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38-417: (Coast Banksia), the type species of B. ser. Salicinae Banksia ser. Salicinae is a valid botanic name for a series of Banksia . First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions. B. ser. Salicinae was first published in 1856, in Carl Meissner 's chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle 's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . It

76-432: A clade with B. plagiocarpa , B. oblongifolia and B. robur , rather than B. integrifolia . Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B.  subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B.  subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing

114-619: A full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete. All but one species of B.  ser. Salicinae are endemic to the east coast of Australia . The exception, B. dentata (Tropical Banksia) spreads across the north of Australia to the Kimberleys, and also occurs on New Guinea and the Aru Islands . Interbreeding in the wild has been reported between many members including: Type species In botanical nomenclature , these terms have no formal standing under

152-534: A full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. aquilonia is placed in B.  subg. Spathulatae . Common names include northern banksia, white banksia, honeysuckle or white bottlebrush. A local aboriginal name is jingana , in the Jirrbal and Girramay languages. Banksia aquilonia occurs in coastal areas of northern Queensland from

190-499: A full species from B. integrifolia . The overall habit of a Banksia aquilonia tree resembles that of B. integrifolia , though is generally smaller. The southernmost populations of B. aquilonia are separated from the northernmost B. integrifolia occurrence by 200 km (120 mi), hence location is helpful in identification. Field volunteers for The Banksia Atlas recorded plants with large adult and juvenile leaves up to 38 cm (15 in) long along

228-467: A rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B.  subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons ; in this way they also redefined the autonym B.  subg. Banksia as containing those taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. The members of B.  ser. Quercinae fall within B.  subg. Spathulatae , but no further details have been proffered. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing

266-550: A small pollen-presenter ; and unbeaked follicles . The placement and circumscription of B.  ser. Abietinae in George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows: In a later publication, George would refer to this series by the name B.  ser. Banksiae , but this is probably a typographical error, as the name has not been validly published. In 1991, the Tasmanian fossil taxon B. kingii

304-459: A smooth shiny green above and white below with a prominent midrib covered in red-brown hair. The brownish new growth appears in summer. The plant is in bloom from March to June. Flowers occur in Banksia 's characteristic vertical flower spike, an inflorescence made up of hundreds of pairs of flowers densely packed in a spiral around a woody axis. B. aquilonia 's flower spike

342-770: A specimen collected at Witts Lookout in Crystal Creek National Park south of Ingham on 12 April 1975. The species name is the Latin adjective aquilonius meaning 'northern', as it was the most northerly form of B. integrifolia . In 1996 Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a cladistic analysis of Banksia based on morphology, in which this taxon stood out as the only member of B. integrifolia to be both morphologically and geographically distinct from other infraspecific taxa. They also noted that there were no intermediate plants between what

380-474: A type species as the name-bearing type of the name of a genus or subgenus (a " genus-group name "). In the Glossary, type species is defined as The nominal species that is the name-bearing type of a nominal genus or subgenus. The type species permanently attaches a formal name (the generic name) to a genus by providing just one species within that genus to which the genus name is permanently linked (i.e.

418-479: A type species is assigned for each genus. Whether or not currently recognized as valid , every named genus or subgenus in zoology is theoretically associated with a type species. In practice, however, there is a backlog of untypified names defined in older publications when it was not required to specify a type. A type species is both a concept and a practical system that is used in the classification and nomenclature (naming) of animals. The "type species" represents

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456-478: Is a likely food item of the endangered mahogany glider ( Petaurus gracilis ), as well as many other mammals and birds. Avian species observed visiting the flower spikes include the bridled honeyeater , white-cheeked honeyeater , eastern spinebill and rainbow lorikeet . Banksia aquilonia adapts readily to cultivation in humid or temperate climates, but is rarely cultivated. A fast-growing plant, it can grow in acidic soils from pH 3.5 to 6.5. Propagation

494-643: Is a pale yellow colour, roughly cylindrical, 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) high, and up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter. The tubular perianths of the individual flowers are 2.5–2.9 cm (0.98–1.14 in) long. These open at maturity ( anthesis ) to release the styles . All old flower parts fall away as up to 50 oval follicles develop on the bare woody spike. The follicles measure 0.8–1.2 cm (0.3–0.5 in) long, 0.5–0.9 cm (0.20–0.35 in) high, and 0.4–0.5 cm (0.16–0.20 in) wide. Furry at first, they become smooth with age and open when ripe, and their two half-oval valves split to release

532-582: Is found in wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest margins on sandy soils. Banksia aquilonia regenerates after bushfire by regrowing from epicormic buds under its bark. It is rarely cultivated. Banksia aquilonia grows as a tall shrub or small tree up to 8 m (26 ft) high, though plants up to 15 m (49 ft) have been recorded. It has hard, fissured, grey bark, and narrow elliptic or lanceolate leaves measuring 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) long by 0.6–1.2 cm (0.2–0.5 in) wide with entire (straight) margins and acute tips. They are

570-570: Is nested at least one divergent, autapomorphic taxon that invites treatment as a species." George promoted it to species rank on the basis of its distinctive leaf arrangement and midrib in 1996. Thus its full name with author citation is " Banksia aquilonia (A.S.George) A.S.George". It is placed in subgenus Banksia , section Banksia and series Salicinae . Its placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows: Despite initially assigning Banksia aquilonia to be variety of B. integrifolia , George noted that it had affinities with

608-505: Is not very well resolved, however, having a number of polytomies : B. dentata B. oblongifolia B. robur B. plagiocarpa B. integrifolia subsp. aquilonia (now B. aquilonia ) B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia B. integrifolia subsp. monticola B. integrifolia subsp. compar B. marginata B. saxicola B. paludosa B. canei Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated

646-462: Is the genus Hygromia . The concept of the type species in zoology was introduced by Pierre André Latreille . The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature states that the original name (binomen) of the type species should always be cited. It gives an example in Article 67.1. Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 was later designated as the type species of the genus Homarus , thus giving it

684-573: The Cedar Bay National Park to Paluma Range National Park , in areas with an annual rainfall of 1,000 to 4,000 mm (39 to 157 in). It occurs from near sea level to an altitude of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), in a variety of habitats and aspects. It grows in wet sclerophyll forest or rainforest margins, on plateaus, ridges, slopes and low-lying swampy areas on sandy or rocky soils, generally of granitic origin, or sometimes clay. It commonly grows with tree species such as

722-455: The code of nomenclature , but are sometimes borrowed from zoological nomenclature. In botany, the type of a genus name is a specimen (or, rarely, an illustration) which is also the type of a species name. The species name with that type can also be referred to as the type of the genus name. Names of genus and family ranks, the various subdivisions of those ranks, and some higher-rank names based on genus names, have such types. In bacteriology ,

760-402: The northern banksia and jingana , is a tree in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to north Queensland on Australia's northeastern coastline. With an average height of 8 m (26 ft), it has narrow glossy green leaves up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long and 6 to 10 cm (2.4 to 3.9 in) high pale yellow flower spikes, known as inflorescences , appearing in autumn. As

798-589: The Tully to Mission Beach Road, and a population of smaller shrub-sized plants to 3 m (9.8 ft) high with small narrow leaves 13 cm (5.1 in) long and 0.4 cm (0.16 in) wide at Coronation Lookout in Wooroonooran National Park , plants with normal morphology occurring further down the mountain. Banksia aquilonia was first described by Alex George in 1981 as a variety of Banksia integrifolia (coast banksia), from

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836-440: The genus must include that species if it is to bear the name). The species name in turn is fixed, in theory, to a type specimen. For example, the type species for the land snail genus Monacha is Helix cartusiana , the name under which the species was first described, known as Monacha cartusiana when placed in the genus Monacha . That genus is currently placed within the family Hygromiidae . The type genus for that family

874-430: The inflorescences of Banksia aquilonia are similar to B. integrifolia , the leaves are marked in their differences—the midrib on the leaves' undersides is distinctively covered in short reddish-brown hairs and the leaves are spirally arranged on the branches rather than in whorls as in all B. integrifolia subspecies. It was these differences that George felt were distinctive enough for it to be separate it as

912-483: The name Homarus marinus (Fabricius, 1775) . However, the type species of Homarus should always be cited using its original name, i.e. Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 , even though that is a junior synonym of Cancer grammarius Linnaeus, 1758 . Although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants does not contain the same explicit statement, examples make it clear that

950-660: The one or two seeds they contain. The obovate dark grey-brown to black seeds sandwich a woody separator . Measuring 1.4–1.6 cm (0.55–0.63 in) long, they are made up of a wedge-shaped seed body, 0.8–1 cm (0.3–0.4 in) long by 0.2–0.3 cm (0.08–0.12 in) wide. The woody separator is the same shape as the seed, with an impression where the seed body lies next to it. Seedlings have bright obovate green cotyledons around 1 cm (0.4 in) long. Juvenile leaves are narrower, measuring 7–24 cm (2.8–9.4 in) long and 0.6–2.1 cm (0.2–0.8 in) wide, and often have serrate (toothed) margins. Although

988-564: The original name is used, so that the "type species" of a genus name need not have a name within that genus. Thus in Article 10, Ex. 3, the type of the genus name Elodes is quoted as the type of the species name Hypericum aegypticum , not as the type of the species name Elodes aegyptica . ( Elodes is not now considered distinct from Hypericum .) Banksia aquilonia Banksia integrifolia subsp. aquilonia (A.S.George) K.R.Thiele Banksia integrifolia var. aquilonia A.S.George Banksia aquilonia , commonly known as

1026-400: The others all had significant overlaps in distribution and morphology. Therefore, they simply promoted all four to subspecies rank. This example has since been held up as an interesting case study on how the concept of species should be defined, as it presents the problem of "a monophyletic group comprising a paraphyletic basal group of incompletely differentiated geographic forms within which

1064-492: The pink bloodwood ( Corymbia intermedia ), forest red gum ( Eucalyptus tereticornis ), swamp turpentine ( Lophostemon suaveolens ), forest oak ( Allocasuarina torulosa ), and black sheoak ( A. littoralis ), and understorey species such as coin spot wattle ( Acacia cincinnata ) and yellow wattle ( A. flavescens ). Much of its lowland habitat in the Wet Tropics has been degraded or fragmented. Although

1102-463: The range overlaps with B. dentata , the two species are not known to occur together. Banksia aquilonia regenerates after bushfire by regrowing from epicormic buds under its bark. Regeneration from root suckers has also been recorded. Unlike many banksia species which release their seed after bushfires, Banksia aquilonia sets seed when the follicles mature. Banksia inflorescences are energy-rich sources of food, and B. aquilonia nectar

1140-459: The reference species and thus "definition" for a particular genus name. Whenever a taxon containing multiple species must be divided into more than one genus, the type species automatically assigns the name of the original taxon to one of the resulting new taxa, the one that includes the type species. The term "type species" is regulated in zoological nomenclature by article 42.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , which defines

1178-680: The resolution of clades in their analysis. The placement and circumscription of B.  ser. Abietinae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the Flora of Australia series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to B.  ser. Abietinae , George's 1999 arrangement

Banksia ser. Salicinae - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-415: The spikes age, their flowers fall off and they develop up to 50 follicles , each of which contains two seeds. Alex George described the plant in his 1981 monograph of the genus Banksia as a variety of B. integrifolia , but later reclassified it as a separate species. Genetic studies show it to be related to B. plagiocarpa , B. oblongifolia and B. robur . The species

1254-487: The then newly described species Banksia plagiocarpa , with which it co-occurs on and near Hinchinbrook Island in north Queensland. Since 1998, American botanist Austin Mast and co-authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia and Dryandra . Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George's taxonomic arrangement. Banksia aquilonia formed

1292-428: Was current until 1870, when George Bentham published his arrangement , discarding all four of Meissner's series. In 1981, Alex George published a thorough revision of Banksia in his classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) . He reinstated B.  ser. Salicinae , placing it within B.  sect. Banksia , and defining it as containing only those species with entire, serrate or dentate leaves;

1330-657: Was fundamentally the same as his 1981, but differed in the ranking of some taxa, the inclusion of some newly published taxa, and changes to the phyletic order . Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae . His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different from George's taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra . Mast's analyses did not include either subspecies of B. conferta (Glasshouse Banksia), but otherwise found B.  ser. Salicinae to be monophyletic. The clade

1368-545: Was one of four series into which the subgenus Eubanksia was divided. These four series were defined in terms of leaf characters, with series Salicinae containing the species with linear, or nearly so, leaves with hoary grey undersides. As they were defined on leaf characters alone, all of Meissner's series were highly heterogeneous. The placement and circumscription of B.  ser. Salicinae in Meissner's arrangement may be summarised as follows: Meissner's arrangement

1406-1245: Was placed in this series. In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges undertook a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia , which yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. They found George's B.  ser. Salicinae to be monophyletic , their cladogram placing it in a clade whose sister clade consisted of the members of George's B.  ser. Quercinae and B.  ser. Spicigerae : B.  ser. Quercinae (2 species) B.  ser. Spicigerae (7 species, 6 varieties) B. oblongifolia B. plagiocarpa B. dentata B. robur B. marginata B. conferta subsp. conferta B. conferta subsp. penicillata B. paludosa B. canei B. saxicola B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia B. integrifolia subsp. monticola B. integrifolia subsp. compar B. integrifolia subsp. aquilonia (now B. aquilonia ) Thiele and Ladiges therefore retained George's B.  ser. Salicinae , further dividing it into two subseries, B.  subser. Acclives and B.  subser. Integrifoliae , in accordance with

1444-482: Was then known as B. integrifolia var. aquilonia and other populations of B. integrifolia . On this basis they would have liked to promote it to species rank, but did not because their inferred phylogeny suggested that this taxon arose from within B. integrifolia . They were unwilling to render B. integrifolia paraphyletic by elevating this taxon to species rank, and they were equally unwilling to elevate all four varieties to species rank, since

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