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55-511: Salic may refer to: Salian Franks , one of the division of the Franks Salic law , a Frankish law code Salian dynasty , medieval German dynasty of Frankish descent Sial , a class of igneous rock Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Salic . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

110-646: A Roman fleet (probably riverine, not ocean-going) was broken up by a storm, causing many casualties. Germanicus himself managed to survive by reaching the lands of the Chauci, who provided him with a safe haven. Germanicus' campaigns had resulted in recovery of two of three Aquila lost in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest defeat; the third legionary standard was recovered in AD ;41 by Publius Gabinius from

165-667: A fusion of Roman and Germanic societies was occurring. During the period of Merovingian rule, the Franks began to adopt Christianity following the baptism of Clovis I in 496, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Roman Catholic Church . Unlike their Gothic , Burgundic and Lombardic counterparts, who adopted Arianism , the Salians adopted Catholic Christianity early on; giving them

220-578: A group called Ingaevones (a "Cimbri" people were also given as members of a different group, and this is likely a different people). Tacitus , writing in AD 98, described the inland, non-coastal Chauci homeland as immense, densely populated, and well-stocked with horses. He was effusive in his praise of their character as a people , saying that they were the noblest of the Germans, preferring justice to violence, being neither aggressive nor predatory, but militarily capable and always prepared for war if

275-660: A large group who decided to hijack some Roman ships and return with them from the Black Sea ;– reaching the Atlantic after causing chaos through Greece, Sicily and Gibraltar. It has been proposed that the meaning of the term Frank changed over time and that these pirate Franks were actually Frisii , or some other coastal people. Centuries before the Vikings , the term "Saxon" came to refer to coastal Germanic groups specialised in raiding Roman territories by boat, whereas

330-472: A relationship with the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and their subjects in conquered territories. The division of the Frankish kingdom among Clovis’s four sons (511) was an event that would repeat in Frankish history over more than four centuries. By then, the Salic Law had established the exclusive right to succession of male descendants. This principle turned out to be an exercise in interpretation, rather than

385-683: Is uncertain, Childeric I and his son Clovis I , who gained control over Roman Gaul were said to be related, and the legal code they published for the Romance speaking country between the Loire and the Silva Carbonaria , a region the Franks later called Neustria , was called the Salic law . Their dynasty, the Merovingians , were named after Childeric's father Merovech , whose birth

440-664: The Carbonaria Silva from a fort named Dispargum , which was in "Thuringia". The most common interpretations of these names are neither in Salian Batavia nor in Toxandria. In 451, Chlodio's opponent Flavius Aëtius , de facto ruler of the Western Roman Empire , called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by Attila 's Huns . Franks answered the call and fought in

495-644: The Chauci during the Roman Empire, most of whom apparently became Saxons . (The difference between Saxons and Franks in the earliest records which mention them is not clear.) In 358, the Salians came to some form of agreement with the Romans, which allowed them to keep settlements south of the delta in Toxandria, between the rivers Scheldt , Meuse , and Demer , roughly the area of the Campine , which contains

550-556: The Essex sites of Chelmsford , Billericay , Gestingthorpe , Braintree , Wickford , Kelvedon , Great Chesterford , and Harlow ). The perpetrators are unknown, but Chauci raiders are among the prime suspects. The Romans responded with defensive measures. Caistor-by-Norwich , Chelmsford and Forum Hadriani (present day Voorburg ) (the civitas of the Canninefates near The Hague ) were all fortified c.  200 , and

605-607: The Rhine and north of the Rivers Marne and Seine ), and the Chauci made inroads into the region that would later become the neighbouring Roman province of Germania Inferior , in the area of the Rhine delta in what is now the southern Netherlands. Corbulo was made the local Roman military commander. He successfully engaged the Germans on both land and water, occupied the Rhine with his triremes and sent his smaller vessels up

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660-671: The Salii ". Ammianus, who served in the Roman military, reported that the Salii were pushed from their home in Batavia (the civitas of Nijmegen ), into Toxandria (both within the empire), by the non-Roman Chamavi . The account implies that they entered into the civitas of Tongeren . The first historian to say that the Salians had been pushed into the empire from outside was Zosimus , but his description of events seems to be confused and derived from others. The account of Zosimus, that

715-587: The Somme in northern France . These Franks, headed by a certain Chlodio , conquered an area which included Turnacum (the modern Belgian city of Tournai ) and Cameracum (the modern French city of Cambrai ). According to Lanting & van der Plicht (2010), this probably happened in the period 445–450. Chlodio is never referred to as Salian, only Frankish, and his origins unclear. He is said by Gregory of Tours (II.9) to have launched his attack on Tournai through

770-631: The Zuyder Zee to south Jutland . All of these peoples shared a common material culture, and so cannot be defined archaeologically. The Chauci originally centered on the Weser and Elbe, but in c.  AD 58 they expanded to the River Ems by expelling the neighboring Ampsivarii , whereby they gained a border with the Frisians to the west. The Romans referred to the Chauci living between

825-492: The Chauci as 'peaceful' in his Germania (AD 98), but this is in a passage describing the non-coastal, inland Chauci, whereas sea raiders are necessarily a coastal people. By the late second century Chauci raiding was ongoing and more serious than before, continuing in the English Channel until their last recorded raids c.  170 –175. While there are no historical sources to inform us one way or

880-527: The Chauci during the reign of Claudius , brother of Germanicus. A parenthetical note concerns the Ampsivarii . They had not supported the German cause led by Arminius in 9 AD and had been ostracized as a result. The Chauci had suffered no such disaffection from the other Germanic tribes in the aftermath of Teutoburg Forest, nor had they alienated the Romans. Many years later, c.  AD 58 ,

935-511: The Chauci is from the Annals of Tacitus , written in 117. Many parts of his works have not survived, including an entire section covering the years AD 38–46, as well as the years after AD 69. The earliest mention of the Chauci is from 12 BC and suggests that they were assisting other Germanic tribes in a war against the Romans . Drusus campaigned against those Germans along

990-580: The Chauci seized upon an opportunity to expel the Ampsivarii and occupy their lands at the mouth of the River Ems , whereby they gained a border with the Frisians to the west. In AD 47 (and perhaps for some time earlier), the Chauci along with the Frisians were led by a certain Gannascus of the Canninefates . They raided along the then-wealthy coast of Gallia Belgica (i.e., the land south of

1045-465: The Franks were strongly associated with the inland Rhine region. In the later period when the Salians first appear in the record, the term Frank was not associated with seafaring or coastal tribes. Their origins before they lived in Batavia are uncertain. Much later, it was only Zosimus, and not Ammianus Marcellinus whose work he possibly partly followed, who claimed that the Salians had once lived under

1100-528: The Germani using names of people which may only be poetic: "Salian now tills his fields, the Sygambrian beats his straight sword into a curved sickle". (The Sugambri had apparently long ago been defeated and moved by the Romans.) From the first half of the fifth century onwards, a group of Franks pushed south west through the boundary of the Roman inhabited Silva Carbonaria and expanded their territory to

1155-630: The Germans in an effort to ease tensions, and the Romans withdrew to the Rhine. In AD 69 the Batavi and other tribes rose against Roman rule in the Revolt of the Batavi , becoming a general uprising by all the Germans in the region. Led by Civilis , they inflicted huge casualties on the Romans, including the destruction of a Roman fleet by a Germanic one off the North Sea coast. Led by Cerialis ,

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1210-507: The Rhine to get around other Frankish tribes who effectively protected the Roman frontier, and into the Roman river delta. The emperor Julian the Apostate took the opportunity to allow the Salii to settle in Toxandria, south of Batavia, where they had previously been expelled: "[Julian] commanded his army to attack them briskly; but not to kill any of the Salii, or prevent them from entering

1265-606: The Rhineland or Ripuarian Franks. The Lex Ripuaria originated about 630 and has been described as a later development of the Frankish laws known from Lex Salica . On the other hand, following the interpretation of Springer the Lex Salica may simply have meant something like "Common Law". Apart from some isolated fragments, there is no record of the Salian Frankish language but it is presumed to be ancestral to

1320-413: The Roman territories, because they came not as enemies, but were forced there [...] As soon as the Salii heard of the kindness of emperor Julian the Apostate, some of them went with their king into the Roman territory, and others fled to the extremity of their country, but all humbly committed their lives and fortunes to Caesar's gracious protection." The Salians were then brought into Roman units defending

1375-458: The Romans began a defensive system of protection especially along the coasts of Britain and the Continent. This system would be continually maintained and improved upon, which the Romans would not have done unless there was a continuing threat to be addressed. The system would continue to evolve through the disappearance of Chauci raiders and their replacement by the Frankish and Saxon ones, up to

1430-467: The Romans blamed for their defeat. The Chauci were not among them, and were said to have promised aid, and were associated with the Romans in "military fellowship". However, in defeating Arminius' own tribe (the Cherusci ) the Romans were unable to capture or kill Arminius, who escaped. There were Chauci among the Roman auxiliaries, and they were rumored to have allowed the escape. In one of the campaigns

1485-496: The Romans gave as good as they had gotten, ultimately forcing a humiliating peace on the Batavi and stationing a legion on their territory. Both the Chauci and the Frisians had auxiliaries serving under the Romans, and in a siege and assault by Civilis at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensis (at modern Cologne ), a cohort of Chauci and Frisians had been trapped and burned. The Chauci had supported Civilis in their own name, providing him with reinforcements. The Chauci were one of

1540-487: The Romans. Accounts of wars therefore mention the Chauci on both sides of the conflict, though the actions of troops under treaty obligation were separate from the policies of the tribe. The Chauci lost their separate identity in the third century when they merged with the Saxons, after which time they were considered to be Saxons . The circumstances of the merger are an unsettled issue of scholarly research. The Germans of

1595-508: The Salians had been pushed into the empire as a single tribe, is still often accepted. In this case, their homeland may have been between the Rhine and the IJssel in the modern day Dutch region of the Veluwe , Gelderland , and they may have given their name to the region of Salland . It has also been proposed that the Salii might have been one of the peoples making up the large nation of

1650-510: The Salians, but then allowed the Salians "descended from the Franks" to settle in Toxandria in 358. According to Zosimus, this happened in response to an attack from the sea by the "Kouadoi" Saxons which affected both Romans and Salians, who had been living in the river delta. Beowulf is an Old English heroic poem where the hero (Beowulf) engages in battles with antagonists. Set in long-ago Scandinavia , it makes frequent references to

1705-651: The Visigoths and the Alemanni , his sons drove the Visigoths to Spain and subdued the Burgundians , Alemanni and Thuringians . After 250 years of this dynasty, marked by internecine struggles, a gradual decline occurred. The position in society of the Merovingians was taken over by Carolingians , who came from a northern area around the river Meuse in what is now Belgium and the southern Netherlands. In Gaul,

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1760-519: The Weser and Elbe as the 'Greater Chauci' and those living between the Ems and Weser as the 'Lesser Chauci'. The Chauci entered the historical record in descriptions of them by classical Roman sources late in the first century BC in the context of Roman military campaigns and sea raiding. For the next 200 years the Chauci provided Roman auxiliaries through treaty obligations, but they also appear in their own right in concert with other Germanic tribes, opposing

1815-636: The battle of the Catalaunian Fields in a temporary alliance with Romans and Visigoths , which temporarily ended the Hunnic threat to Western Europe. The Notitia dignitatum listing Roman military units in the 5th century mentions the Salii iuniores Gallicani based in Hispania , the Salii seniores based in Gaul. There is also record of a numerus Saliorum . While their relationship to Chlodio

1870-402: The coast) they had no cattle, and had nothing to drink except rainwater caught in ditches. They used a type of dried mud (i.e., "surface peat ") as fuel for cooking and heating. He also mentioned their spirit of independence, saying that even though they had nothing of value, they would deeply resent any attempt to conquer them. The record is incomplete. The bulk of historical information about

1925-531: The empire from other Frankish raiders. Ammianus Marcellinus (late 4th century), on the other hand, mentions the Chamavi, normally considered Frankish, as the Germanic tribe who had entered the empire in this area at this time. Unlike the Salii, these Chamavi were expelled from Roman lands. Their grain was disappointingly unready for Roman use. In a poem from 400, Claudian celebrates Stilicho 's pacification of

1980-510: The empire itself, or the river and/or region might be named after the inhabitants (rather than the reverse). The Salians, unlike other Franks, first appear living inside the Roman Empire, living in the Rhine delta in the modern Netherlands. Although often treated as a tribe it has also been argued by Matthias Springer that this might represent a misunderstanding. All of the classical mentions of them seem to derive from one mention by Ammianus Marcellinus of "Franks, those namely whom custom calls

2035-647: The end of the fourth century. By then it would be known as the Saxon Shore , a name given it by the Notitia Dignitatum . A passage written by Zosimus has been interpreted as one of the last mentions of the Chauci, and one where they are specifically mentioned as a Saxon group; but it depends upon whether we can equate them with the "Kouadoi" in Zosimus's Greek, a name he had apparently used wrongly. Julian fought against Saxons and Franks, including

2090-437: The estuaries and canals. The Germanic flotilla was destroyed in a naval engagement, Gannascus was driven out, and Frisian territory was forcibly occupied. A negotiation between the Romans and Gannascus was arranged under the auspices of the 'Greater Chauci', which the Romans used as an opportunity to assassinate their opponent. The Chauci were outraged by the act of bad faith , so the emperor Claudius forbade further attacks on

2145-674: The family bond was made clear by the Salic Law , which ordained that an individual had no right to protection if not part of a family. While the Goths or the Vandals had been at least partly converted to Christianity since the mid-4th century, polytheistic beliefs are thought to have flourished among the Salian Franks until the conversion of Clovis to Catholicism shortly before or after 500, after which paganism diminished gradually. On

2200-564: The fifth century, describes the 'Continental Saxons' (which then included the Chauci) as having powerful local families and a dominant military leader. Writing in AD 79, Pliny the Elder said that the Germanic tribes were members of separate groups of people, suggesting a distinction among them. He said that the Chauci, Cimbri and Teutoni —the people from the River Ems through Jutland and for some distance inland—were members of

2255-551: The highest tide. A dense population of Chauci lived further inland, and they are presumed to have lived in a manner similar to the lives of the other Germanic peoples of the region. Their ultimate origins are not well understood. In the Germanic pre- Migration Period (i.e., before c.  300 AD ) the Chauci and the related Frisians , Saxons , and Angles inhabited the Continental European coast from

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2310-417: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salic&oldid=961325567 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Salian Franks The traditional historiography sees the Salians as one of

2365-564: The lower Rhine, and after devastating the lands west and north of the Rhine he won over (or defeated or intimidated) the Frisians . He was in the process of attacking the Chauci when his vessels were trapped by an ebb tide . Drusus gave up the attack and withdrew. The Germans under Arminius had destroyed 3 Roman legions under Varus at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9. The Romans recoiled at first but then Germanicus initiated destructive campaigns against those Germans whom

2420-474: The main divisions of the Franks alongside the Ripuarians . Recent scholarship, however, has often questioned the ethnic significance of both these terms. Various etymologies are proposed. The ethnonym is unrelated to the name for the dancing priests of Mars, who were also called Salii . In line with theories that the Salians already existed as a tribe outside the Roman Empire, the name may have derived from

2475-458: The modern Dutch province of North Brabant , and adjacent parts of the two bordering Belgian Limburg and Antwerp Provinces . The first mention of Franks in the area was about 286 AD, during the reign of emperor Probus (276–282), when Carausius was put in charge of defending the coasts of the Straits of Dover against Saxon and Frankish pirates. In the time of Probus there is also record of

2530-539: The modern family of Low Franconian dialects, which are represented today by Dutch and Flemish dialects, and Afrikaans . Before the Merovingian takeover, the Salian tribes apparently constituted a loose confederacy that only occasionally banded together, for example to negotiate with Roman authority. Each tribe consisted of extended family groups centered on a particularly renowned or noble family. The importance of

2585-461: The most prominent early Germanic sea raiders. They are probable participants in the Germanic flotilla that was destroyed by Drusus in 12 BC. They were raiding the coasts of Roman Belgica in AD 41, long before they participated in further raids of the same coasts under Gannascus in AD 47. It is likely that their raiding was endemic over the years, as the few surviving accounts probably do not reflect all occurrences. Tacitus describes

2640-402: The name of the IJssel river, formerly called Hisloa or Hisla , and in ancient times, Sala , which may be the Salians' original residence. Today this area is called Salland . Alternatively, the name may derive from a proposed Germanic word * saljon meaning friend or comrade, indicating that the term initially implied an alliance. In that case, the name may have originated in

2695-409: The need arose. Pliny (AD 23–79) had visited the coastal region and described the Chauci who lived there. He said that they were "wretched natives" living on a barren coast in small cottages (or huts) on hilltops, or on mounds of turf built high enough to stay dry during the highest tide (i.e., terpen ). They fished for food, and unlike their neighbors (i.e., those living inland, away from

2750-544: The other hand it is possible many Salians in Gaul were already Arian Christians, like contemporary Germanic kingdoms. Chauci The Chauci were an ancient Germanic tribe living in the low-lying region between the Rivers Ems and Elbe , on both sides of the Weser and ranging as far inland as the upper Weser. Along the coast they lived on artificial mounds called terpen , built high enough to remain dry during

2805-690: The other, it is likely that the Chauci continued their raiding and then played a role in the formation of the new Germanic powers, the Franks and Saxons who were raiders in the third century. There is archaeological evidence of destruction by raiders between 170–200, ranging along the Continental coast down to the Bay of Biscay , to northwest Belgica (e.g., fire destruction at Amiens , Thérouanne , Vendeuil-Caply , Beauvais , Bavai , Tournai , and Arras ), to coastal Britain (e.g., fire destruction at

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2860-432: The region were not strongly hierarchical. This had been noted by Tacitus , for example when he mentioned the names of two kings of the first century Frisians and added that they were kings "as far as the Germans are under kings". Haywood ( Dark Age Naval Power , 1999) says the Chauci were originally neither highly centralised nor highly stratified, though they became more so after 100 AD. Barbara Yorke , speaking of

2915-529: The same name outside the Roman Empire, saying that they had been forced away by Saxons, and had come to share control of Batavia with the Romans. Whatever their origins, Zosimus says they were being pushed out of Batavia by a Saxon group known as the "Kouadoi", a Greek spelling of " Quadi " which some authors believe might be a misunderstanding for the Frankish Chamavi, who were mentioned by Ammianus. According to Zosimus, these Saxons had used boats on

2970-477: The simple implementation of a new model of succession. No trace of an established practice of territorial division can be discovered among Germanic peoples other than the Franks. The later Merovingian kings responsible for the conquest of Gaul are thought to have had Salian ancestry, because they applied so-called Salian law ( Lex Salica ) in their Roman-populated territories between the Loire and Silva Carbonaria , although they also clearly had connections with

3025-420: Was associated with supernatural elements. Childeric and Clovis were described as Kings of the Franks, and rulers of the Roman province of Belgica Secunda . Clovis became the absolute ruler of a Germanic kingdom of mixed Galloroman-Germanic population in 486. He consolidated his rule with victories over the Gallo-Romans and all the other Frankish tribes and established his capital in Paris . After he had defeated

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