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32-461: The first known Saltukid is Ali, who was ruler of Erzurum in 1103. His son and successor was Saltuk, who succeeded him sometime after 1123. Saltuk had a female relative, a daughter or sister, who married Shah-i- Armind of Akhlat , Sukman II . In 1132, Ali's son Izz al-Din Saltuk became malik . Izz al-Din was defeated captured in 1154 by Georgians, led by Dimitri I. He would be ransomed by Sökmen of

64-724: A view to including the Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel on UNESCO 's World Heritage List , where they are currently listed tentatively. In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its potatoes , which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market. The touristic places in Ahlat are Çifte Kümbet (Twin Tombs), Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery , Ahlat Museum, Lake Nemrut and

96-668: The Cave dwellings of Ahlat . In 1891 the kaza had 23,659 inhabitants: 16,635 Muslims; 6,609 Armenians; and 415 others. The city was then almost abandoned with only 200 houses on the eve of the First World War, including 15 Armenian houses. The city includes Kurds of the Bekiran tribe and Karapapakhs . Ahlat has a dry-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dsa ), with very warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Medieval Armenia Medieval Armenia refers to

128-672: The Committee of Union and Progress . It was already noted in 1846 by Ottoman officials that the town could be used to control the Kurds with an iron fist since it was located 'in the heart of Kurdistan'. Ahlat and its surroundings are known for a large number of historic tombstones left by the Ahlatshah dynasty, also known as the Shah-Armen, Shah-i-Arman, or Ahlat-Shah dynasty. Efforts are presently being made by local authorities with

160-567: The Middle East . In 639, with a force of 18,000 warriors, Abd‑er‑Rahman took Taron and sacked the country. In 642, the Muslims took Dvin , slaughtered 12,000 of its inhabitants and carried 35,000 into slavery. Prince Theodoros Rshtuni organized resistance and liberated the enslaved Armenians. However, Theodoros eventually accepted Arab rule of Armenia. Thus, in 645, the entirety of Armenia fell under Islamic rule. This period of 200 years

192-663: The Mongol Empire in the area, followed by the rise and fall of several other Turko-Mongol confederations, marks a turning point in the history of the Armenian people, defined by the large influx of Turkic-speaking peoples into their homeland. By the end of the Middle Ages, the notion of an Armenian state is relegated to history, with the western portions of historic Armenia as part of the Ottoman Empire , and

224-707: The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 , Ahlat was taken by the Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha . In 1548, Ahlat was recaptured by the Safavids, who then sacked it. During Suleiman the Magnificent 's reign (1520-1566), Ahlat eventually became a solid part of the Ottoman Empire. However, "in practise", Ahlat remained de facto under the control of various local Kurdish chiefs until

256-711: The Sultan of Rum Süleymanshah II during Süleymanshah's Georgian rout in 1202, and the Saltukid beylik was subsequently annexed by the Sultanate of Rum. During 30 years after this conquest, the region of Erzurum was then ruled by the two Seljuq princes Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II and his son Jahan Shah bin Tughril as an appanage, before being incorporated into the Sultanate of Rum under Kay Qubadh I in 627/1230. The beys of Saltuk left important works of architecture such as

288-706: The Sultanate of Rum (the Anatolian branch of the Seljuq dynasty ). In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name Khlati , modified native Armenian name Khlat . Following the Battle of Köse Dağ (1243) and the fall of Baghdad (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern Anatolia and upper Mesopotamia ", became part of

320-584: The eastern portion as part of Safavid Iran . Western Armenia had been under Byzantine control since the partition of the Kingdom of Armenia in 387, while Eastern Armenia had been under the rule of the Sassanid Empire starting in 428. Regardless of religious disputes, many Armenians became successful in the Byzantine Empire and occupied key positions. In Sassanid-occupied Armenia,

352-464: The 11th century accounts of Nasir Khusraw (in his Safarnama ) the town of "Akhlat" ( Persian : اخلاط , Axlāt ) is mentioned. According to the Institute of Ismaili Studies (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ( Harran ) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on

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384-400: The 18th of Jumada al-Awwal [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: Arabic , Persian , and Armenian . It is my supposition that this is why they named

416-724: The Artuqids, who later married a daughter of Izz al-Din. In 1161, Izz al-Din along with other Turkish allies besieged the Georgians at Ani, but was defeated. He sent a daughter to marry Kilij Arslan II, but she was captured by the Danishmendid Yağıbasan and married off to his nephew. The Saltukid dynasty is also notable for having a woman, Melike Mama Hatun , sister of Nasiruddin Muhammed , directly administering its realm for an estimated nine years, between 1191 and 1200. She

448-641: The Caliph commissioned Habib directly. During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the Qays tribe". In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab Kaysite principality. Ibn Hawqal (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the Urmia - Mayyafariqin trade route. In about 983, Ahlat

480-593: The Caliph of Baghdad and the Emperor of Constantinople. After more than 450 years of foreign occupation, Armenians finally reasserted their sovereignty in their ancestral lands. Despite Bagratid efforts to control all Armenian noble families, the Artsrunis and Siunis eventually broke off from central rule. Ashot III transferred the capital from Kars to Ani , which came to be known as the "city of 1001 churches". Ani became an important cultural and economic center in

512-461: The East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since Armenia was under foreign occupation at the time. In the mid-13th century, King Hethoum I of Armenia voluntarily submitted the country to Mongol overlordship, and tried to encourage other countries to do the same, but was only able to persuade his son-in-law, Bohemond VI of Antioch , who submitted in 1259; however, Antioch

544-583: The Georgian Queen Tamar . The name of the ruling dynasty of the beylik should not be confused with that of Sarı Saltuk , a Turkish mystic and saint ; who is of later date, more associated with western Anatolia and the Balkans (especially Dobruja ), and to whom the epic Saltuknâme is dedicated. The last ruler of the Saltukids, Alaeddin Muhammed, was dethroned and imprisoned by

576-938: The Mongol Empire. The Mongols added Ahlat to the Ilkhanate division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat. According to Hamdallah Mustawfi (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 dinars . After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the Jalayirids and then the Ak Koyunlu . In the early 16th century, the Ottomans expanded into Eastern Anatolia ( Western Armenia ), taking control of

608-701: The Tepsi Minare in Erzurum and the caravanserai in Mama Hatun . ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) Akhlat Ahlat ( Kurdish : Xelat ; Armenian : Խլաթ , romanized :  Khlat ) is a town in Turkey 's Bitlis Province in Eastern Anatolia Region . It is the seat of Ahlat District . The town had a population of 27,563 in 2021. The town of Ahlat is situated on

640-691: The history of Armenia during the Middle Ages . It follows Ancient Armenia and covers a period of approximately eight centuries, beginning with the Muslim conquest of Armenia in the 7th century. Key events during this period includes the rebirth of an Armenian Kingdom under the Bagratid dynasty , followed by the arrival of the Seljuk Turks . During this period, a portion of the Armenian people migrate to Cilicia to seek refuge from invasions, while

672-481: The mid-19th century, when the central Ottoman government in Constantinople imposed direct rule on the town. Vital Cuinet estimated the population of Ahlat at end of the 19th century at 23,700. According to Cuinet, seventy percent were Muslims, whereas the rest were Christians, mostly Armenians . When Cuinet passed through the city during this time period, ancient Ahlat was considered to be "abandoned", and

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704-570: The northwestern shore of Lake Van . The mayor is Abdulalim Mümtaz Çoban ( AKP ). Ahlat, known by its Armenian name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of Bznunik' . The town was taken by the Arabs during the reign of Caliph Uthman ( r.   644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan , to send Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri in an expedition to Byzantine -controlled Armenia —although some sources insist that

736-729: The people struggled to preserve their Christian religion. This struggle reached its culmination in the Battle of Avarayr . Although the battle was a military defeat, Vartan Mamigonian's successor, Vahan, succeeded in forcing the Persians to grant religious freedom to the Christian Armenians in the Nvarsak Treaty of 484. After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632, the Arabs expanded their religion throughout

768-608: The remnants in Eastern Armenia see the establishment of Zakarid Armenia under the Kingdom of Georgia . This period also marks the emergence of the royal dynasty in Artsakh . In Cilicia, Armenians establish a crusader state , the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , which would be the last fully independent Armenian state throughout the following centuries until the establishment of modern-day Armenia. The arrival of

800-596: The town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred dirhems ." With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the Khwarezmian Empire and the Mongol Empire , Ahlat became briefly disputed between the Ayyubids , the Kingdom of Georgia and

832-480: The town for the first time under Sultan Selim I ( r.   1512-1520). Nevertheless, Ahlat remained only loosely under Ottoman control at the time, for it was considered to be a border district between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire . In 1526, during the reign of king ( shah ) Tahmasp I ( r.   1524-1576), Ahlat was in Safavid hands, and its governor was Delu Montasha Ustajlu. In 1533, during

864-583: The whole region. Bagratid Armenia fell in 1045 to the Byzantines and then in 1064 to Seljuk Turks . The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the Rubenian dynasty, an offshoot of the larger Bagratid family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia . Their capital was Sis. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders , and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in

896-600: Was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city. After the Battle of Manzikert (1071), the Seljuk army, led personally by Sultan Alp Arslan ( r.   1063-1072), took possession of the town. The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the Turkmen slave commander Sökmen el-Kutbî (or al-Qutbi). Sökmen and his successors were known as the Shah-Armens (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital. In

928-681: Was controlled by a Kurdish chief named Bāḏ (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish Marwanids (centered in Diyar Bakr ), which sprang from Bāḏ. In the winter of 998, the Curopalates David III of Tao besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population. In 1057, Herve Phrangopoulos retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with Michael VI but

960-570: Was interrupted by a few restricted revolts, which never had a pan-Armenian character. Most petty Armenian families were weakened in favor of the Bagratunis and Artsrunis. As Islamic power was waning, Ashot I of the Bagratuni family got more influence in Armenia. He became prince of princes in 861, and after a war against nearby Arab emirs, in 885, he was recognized as King of Armenia by both

992-542: Was later dethroned by the Beys and replaced by her son Malik-Shah once she had started searching for a husband among the Mamluk nobility. Mama Hatun built an impressive caravanserai in the town of Tercan , where her mausoleum also stands. Tercan itself used to be called "Mamahatun", and is sometimes still called as such locally. At one point, the son of Muhammad b. Saltuq II offered to convert to Christianity in order to marry

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1024-585: Was referred to as Kharab Şehir , i.e. "the ruined town". Later, a new town, which had a population of 5,018 in 1961, grew some two kilometers to the east on the shore of Lake Van. During the Circassian genocide , several Circassian refugees from the North Caucasus were settled in Ahlat district and established a few villages. As part of the deportations of Kurds from 1916 to 1934, Kurds from Ahlat were deported to Diyarbakır for being disloyal to

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