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27-865: The area was inhabitated by the Charrúas and the Yaro people when the Spanish had arrived. Concordia lies on the right-hand (western) shore of the Uruguay River , opposite the city of Salto in Uruguay . The two cities are joined by a road/railway link that is part of the Salto Grande Dam complex (starting on the Argentine side 18 km north from the center of Concordia). It is located approximately 430 km north of Buenos Aires . According to

54-525: A controversial decision to almost completely eliminate the native Charrúa during the 1831 Massacre of Salsipuedes . Rivera was a rancher who joined the army of José Gervasio Artigas in 1810. Eventually he rose to the rank of general. When Banda Oriental was occupied by the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and the defeated Artigas forced into exile in 1820, Rivera stayed in

81-472: A good relationship with the Charrúas, the increasing dominance of the white people and desires for expansion led to hostilities. He therefore organized a genocide campaign known as La Campaña de Salsipuedes in 1831. This campaign was composed of three different attacks in three different places: "El Paso del Sauce del Queguay", "El Salsipuedes", and a passage known as "La Cueva del Tigre". Legend has it that

108-468: A semi-nomadic people who sustained themselves mainly through hunting and gathering. Since resources were not permanent in every region, they would constantly be on the move. Rain, drought, and other environmental factors determined their movement. For this reason they are often classified as seasonal nomads. The Charrúa people were massacred in a campaign in 1831 by the colonial forces in Uruguay known as

135-528: Is currently emerging about their oral history, contemporary ethnogenesis and activism. It is believed that there are approximately between 160,000 and 300,000 individuals in Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil today who are descendants of surviving Charrúa. On November 9, 2007 the Câmara dos Vereadores of Porto Alegre held a Solemn Act to recognize the Charruas as an existing native Brazilian people. The event

162-519: Is great year to year variability in annual precipitation. The frost free period is 10 months long and in an average year, there are 8.6 days with frost. The city is known as the national capital of citrus production. El Palmar National Park , an important reserve for Yatay palm trees , lies 60 km south of the city. The area is served by an airport ( IATA : COC , ICAO : SAAC ) located at 31°18′S 58°0′W  /  31.300°S 58.000°W  / -31.300; -58.000 , but which

189-585: Is ostensibly not operational. A binational airport shared with the city of Salto, Uruguay (which lies opposite Concordia), and it is expected to be finalized before the end of 2024. Concordia is divided into 110 barrios : Charruas The Charrúa are an Indigenous people or Indigenous Nation of the Southern Cone in present-day Uruguay and the adjacent areas in Argentina ( Entre Ríos ) and Brazil ( Rio Grande do Sul ). They were

216-541: Is said that since 11 April 1831, when the Salsipuedes (meaning "Get-out-if-you-can") campaign was launched by a group led by Bernabé Rivera , nephew of Fructuoso Rivera, the Charrúas were then officially claimed to be extinct. Four surviving Charrúas were captured at Salsipuedes. The directory of the Oriental School of Montevideo thought a nearly extinct race would spark the interest of French scientists and

243-589: The Köppen climate classification , Concordia has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Mean monthly temperatures range from 12.5 °C (54.5 °F) in July, the coldest month, to 25.3 °C (78 °F) in January, the warmest month. Concordia receives a mean annual precipitation of 1,372.9 mm (54 in). Fall (March to May) is the wettest season while winter (June to August) is the driest season. However, there

270-579: The Massacre of Salsipuedes . Though largely erased from modern histories, some communities of the Charrúa survived outside of Uruguay in Argentina and Brazil. It is believed that there are approximately between 160,000 and 300,000 individuals in Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil today who are descendants of surviving Charrúa. Contemporary descendants of the Charrúa have created organizations and advocate for

297-409: The city of Porto Alegre would grant Aldeia Polidoro (a 9- ha area) the status of municipal indigenous territory. Uruguayans refer to themselves as " charrúa " when in the context of a competition or battle against a foreign contingent. In situations in which Uruguayans display bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, the expression " garra charrúa " (charrúan tenacity) is used to refer to victory in

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324-585: The country. In 1847 Rivera was forced to leave for exile in Brazil, where he stayed until 1853. After President Juan Francisco Giró was overthrown, a ruling triumvirate was created on 25 September 1853 consisting of Venancio Flores , Juan Antonio Lavalleja and Rivera. However, Lavalleja died on 22 October and Rivera died on 13 January 1854 en route to Montevideo, leaving only Flores in power. Rivera's legacy in Uruguayan political history, and particularly among

351-546: The face of certain defeat. Fructuoso Rivera José Fructuoso Rivera y Toscana (17 October 1784 – 13 January 1854) was an Uruguayan general and patriot who fought for the liberation of Banda Oriental from Brazilian rule, thrice served as President of Uruguay and was one of the instigators of the long Uruguayan Civil War . He is also considered to be the founder of the Colorado Party , which ruled Uruguay without interruption from 1865 until 1958. He made

378-435: The first attack was a betrayal. Rivera knew the tribal leaders and called them to his barracks by the river, later named "Salsipuedes". He claimed that he needed their help to defend territory and that they should join him, however, once the Charrúas were drunk and off their guard, the Uruguayan soldiers attacked them. The following two attacks were carried out to eliminate the Charrúas that had escaped or had not been present. It

405-593: The first female cacique of the Charruas, was the subject of the documentary Perambulantes (Brazil, 2009), by Giancarla Brunnetto e Karine Emerich. Acuab, cacique of Aldeia Polidoro, is credited with going to Brasilia and handing over to then- President Lula a document that asked for the recognition of her people by Fundação National do Índio . Acuab reached the President after evading his security detail . This recognition would come in September, 2007. By 2008

432-603: The first provisional Governor. Rivera finally assumed Presidency for a term from 6 November 1830 until 24 October 1834. Rivera then supported General Manuel Oribe as his successor to presidency. Once again, Rivera become involved in conflict with Lavalleja and also with Oribe. In October 1838 Rivera defeated Oribe and forced him to flee into exile to Buenos Aires. During this conflict the political division between Colorados and Blancos began, as Rivera's supporters wore red armbands, but Oribe's wore white. Later these factions formed their political parties. Rivera assumed Presidency for

459-646: The memory of the indigenous people. The life of the Charrúas before contact with the Spanish Colonists remains to a large extent a mystery since most knowledge about the Charrúas comes from Spanish contact with them. Chroniclers such as the Jesuit Pedro Lozano accused the Charrúan people of killing the Spanish explorer Juan Díaz de Solís during his 1515 voyage up the Río de la Plata . This

486-711: The newly created Cisplatina province. Rivera first met with Juan Antonio Lavalleja in 1825, during an event that would become known as the Abrazo del Monzón (Embrace of the Monsoon). In the same year, the Thirty-Three Orientals led by Juan Lavalleja and their Argentine supporters, began their fight against the Empire of Brazil , Rivera joined the Argentinians. It's not clear if he joined voluntarily or

513-575: The province of Entre Ríos, Argentina . Following the end of Uruguay's last dictatorship in 1985, a group of people has been affirming and vindicating their Charrúan ancestry. In August 1989, the Association of Descendants of the Charrúa Nation (ADENCH, Asociación de Descendientes de la Nación Charrúa) was created to rescue, conserve, and promulgate the knowledge and presence of indigenous peoples in Uruguay. In 2005, another organisation

540-454: The public. They were Senacua Sénaqué, a medicine man ; Vaimaca-Pirú Sira, a warrior ; and a young couple, Laureano Tacuavé Martínez and María Micaëla Guyunusa . All four were taken to Paris in 1833, where they were exhibited to the public. The display was not a success and they all soon died in France, including a baby daughter born to Sira and Guyunusa, and adopted by Tacuavé. The child

567-589: The second time between 1 March 1839 and 1 March 1843. Oribe, with the support of Buenos Aires strongman Juan Manuel de Rosas , organized a new army and invaded Uruguay, thus starting the Uruguayan Civil War . In December 1842 Oribe defeated Rivera at the Battle of Arroyo Grande and started the Great Siege of Montevideo . Rivera's power was limited to the capital city, while Oribe ruled the rest of

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594-409: The shore in summer to fish and gather clams, fruits, and roots and moved inland in winter to hunt deer, rheas, and smaller game with bolas (stones connected by short ropes that are thrown to ensnare prey) and bows and arrows. The drastic demographic reduction of the Charrúas did not occur until the administration of the first president of Uruguay, Fructuoso Rivera . Although Rivera initially maintained

621-702: Was a crucial moment since it shows that the Charrúas were prepared to resist the Spanish invaders. Following the arrival of European settlers, the Charrúa, along with the Chana, strongly resisted the territorial invasion. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Charrúa were confronted by cattle exploitation that strongly altered their way of life, causing famine and forcing them to rely on cows and sheep. However, these were in that epoch increasingly privatized . Malones (raids) were resisted by settlers who freely shot any indigenous people who were in their way. Charrúas would move to

648-617: Was forced to join. He soon became an important military commander during the Cisplatine War and participated in the Battle of Rincón and the Battle of Sarandí . Due to arguments with other leaders, Rivera left the country for a year and did not participate in the Battle of Ituzaingó in 1827. After Uruguayan independence was proclaimed in 1828 as a result of the Treaty of Montevideo , arguments between Rivera and Lavalleja turned into fighting, and Argentine general José Rondeau became

675-493: Was formed, the Council of the Charrúa Nation (CONACHA, Consejo de la Nación Charrúa) – where families came out of clandestinity and publicly self-recognized themselves as Charrúa. Not much is known about the Charrúa due to their cognitive erasure at an early time in Uruguayan history. The only surviving documents that concern the Charrúa are those of Spanish explorers, archaeologists, and anthropologists. A new body of literature

702-752: Was jointly organized by the Human Rights Commission of the Câmara dos Vereadores of Porto Alegre and the Human Rights Commission of the National Congress of Brazil . During the Act, Senators Paulo Paim and Sérgio Zambiasi congratulated the indigenous people for their "conquest and effort in a struggle that has lasted 172 years". The life of cacica -geral Acuab, the most notable Charrua chief of Rio Grande do Sul and

729-567: Was named María Mónica Micaëla Igualdad Libertad by the Charrúa, yet she was filed by the French as Caroliné Tacouavé. A monumental sculpture, Los Últimos Charrúas was built in their memory in Montevideo , Uruguay. After Salsipuedes, the Charrúa were gradually dispossessed of their sovereignty while the new state was affirming its jurisdiction over the whole territory. According to the Argentine census of 2001, there were 676 Charrúas living in

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