni da Procida. There are many Salernitan masters in the centuries who lent their work to war operations. At the service of the army of Robert of Anjou , Duke of Calabria, operating in Sicily in 1299 there are Bartolomeo de Vallona and Filippo Fundacario. This most celebrated legend

2992-467: The examination date but also the year of the Pope's accession. This was because the civil calendar varied by state, but not the papal date, especially as regards the diplomas of graduates in foreign countries. The diplomas always bore the seal of the college in wax. In the middle of these circular seals is clearly visible the coat of arms of the city, represented by the patron Saint Matthew in the act of writing

3060-489: The first time a woman, the famous Trotula de Ruggiero , who ascends to the honors of the chair, and gives instructions to women in labor. At the beginning of 1000 A.D. in Salerno there was a well-ordered school or society which arose by practitioners of medical disciplines. The first constitution of the Societas was formed by those jatrophysici , who took office on the hill Bonae diei and Salernitam Scholam scripsere , laid

3128-653: The foundation of the school to four masters: the Jewish Helinus, the Greek Pontus, the Arab Abdela, and the Latin Salernus . In the school, besides the teaching of medicine (in which women too were involved, as both teachers and students), there were courses of philosophy , theology , and law . The most famous female doctor and medical author at the school is Trota or Trotula de Ruggiero, who

3196-540: The foundations of that school and leaving to posterity the Flos Medicinae , a monument of greatness and piety. The teaching of medicine in Salerno in the Middle Ages was carried out by private professors whose name was assigned to doctors. At that time the number of doctors was low, and many simply followed the traditional family cure from several generations. The Schola was an institute with an independent organization, consisting of teachers with particular merit and

3264-416: The library of Montecassino , where they were translated into Latin ; thus the received lore of Hippocrates , Galen and Dioscorides was supplemented and invigorated by Arabic medical practice, known from contacts with Sicily and North Africa . As a result, the medical practitioners of Salerno, both men and women, were unrivaled in the medieval Western Mediterranean for practical concerns. Founded in

3332-434: The minister of public instruction for the newborn Kingdom of Italy . The curriculum studiorum consisted of 3 years of logic, 5 years of medicine (including surgery and anatomy), and a year of practice with an experienced physician. Also, every five years, an autopsy of a human body was planned. Lessons consisted in the interpretation of the texts of ancient medicine. But while medicine was slow, in Salerno there appeared

3400-489: The most prestigious medical school internationally and by the 14th century the latter had ceased to exist. The modern University of Salerno traces its origin to the Istituto Universitario di Magistero “ Giovanni Cuomo ”, a teacher training college founded in 1944 with this renowned and ancient tradition in mind. In 1968 the institute became a State university, the University of Salerno, and it has since seen

3468-399: The new art of surgery which was elevated to the dignity of a true science by Ruggiero di Fugaldo. He wrote the first treatise on national surgery that spread throughout Europe. Therefore, since the 12th century, Salerno was the target of particularly German students. But with Arabic books becoming more common, the scientific influence of the school, which was believed to be of a Latin tradition,

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3536-578: The night, dying for her beloved husband. This legend is depicted in a miniature on the cover of the Canon of Avicenna , in which one sees Roberto with his court, who greets and thanks the doctors at the gates of the city, while in the background the ships are ready to go; on the left, four other doctors deal with Sibylla, recognizable by the crown, struck down by poison. Amalfi Amalfi ( UK : / ə ˈ m æ l f i / , US : / ɑː ˈ m ɑː l f i / , Italian: [aˈmalfi] )

3604-532: The northern part of the modern town, celebrates the long-established paper making tradition in Amalfi. The town was one of the first centres of paper making in Europe, the skill having been acquired by the Amalfitans from the Arabs. The museum is housed in an ancient paper mill which was once owned by the Milano family, a family famous in Amalfi for its involvement in the production and manufacture of paper. In 1969

3672-505: The poem Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum gave a Salernitan provenance to his poem in order to advertise his work and give validity to it. The school kept the Greek - Latin medical tradition going, merging it with the Arab and Jewish medical traditions. The meeting of different cultures led to a synthesis and the comparison of different medical knowledge, as evidenced by a legend that ascribes

3740-635: The republic fell to the Norman countship of Apulia , but was granted many rights. A prey to the Normans who encamped in the south of Italy, it became one of their principal posts. However, in 1131, it was reduced by Roger II of Sicily , who had been refused the keys to its citadel. The Holy Roman Emperor Lothair , fighting in favour of Pope Innocent II against Roger, who sided with the Antipope Anacletus , took him prisoner in 1133, assisted by forty-six Pisan ships. The Pisans, commercial rivals of

3808-512: The same place. He was hurt and the Greek, at first suspicious, approached to look closely at the dressings that the Latin applied to his wound. Meanwhile, two other travellers, the Jew Helinus and the Arab Abdela had come. They also showed interest in the wound and at the end it was discovered that all four were dealing with medicine. They then decided to create a partnership and to give birth to

3876-439: The school in 802. The Historia inventionis ac translationis et miracula Sanctae Trophimenae chronicle narrates that in the period in which Pulcari was prefect of Amalfi (867–878 c.) a young woman by the name of Theodonanda fell seriously ill. Her husband and relatives took her to Salerno to be treated by the great archiater Hyerolamus, who visits her and consults a great amount of books ("immensa volumina librorum"). From

3944-661: The school was sanctioned by Emperor Federico II . In his constitution of Melfi it was established that the activity of a doctor could only be carried out by doctors holding a diploma issued by the Medical School Salernitana. In 1280 Charles II of Anjou approved the first statute in which the School was recognized as a General Study in Medicine. Its fame crossed borders, as proved by the Salernitan manuscripts kept in many European libraries, and by historical witnesses. The twelfth- or thirteenth-century author of

4012-482: The size of other lemons, with a thick and wrinkled skin and a sweet and juicy flesh without many pips. It is common to see lemons growing in the terraced gardens along the entire Amalfi coast between February and October. Amalfi is also a known maker of a hand-made thick paper which is called " bambagina ". It is exported to many European countries and to America and has been used throughout Italy for wedding invitations, visiting cards and elegant writing paper. The paper has

4080-505: The subjects, seeing him now destined to certain death, renamed him "Poor Henry". The prince had a dream one night: the devil personally suggested that he be taken care of by the Salernitian doctors, intimating to him that he would only be healed if he had bathed in the blood of a young virgin who had died for him voluntarily. Though Elsie was immediately offered for the horrific sacrifice, Henry refused disdainfully, preferring to listen to

4148-643: Was a medieval medical school , the first and most important of its kind. Situated on the Tyrrhenian Sea in the south Italian city of Salerno , it was founded in the 9th century and rose to prominence in the 10th century, becoming the most important source of medical knowledge in Western Europe at the time. Arabic medical treatises , both those that were translations of Greek texts and those that were originally written in Arabic, had accumulated in

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4216-703: Was based more on their practical, observational, and experimental knowledge of medicine and successful cures rather than from ancient books and learning. In 988, Adalbero II of Verdun  [ it ] went to Salerno to have himself cured by the famed Salerno physicians, as told in the Gesta episcoporum Virdunensium . Richerus tells the story of a Salernitan physician at the French court in 947, whose medical knowledge he describes rooted in practical experience rather than books. In his Historia Ecclesiastica, Orderic Vitalis (1075 – c.  1142 ) states that in Salerno "the most ancient school of medicine has long flourished". Geographic location certainly played

4284-455: Was based on the practice and culture of prevention rather than cure, thus opening the way for the empirical method in medicine. The foundation of the school is traditionally linked to an event narrated by a legend. It is reported that a Greek pilgrim named Pontus had stopped in the city of Salerno and found shelter for the night under the arches of the Arcino aqueduct. There was a thunderstorm and an Italian traveller, named Salernus, wandered into

4352-434: Was decreasing, superseded by universities in Northern Italy. Alumni such as Bruno da Longobucco also helped disseminate its teaching. The "School", besides teaching medicine (where women were admitted as both teachers and students), also taught philosophy, theology and law, and that is why some also consider it as the first University ever founded. The teaching subjects in the Salernitan Medical School are known to us through

4420-401: Was famous for its flourishing schools of law and mathematics. Flavio Gioia , traditionally considered the first to introduce the mariner's compass to Europe, is said to have been a native of Amalfi. Amalfi has a long history of catering to visitors, with two former monasteries being converted to hotels at a relatively early date, the Luna Convento in the second decade of the 19th century and

4488-433: Was handed down by the medieval German minstrels, and written in the 1190s as the narrative poem Der arme Heinrich (Poor Henry) by Hartmann von Aue . The story was then "rediscovered" by Longfellow and published as The Golden Legend (1851). Henry, prince of Germany, was a beautiful and strong young man, engaged with the young princess Elsie. One day, however, he was struck by leprosy and began to swell quickly, so that

4556-556: Was obscured by that of younger universities, especially Montpellier , Padua , and Bologna . The Salernitan institution, however, remained alive for several centuries until, on November 29, 1811, it was abolished by Gioacchino Murat during the reorganization of public education in the Kingdom of Naples . The last seat was the Palazzo Copeta. The remaining "Doctors of Medicine and Law" at the Salerno Medical School operated in Salerno's "National Convitto Tasso" for fifty years, from 1811 until their closure in 1861, by Francesco De Sanctis ,

4624-582: Was responsible for the Praeses . It was a merit of seniority when the Prior was created as the supreme dignity of the college. But the Praeses had nothing in common with the Prior, since its authority came later within the college. The medical doctrines spread by Garioponto and his contemporaries did not disappear with them; other masters followed their footsteps. In the second half of the twelfth century three illustrious masters honored their predecessors: Master Salerno, Matteo Plateario junior and Musandino. Salerno's Tabulae Salernitanae and Compendium formulated

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