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27-713: Saltovo-Mayaki influence was strong in the area of the Volyntsevo culture to the northwest of the main Saltovo-Mayaki territory. There is no consensus as to what ethnicity to assign to this culture, if any at all. The Saltovo-Mayaki material culture was "fairly uniform" across the various tribes. Their culture was a melting pot of Onogur , Khazar , Pecheneg , Magyar , Alan , and Slavic influences. A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined three males of

54-612: A period of habitation and were often re-occupied years later, reflective of the itinerant form of agriculture practiced by the populace. Two fortified sites are known from the Penkovka region - Seliste and Pastyrske  [ uk ] . The latter has been excavated in detail, and appears to have been an Iron Age fortification which was also occupied in early medieval times. Measuring 25 ha , it included numerous settlement buildings as well as evidence of specialised industrial activity. Szmoniewski argues that "Pastyrs'ke may have also been

81-481: A political power center, the seat of a ruler with territorial authority". Two forms of burials are found north of the Black Sea in the 6th and 7th centuries. Poorly furnished cremation burials, either inside urns or into shallow pits, are concentrated in the forest-steppe zone; whilst more elaborately equipped inhumations are found in the open steppe. Traditionally, the latter are attributed to "Turkic" nomads whilst

108-791: A result of the advancement of the Slavic tribes belonging to the Prague-Korchak culture (carriers of antiquities of the Sakhnovka type) from the west to the left (eastern) bank of Dnieper (see Left-bank Ukraine , and Right-bank Ukraine ). Due to the similarity of Volyntsevo antiquities with those of the Dnieper's right bank, sometimes they are referred to as "monuments of Sakhnovka – Volyntsevo type" or "Luka Raykovetskaya – Sakhnovka – Volyntsevo type". Volyntsevo also has influences of Kolochin culture and Penkovka culture , which replaced with

135-756: Is an archaeological culture of the early Middle Ages (8th to 9th centuries), located between the Dnieper and the Don rivers. In the west, the territory of the Volyntsevo monuments reaches the right bank of Dnieper in the Kyiv area. Dmytro Berezovets  [ uk ] identified the culture, and named it after the village of Volyntseve  [ uk ] in Sumy Oblast of Central Ukraine, which he excavated in 1948–1950. The type site of Volyntsevo, itself,

162-599: Is an argument for its existence". Penkovka culture's fall, and deposition of Martynivka type hoards, is considered to be related to the invasion of the steppe nomads, the Bulgars and Khazars , who probably acted on the behest of the Byzantine Empire. Its disapperance can be archaeologically dated around the second-half of the 7th century. Over all Penkovka sites emerged nomadic style wheel-made pottery (called Pastyrske or Saltovo ware), most commonly found within

189-540: Is an open settlement and cemetery situated in a valley and surrounded by bogs. The best known archaeological monuments of Volyntsevo culture are: Bytytsia and Novotroitske settlements on the Psel River , the burial from Rylsk, Russia ( Kursk Oblast ), the settlement of Volyntseve, the Oleksandrivka settlement near Chernihiv , Obukhiv , and Khodosivka near Kyiv. In Kyiv, layers of the Volyntsevo culture of

216-807: The Antes people of 6th-century Byzantine historiography. The core of the culture seems to be in Left-bank Ukraine , especially along the Sula, Seim, Psel, Donets and Oril rivers, but its territory extends to Right-bank Ukraine , and Penkovka pottery is also found in eastern and southern Romania, where it co-exists with wheel-made pottery of late Roman derivation; and is referred to as the Ipotesti–Candesti culture by Romanian archaeologists. Penkovka-type pottery has even been found in Byzantine forts in

243-826: The Chernyakhov culture , which should be described as a multi-ethnic culture dominated by the Goths. However, Florin Curta has argued that there can be no simple relationship between the type of ceramic vessel and the ethnicity of groups which consumed them. E. Teodor performed a detailed analysis of ceramic vessels in 6th century southeastern Europe, and discovered a complex picture which cannot be reduced to 2 or 3 broad 'archaeological cultures', as each microregion and even individual site shows idiosyncrasies in their ceramic profile and degree of connectivity to other regions of 'Slavic Europe'. Penkovka settlements tended to be located on

270-466: The Khazar Khaganate . The main marker of Volyntsevo culture is the wheel-made black-glazed ceramics with a high straight upper rim. A particular feature of the Volyntsevo culture is the amount of Islamic silver which is found, typically as coin hoards. The sites also often produce large amounts of silver jewellery, more than in other Slavic lands. "The Volyntsevo culture has been related to

297-543: The 'Balto-Slavic' world of the forests of Eastern Europe. Kazanski concluded it has eastern Germanic ( Goths , Gepids , Lombards ), Byzantine, steppe nomadic and forest zone roots and influences. He also noted that the Byzantine military influences are lacking among steppe nomads, neither the Turkic nomands wore brooches between the 5th-7th century. Scholars have debated to whom the Martynovka elements belonged to since

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324-540: The Andriiashivka settlement. These events can be dated quite accurately by the finds of Arabic dirhem silver coins from the Lower Syrovatka site; the youngest of them dated in 813 AD. Archaeologist A.V. Komar put forward a hypothesis that the destruction may have been connected with the invasion of the early Rus' people from the left bank of the Dnieper. This was based on the dating of arrowheads, and of

351-529: The Sakhnivka culture. Both the Luka Raykovetskaya type of antiquities, and the Sakhnovka type of antiquities are generally found on the right (western) bank of Dnieper, while the Volyntsevo type is generally found on the opposite bank. Their emergence and movement of Slavic people was caused by the arrival of the Bulgars and Khazars , and their political alliances with the Byzantine Empire, on

378-576: The Saltovo-Mayaki culture buried in Belgorod Oblast , Russia between ca. 700 AD and 900 AD. The sample of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1 . The three samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the haplogroups I , J1b4 and U7a4 . This European history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about ethnicity is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Volyntsevo culture Volyntsevo culture or Volyntseve culture

405-586: The Slavic tributaries of the Khazar Qaghanate, described in the ancient Russian chronicle as Polyane, Severa, Vyatichi, and Radimichi." In the first third of the 9th century, many Volyntsevo settlements, such as Khodosivka, Obukhiv, the Bytytsia, and the Volyntseve, suffered a period of destruction; signs of fires abound. The most vivid picture of destruction was noted at the Bytytsia site, and at

432-680: The basins of the Upper Don and the Oka. Penkovka culture The Penkovka culture ( Ukrainian : Пеньківська культура , romanized :  Penkivska kultura ; also called Pen'kivka culture ) is an archaeological culture in Ukraine , Moldova and reaching into Romania . Its western boundary is usually taken to at the middle Prut and Dniester rivers, where contact with the Korchak culture occurs. Its bearers are commonly identified as

459-399: The cremation burials were a typically Slavic rite. However, a straightforward ethnic attribution has been questioned - as the pottery and metalwork (see below) found in the 'nomadic' inhumations shows clear analogies to that found in 'Slavic' settlements in the forest-zone. Thus Curta has argued that the inhumation burials represented a marker of social distinction of chiefs and 'big men' from

486-502: The detriment of the Antes . Volyntsevo populations built unfortified settlements and lived in semi- dugout type of houses equipped with mud-baked kilns. The dead were cremated, and the ashes were placed in an urn . The population grew millet , wheat , rye , and peas . They used plows to till the land. Researchers have noted the presence of a significant amount of artifacts of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, associated with

513-635: The equation of the Penkovka culture and Martynovka hoards with the Antes is problematic, as such cultural features exist into the 8th century, long after the Antes were defeated by the Avars in 602 AD and ceased to exist as an independent tribal polity. According to him such diffuse styles cannot be directly linked to any single people, but rather reflect a myriad of peoples who existed in the Black Sea region from 450–750 AD, including Antes, Kutrigurs and Bulgars. Kazanski refutes Curta's argumentation, concluding that "

540-527: The forest-zone settlements. Another set of cultural elements of Penkovka and Kolochin cultures associated with Antes are numerous hoards of silver and gold ornaments dated to the 7th century, and are variously called "Antian antiquites" or Martynovka culture (named after Martynivka Treasure ). It is considered that the metalwork betrays a variety of influences - especially the world of the steppe nomad which in turn showed Caucasian, Byzantine, and Sassanian inspiration. Yet other elements showed affinities with

567-552: The late 19th century; as A. Spitsyn attributed them to the Slavic Antes, whilst J. Harmatta rather attributed them to Turkic groups, specifically the Kutrigurs . Curta's argued that in the early 7th century such metalwork appears in hoards deposited in the forest-steppe, whilst later assemblages appear as interment gifts in 'nomadic burials'. Thus, again, rather than simplistic ethnic explanations, Curta's analysis suggests that

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594-550: The limited archaeological evidence hardly suggests a symbiosis of the Pen'kivka population and the nomads, as suggested in some recent studies ... with the possible exception of the final stage of the Pen'kivka culture, on the eve of its disappearance. The interpretation of the Pen'kivka culture as non-homogenous ... is even less grounded. This culture, on the contrary, has a very uniform appearance, and while cultural homogeneity does not prove anthropological, linguistic, and ethnic unity, it

621-679: The middle of the 8th to early 9th century were found on Starokyivsky Hill and under the northern gallery of the Church of the Tithes . The culture is identified with the ancestors of the Severians and Radimichs . It replaces the Penkovka and Kolochin culture , and starting from the end of the 8th century, is replaced by the Romny culture. Some scholars argue that Volyntsevo culture was formed as

648-430: The north-eastern Balkans. Hand-made Penkovka pottery is distinguished from Prague-Korchak types on the basis of its biconical profile and tendency for out-turned rims. The pottery and other findings are so similar to Kolochin culture that Michel Kazanski and other archaeologists consider a common origin from Kyiv culture . Some consider that of the ancestors of the bearers of the Penkovka culture were population of

675-502: The pattern of ornament consumption varied with time and was related to social status and gender: i.e. earlier in the 6th century, elites displayed status by burying hoards of silver in the forest-steppe, whilst later there was more aggressive posturing and status display in the form of richly furnished male warrior graves, no doubt related to the competition for supremacy on the north Black Sea region between Pannonian Avars , Bulgars , Khazars and Western Gokturks . Curta considers that

702-658: The special type of ax found at the Bititskoe settlement, but this was disputed by other scholars. On the other hand, A. Schavelev and A. A. Fetisov identify these artifacts as belonging to the cultures of the Volga steppes to the east, or to those of the Southern Ural mountains. Slavic Romny culture developed in these areas subsequently. But the Romny-Borshevo ceramics spread over a much wider area, such as into

729-424: The terraces of rivers, usually arranged in a linear fashion. Buildings were usually square, post-hole constructs dug into the ground, equipped with an oven in the corners. There were also rounded buildings, otherwise not found in other Slavic territories, which have been associated with a nomadic influence. However, they are different from traditional tent-like nomadic yurts . Settlements tended to be abandoned after

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