91-464: A salute is usually a formal hand gesture or other action used to display respect in military situations. Salutes are primarily associated with the military and law enforcement, but many civilian organizations, such as Girl Guides , Boy Scouts and the Salvation Army use formal salutes. Ordinary civilians also salute informally to greet or acknowledge the presence of another person, such as
182-436: A cross on the eastern wall of their house in order to indicate the eastward direction of prayer . Prayer in front of a crucifix, which is seen as a sacramental , is often part of devotion for Christians, especially those worshipping in a church, also privately. The person may sit, stand, or kneel in front of the crucifix, sometimes looking at it in contemplation, or merely in front of it with head bowed or eyes closed. During
273-521: A prison in England replaced its crucifix and static altar with a cross and portable altar when it was renovated as a multi-faith chapel. Right-leaning media reported that the crucifix had been removed "in case it offends Muslims". In 2008 in Spain, a local judge ordered crucifixes removed from public schools to settle a decades-old dispute over whether crucifixes should be displayed in public buildings in
364-424: A tip of the hat or a hand wave to a friend or neighbor. Throughout history, military organizations have used many methods to perform salutes. Depending on the situation a salute could be a hand or body gesture, cannon or rifle shots, hoisting of flags, removing headgear, or other means of showing respect or deference. According to historical reconstruction, the ancient Roman military salute ( salutatio militaris )
455-567: A British Army soldier saluted by removing his hat. With the advent of increasingly cumbersome headgear in the 18th and 19th centuries, the act of removing one's hat was gradually converted into the simpler gesture of grasping or touching the visor and issuing a courteous salutation. As early as 1745, a British order book stated that: "The men are ordered not to pull off their hats when they pass an officer, or to speak to them, but only to clap up their hands to their hats and bow as they pass." Over time, it became conventionalized into something resembling
546-477: A Catholic altar. Western crucifixes usually have a three-dimensional corpus , but in Eastern Orthodoxy Jesus' body is normally painted on the cross, or in low relief . Strictly speaking, to be a crucifix, the cross must be three-dimensional, but this distinction is not always observed. An entire painting of the crucifixion of Jesus including a landscape background and other figures is not
637-486: A battle was halted to remove the dead and wounded, then three shots were fired to signal readiness to re-engage. In the Commonwealth of Nations , only commissioned officers are saluted, and the salute is to the commission they carry from their respective commanders-in-chief representing the monarch , not the officers themselves. In both countries, the right-hand salute is generally identical to, and drawn from
728-614: A car side window (or for modern power windows , pointing down or miming pressing a button). Crucifix A crucifix (from the Latin cruci fixus meaning '(one) fixed to a cross') is a cross with an image of Jesus on it, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the corpus (Latin for 'body'). The crucifix emphasizes Jesus ' sacrifice, including his death by crucifixion , which Christians believe brought about
819-629: A cross or crucifix at their head. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the crucifix is often placed above the iconostasis in the church. In the Russian Orthodox Church a large crucifix (" Golgotha ") is placed behind the Holy Table (altar). During Matins of Good Friday , a large crucifix is taken in procession to the center of the church, where it is venerated by the faithful. Sometimes the soma ( corpus )
910-694: A crucifix either. Large crucifixes high across the central axis of a church are known by the Old English term rood . By the Late Middle Ages these were a near-universal feature of Western churches, but they are now very rare. Modern Roman Catholic churches and many Lutheran churches often have a crucifix above the altar on the wall; for the celebration of Mass , the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church requires that "on or close to
1001-816: A dirty palm, decreed that in future sailors of the fleet would salute palm down, with the palm facing the ground. Though part of the Royal Navy, the Royal Marines salute in the style of the British Army, with the right hand palm facing forward. In the British Empire (originally in the maritime and hinterland sphere of influence of the East India Company , HEIC, later transformed into crown territories), mainly in British India ,
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#17327731415781092-512: A drill manual (or parade) protocol dictates otherwise, the duration of the salute is timed at three beats of the quick-time march (approximately 1.5 seconds), timed from the moment the senior member first returns it. In situations where cover (or "headdress", as it is called in the Australian Army) is not being worn, the salute is given verbally; the junior party (or at least the senior member thereof) will first come to attention, then offer
1183-520: A full salute. But within the Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA) no salutes of any kind are given, under any circumstances; it is always sensible to assume that there are snipers in the area who may see or overhear. In this case, parties personally known to each other are addressed familiarly by their first or given names, regardless of rank; senior officers are addressed as one might address
1274-405: A low-ranking superior who does not rate the full "present arms" salute. In the "order arms salute," the rifle rests on its butt by the sentry's right foot, held near the muzzle by the sentry's right hand, and does not move. The sentry brings his flattened left hand across his body and touches the rifle near its muzzle. When the rifle is being carried on the shoulder, a similar gesture is used in which
1365-517: A nod to a patrolling soldier is generally appreciated. In the German Bundeswehr , the salute is performed with a flat hand, with the thumb resting on the index finger. The hand is slightly tilted to the front so that the thumb can not be seen. The upper arm is horizontal and the fingers point to the temple but do not touch it or the headgear. Every soldier saluting another uniformed soldier is entitled to be saluted in return. Soldiers below
1456-748: A non-confessional state. On 18 March 2011, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in the Lautsi v. Italy case, that the requirement in Italian law that crucifixes be displayed in classrooms of state schools does not violate the European Convention on Human Rights . Crucifixes are common in most other Italian official buildings, including courts of law . On 24 March 2011, the Constitutional Court of Peru ruled that
1547-472: A piece of wood shaped to include the double-barred cross and perhaps the edge of Christ's hips and halo , and no background. More sculptural small crucifixes in metal relief are also used in Orthodoxy (see gallery examples), including as pectoral crosses and blessing crosses . Western crucifixes may show Christ dead or alive, the presence of the spear wound in his ribs traditionally indicating that he
1638-402: A soldier killed in the line of duty (irrespective of rank) has to be saluted by all ranks of personnel. Since 1917, the British Army's salute has been given with the right hand palm facing forwards with the fingers almost touching the cap or beret. Before 1917, for Other Ranks (i.e. not officers) the salute was given with whichever hand was furthest from the person being saluted, whether that was
1729-556: A stranger, courteously, but without any naming or mark of respect. Much as the British salute described above (except the palm is level with the ground, without the U.S.A. slight over-rotation of the wrist), the Canadian military salutes to demonstrate a mark of respect and courtesy for the commissioned ranks. When in uniform and not wearing headdress one does not salute. Instead, compliments shall be paid by standing at attention. If on
1820-476: A swift turning of the head towards the person that is being saluted is made instead. The same applies if the right hand is carrying any item that cannot easily be transferred to the left hand. During inspections and when on guard duty, the salute is made by coming to attention. Drivers of moving vehicles never salute. In formations, only the commander salutes. Swiss soldiers are required to salute any higher-ranking military personnel whenever they encounter them. When
1911-775: A vehicle). Persons entitled to the salute include commissioned officers , warrant officers , the President of the United States , officers of friendly foreign nations, and recipients of the Medal of Honor (including enlisted personnel ). Additionally, the flag of the United States is saluted during parades and other ceremonial functions. Hand gesture Gestures are a form of nonverbal communication in which visible bodily actions are used to communicate important messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel with spoken words. Gestures include movement of
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#17327731415782002-536: Is angled upward toward the penitent thief Saint Dismas (to the viewer's left) and downward toward the impenitent thief Gestas (to the viewer's right). The corpus of Eastern crucifixes is normally a two-dimensional or low relief icon that shows Jesus as already dead, his face peaceful and somber. They are rarely three-dimensional figures as in the Western tradition, although these may be found where Western influences are strong, but are more typically icons painted on
2093-406: Is called " present arms "; the rifle is brought to the vertical, muzzle up, in front of the center of the chest with the trigger away from the body. The hands hold the stock close to the positions they would have if the rifle were being fired, though the trigger is not touched. Less formal salutes include the "order arms salute" and the "shoulder arms salutes." These are most often given by a sentry to
2184-565: Is dead. In either case his face very often shows his suffering. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition he has normally been shown as dead since around the end of the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm . Eastern crucifixes have Jesus' two feet nailed side by side, rather than crossed one above the other, as Western crucifixes have shown them since around the 13th century. The crown of thorns is also generally absent in Eastern crucifixes, since
2275-413: Is performed with a flat hand, palm facing forwards; the upper arm is horizontal and the tips of the fingers come near the corner of the eyes. The hand, unlike the British salute, remains at a 45-degree angle in line with the lower arm. The five fingers are lined together. It mirrors the gesture made by knights greeting each other, raising their visors to show their faces. A crisp tension may be given when
2366-520: Is quickly raised straight up to the headgear. The fingers straight but not stiff next to each other, the little finger edge facing forward. One or two finger tips lightly resting against the right part of the headgear (visor), so that the hand does not obstruct the eye. The wrist straight, the elbow angled forward and slightly lower than the shoulder." Salutes to persons are normally not made when further away than 30 m. Hand salutes are performed only when carrying headgear, if bare headed (normally only indoors)
2457-693: Is removable and is taken off the crucifix at Vespers that evening during the Gospel lesson describing the Descent from the Cross . The empty cross may then remain in the centre of the church until the Paschal vigil (local practices vary). The blessing cross which the priest uses to bless the faithful at the dismissal will often have the crucifix on one side and an icon of the Resurrection of Jesus on
2548-407: Is similar to the British Army, the hand is brought upwards in a circular motion out from the body, it is stopped 1 inch (25 mm) to the rear and to the right of the right eye, the elbow and wrist are kept in line with the shoulder. The hand is then brought straight down back to the position of attention, this movement is completed to the timing "UP TWO-THREE DOWN". The Naval salute differs in that
2639-679: Is what I have done for you, what will you do for me?". The Lutheran Churches retained the use of the crucifix, "justifying their continued use of medieval crucifixes with the same arguments employed since the Middle Ages, as is evident from the example of the altar of the Holy Cross in the Cistercian church of Doberan." Martin Luther did not object to them, and this was among his differences with Andreas Karlstadt as early as 1525. At
2730-491: Is who I am, and I am not afraid." Medieval visors were, to this end, equipped with a protruding spike that allowed the visor to be raised using a saluting motion. The US Army Quartermaster School provides another explanation of the origin of the hand salute: that it was a long-established military courtesy for subordinates to remove their headgear in the presence of superiors. As late as the American Revolution,
2821-565: The Catholic Church which believes in his divinity . According to Christian tradition , Saint Peter was martyred by being crucified upside-down . In the Moravian Church , Nicolaus Zinzendorf had an experience in which he believed he encountered Jesus. Seeing a painting of a crucifix, Zinzendorf fell on his knees vowing to glorify Jesus after contemplating on the wounds of Christ and an inscription that stated "This
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2912-473: The Israel Defense Forces , saluting is normally reserved for special ceremonies. The hand salute is still performed according to the army "Infantry Training – Formal Instructions" regulation, chapter II, section 12 (1939) "The salute is completed sharply ... bringing the right hand vigorously to the visor of the headdress, with the tip of the fingers over the right eye; the hand in line with
3003-482: The Napoleonic Wars , British crews saluted officers by touching a clenched fist to the brow as though grasping a hat-brim between fingers and thumb. Hand salutes are normally carried out by bringing the right hand to the head in some way, the precise manner varying between countries and sometimes amongst various branches of the armed forces of the same country. The British Army's salute is almost identical to
3094-621: The Nehushtan . It was promised that those sinners who looked upon the Nehushtan would be healed. The section of Numbers about the Nehushtan is one of the readings on Exaltation of the Cross that occurs on September 14 in the Roman Catholic Church. It is paired with John 3:14–15 as the gospel reading. Taken together, these readings explain the striking front and center position of a large crucifix normally fixed above or behind
3185-466: The redemption of mankind . Most crucifixes portray Jesus on a Latin cross , rather than a Tau cross or a Coptic cross . The crucifix is a principal symbol for many groups of Christians , and one of the most common forms of the Crucifixion in the arts . It is especially important in the Catholic Church , and is also used in the Eastern Orthodox Church , most Oriental Orthodox Churches except
3276-523: The "vassal" indigenous rulers (normally hereditary with a throne, sometimes raised as a personal distinction for an individual ruling prince). Two sovereign monarchies officially outside the Empire were granted a higher honour: thirty-one guns for the royal houses of Afghanistan (under British and Russian influence), and Siam (which was then ruled by the Rattanakosin Kingdom ). In addition,
3367-664: The Armenian & Syriac Church, Lutheranism , and Anglicanism . The symbol is less common in churches of other Protestant denominations , and in the Assyrian Church of the East and Armenian Apostolic Church , which prefer to use a cross without the figure of Jesus (the corpus ). Roman Catholics see the crucifix as the perfect fulfillment of that inferred by the serpent created by Moses in Numbers 21 :8—9, called
3458-521: The Chiefs of Staff will salute a Private awarded either a VC or George Cross . The custom of saluting commissioned officers relates wholly to the commission given by His Majesty the King to that officer, not the person. Therefore, when a subordinate airman salutes an officer, he is indirectly acknowledging His Majesty as Head of State. A salute returned by the officer is on behalf of the King. The RAF salute
3549-647: The French salute, with the palm facing outward. The customary salute in the Polish Armed Forces is the two-fingers salute , a variation of the British military salute with only two fingers extended. In the Russian military , the right hand, palm down, is brought to the right temple, almost, but not quite, touching; the head has to be covered. In the Hellenic Army salute, the palm is facing down and
3640-406: The Middle Ages small crucifixes, generally hung on a wall, became normal in the personal cells or living quarters first of monks, then all clergy, followed by the homes of the laity , spreading down from the top of society as these became cheap enough for the average person to afford. Most towns had a large crucifix erected as a monument, or some other shrine at the crossroads of the town. Building on
3731-665: The Renaissance the "S"-shape is generally much less pronounced. Eastern Christian blessing crosses will often have the Crucifixion depicted on one side, and the Resurrection on the other, illustrating Eastern Orthodox theology 's understanding of the Crucifixion and Resurrection as two intimately related aspects of the same act of salvation. Another, symbolic, depiction shows a triumphant Christ ( Latin : Christus triumphans ), clothed in robes, rather than stripped as for his execution, with arms raised, appearing to rise up from
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3822-787: The Royal Navy), adopted by all elements of the Canadian Forces after unification in 1968, rather than the British (Army) form with the palm facing forward. In the Danish military , there are two types of military salutes. The first type is employed by the Royal Danish Navy and Guard Hussar Regiment Mounted Squadron , and is the same as the one used by the U.S. The second is employed by the Royal Danish Army and Royal Danish Air Force , and goes as follows: Raise
3913-542: The altar or near it, there is to be a cross, with the figure of Christ crucified upon it, a cross clearly visible to the assembled people. It is desirable that such a cross should remain near the altar even outside of liturgical celebrations, so as to call to mind for the faithful the saving Passion of the Lord." The requirement of the altar cross was also mentioned in pre-1970 editions of the Roman Missal , though not in
4004-428: The altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified". The standard, four-pointed Latin crucifix consists of an upright post or stipes and a single crosspiece to which the sufferer's arms were nailed. There may also be a short projecting nameplate , showing the letters INRI (Greek: INBI). The Russian Orthodox crucifix usually has an additional third crossbar, to which the feet are nailed, and which
4095-435: The ancient custom, many Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans hang a crucifix inside their homes and also use the crucifix as a focal point of a home altar . The wealthy erected proprietary chapels as they could afford to do this. Catholic (both Eastern and Western ), Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Anglican and Lutheran Christians generally use the crucifix in public religious services. They believe use of
4186-623: The branch. In the Ground and the Air Self-Defense Forces, the salute is 90 degrees under the armpit like the U.S. Armed Forces. In the Maritime Self-Defense Forces, the salute is a 45-degree angle because of the narrowness of a ship's interior spaces. To prevent a member's elbow from hitting other members, subordinates may be given approval to not salute in a corridor inside the ship. Furthermore, in all
4277-483: The branches, if a member is not wearing their cap, then they should salute by bowing 10 degrees. In Pakistan , the salute is generally identical to that of British armed forces. In the Army and Air Force , the salute is given with the right hand palm facing forward and fingers slightly touching the right side of the forehead, but not on the forehead. The Navy continues to salute palm down. The salute must be performed by
4368-582: The context of public speaking are Chironomia . Although some gestures, such as the ubiquitous act of pointing, differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, but connote specific meanings in particular cultures. A single emblematic gesture may have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive. This list includes links to pages that discuss particular gestures, as well as short descriptions of some gestures that do not have their own page. Not included are
4459-543: The cross, sometimes accompanied by "rays of light", or an aureole encircling his body. He may be robed as a prophet , crowned as a king , and vested in a stole as Great High Priest . On some crucifixes a skull and crossbones are shown below the corpus, referring to Golgotha ( Calvary ), the site at which Jesus was crucified, which the Gospels say means in Hebrew "the place of the skull." Medieval tradition held that it
4550-585: The crucifix is in keeping with the statement by Paul the Apostle in 1 Corinthians : "we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God". In the West, altar crosses and processional crosses began to be crucifixes in the 11th century, which became general around the 14th century, as they became cheaper. The Roman Rite requires that "either on
4641-457: The early 1620s when James' heir was seeking a Spanish marriage was the subject of rumour and close observation by both Catholics and Protestants; when the match fell through they disappeared. In 2005, a mother accused her daughter's school in Derby , England, of discriminating against Christians after the teenager was suspended for refusing to take off a crucifix necklace . In 2008, a chapel in
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#17327731415784732-565: The emphasis is not on Christ's suffering, but on his triumph over sin and death. The S-shaped position of Jesus' body on the cross is a Byzantine innovation of the late 10th century, though also found in the German Gero Cross of the same date. Probably more from Byzantine influence, it spread elsewhere in the West, especially to Italy , by the Romanesque period, though it was more usual in painting than sculpted crucifixes. It
4823-432: The fingers point to the coat of arms. In many militaries, hand salutes are only given when a cover (headwear, usually a hat) is worn. When carrying a sword, still done on ceremonial occasions, European military forces and their cultural descendants use a two-step gesture. The sword is first raised, in the right hand, to the level of and close to the front of the neck. The blade is inclined forward and up 30 degrees from
4914-408: The flattened free hand is brought across the body to touch the rifle near the rear of the receiver. A different type of salute with a rifle is a ritual firing performed during military funerals , known as a three-volley salute . In this ceremonial act, an odd number of riflemen fire three blank cartridges in unison into the air over the casket. This originates from an old European tradition wherein
5005-435: The forearm, with the palm facing downwards, the fingers joined and stretched, the index finger in contact with the edge of the visor; horizontal arm, forearm naturally inclined" . The air force and navy use the same procedure, with the single exception of the navy boatswains that salute left-handed while giving the traditional "pipe aboard", as their right hand is used to hold the boatswain's call . When given individually,
5096-431: The hands, face, or other parts of the body. Physical non-verbal communication such as purely expressive displays, proxemics , or displays of joint attention differ from gestures, which communicate specific messages. Gestures are culture-specific and may convey very different meanings in different social or cultural settings. Hand gestures used in the context of musical conducting are Chironomy , while when used in
5187-470: The hatband or right eyebrow. This is often accompanied by the salutation "Jai Hind" which means long live India or Victory to India, or the regimental salutation, e.g. "Sat Sri Akal" in the Sikh Regiment . The Navy salute has the palm facing towards the ground at a 90-degree angle. The Indian Air Force salute involves the right arm being sharply raised from the front by the shortest possible way, with
5278-436: The head, usually a hat) is worn. If the head is not covered or when the personnel is carrying a rifle on the shoulder the head salute is performed by nodding the head forward slightly while maintaining erect posture. The salute (hand or head) must be performed first by the lower ranking personnel to the higher ranking personnel, and higher official is expected to return the salute, under all conditions except: The casket of
5369-583: The lower rank officials to the higher rank officials under all conditions except when the higher rank official is not in uniform or if the lower rank official is the driver and the vehicle is in motion. The salute is never performed by the left hand even if the right hand is occupied. Military personnel of the People's Liberation Army salute palm-down, similar to the Royal Navy or US Military salutes. Polish military personnel use two fingers to salute , with
5460-604: The march, arms shall be swung and the head turned to the left or right as required. On Remembrance Day , 2009, The Prince of Wales attended the national ceremony in Ottawa with Governor General Michaëlle Jean —both wearing Canadian military dress. CBC live television coverage of the event noted that, when Prince Charles saluted, he performed the Canadian form of the salute with a cupped hand (the British "naval salute"—appropriate, as he did his military service as an officer in
5551-485: The middle and index fingers extended and touching each other, while the ring and little fingers are bent and touched by the thumb. The salute is only used while wearing a headdress with the emblem of the Polish eagle (such as military hat rogatywka ) or without this emblem (such as Boonie hat or helmet). Salutes are similar to those of the Royal Navy . The official instruction for stationary salute states: "The right hand
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#17327731415785642-478: The military/police. The command for this gesture in Indonesian is Hormat, Gerak! . Military and police personnel armed with a rifle during a ceremony will implement a present arms while personnel unarmed will execute the hand salute. This is done during the raising and/or lowering of the national flag , rendition or singing of the national anthem , and when saluting a person or object worth saluting. In
5733-473: The modern hand salute. In the Austrian Army the practice of making a hand salute replaced that of removing the headdress in 1790, although officers wearing cocked hats continued to remove them when greeting superiors until 1868. The naval salute is said to have evolved because the palms of sailors were often covered with tar and pitch, so Queen Victoria required that palm be turned downwards. During
5824-530: The numbers of guns fired as a gun salute to the ruler of a so-called princely state became a politically highly significant indicator of his status , not governed by objective rules, but awarded (and in various cases increased) by the British paramount power, roughly reflecting his state's socio-economic, political and/or military weight, but also as a prestigious reward for loyalty to the Raj, in classes (always odd numbers) from three to twenty-one (seven lacking), for
5915-530: The original 1570 Roman Missal of Pope Pius V . The Rite of Funerals says that the Gospel Book, the Bible, or a cross (which will generally be in crucifix form) may be placed on the coffin for a Requiem Mass , but a second standing cross is not to be placed near the coffin if the altar cross can be easily seen from the body of the church. Eastern Christian liturgical processions called crucessions include
6006-516: The other, the side with the Resurrection being used on Sundays and during Paschaltide , and the crucifix on other days. Exorcist Gabriele Amorth has stated that the crucifix is one of the most effective means of averting or opposing demons . In folklore, it is believed to ward off vampires , incubi , succubi , and other evils. Modern anti-Christians have used an inverted (upside-down) crucifix when showing disdain for Jesus Christ or
6097-421: The palm of the hand faces down towards the shoulder. This dates back to the days of sailing ships, when tar and pitch were used to seal a ship's timbers from seawater. To protect their hands, officers wore white gloves and it was considered most undignified to present a dirty palm in the salute, so the hand was turned through 90 degrees. A common story is that Queen Victoria, having been saluted by an individual with
6188-403: The plane of the palm at 45-degree angle to the forehead. In Indonesia , executing a salute has its regulations. Members who are part of a uniformed institution and wearing a uniform will implement a gesture of salute according to the regulations of the institution the member is part of. In this case, personnel of the TNI and Indonesian National Police are to implement a hand salute by forming
6279-450: The point to the ground is a traditional act of submission. In fencing , the fencers salute each other before putting their masks on to begin a bout. There are several methods of doing this, but the most common is to bring the sword in front of the face so that the blade is pointing up in front of the nose. The fencers also salute the referee and the audience. When armed with a rifle, two methods are available when saluting. The usual method
6370-399: The rank of Feldwebel are not permitted to speak while saluting. Since the creation of the Bundeswehr, soldiers are required to salute with and without headgear. Originally, in the Reichswehr it was not permitted to perform the salute when the soldier is not wearing uniform headgear . In the Wehrmacht , the traditional military salute was required when wearing headgear, but the Nazi salute
6461-426: The right arm forward, as to have upper arm 90 degrees from the body. Move the right hand to the temple, and have it parallel to the ground. Hand salutes are not performed if a member is not wearing a headdress or if he is holding a weapon. Subordinates salute superiors and every salute is given back. Hand salutes are not performed if a member is not wearing a headdress or if he is holding a weapon. The French salute
6552-422: The right hand up making an angle of 90 degrees and is bent 45 degrees, fingers are pressed together and placed near the temple of the right eye, palm facing down. Personnel wearing a headdress place the tip of the right index finger touching the front right tip of the headdress. Other uniformed organizations/institutions which are not part of the military / police will implement a hand salute as done by members of
6643-649: The right or the left. Officers always saluted with the right hand (as the left, in theory, would always be required to hold the scabbard of their sword). The salute is given to acknowledge the King's commission. A salute may not be given unless a soldier is wearing his regimental headdress, for example a beret , caubeen , Tam o' Shanter , Glengarry , field service cap or peaked cap. This does not apply to members of The Blues and Royals (RHG/1stD) The Household Cavalry who, after The Battle of Warburg were allowed to salute without headdress. Soldiers or officers not wearing headdress must come to attention instead of giving/returning
6734-462: The right to style himself Highness ( Majesty , which since its Roman origin expresses the sovereign authority of the state, was denied to all "vassals"), a title of great importance in international relations, was formally restricted to rulers of relatively high salute ranks (originally only those with eleven guns or more, later also those with nine guns). Within the United States military ,
6825-477: The salute "Good morning/afternoon Your Majesty/Your Royal Highness/Prime Minister/Your Grace/Sir/Ma'am", etc., as the case may be. It is this, rather than the act of standing to attention, which indicates that a salute is being offered. If either party consists of two or more members, all will come to attention, but only the most senior member of the party will offer (or return) the physical or verbal salute. The party wearing headdress must always offer, or respond with,
6916-463: The salute is a courteous exchange of greetings. With the HDB individual salute, the head and eyes are turned toward the colors or person saluted. Military personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled to a salute, except when it is inappropriate or impractical (in public conveyances such as planes and buses, in public places such as inside theaters, or when driving
7007-422: The salute is given by inferior to superior ranks and is held until returned, and by word of command when given by a formed unit. For personnel not wearing hats, holding weapons or with otherwise encumbered hands, the salute is given by coming to attention. During marching armed parades only the officer in command salutes for the whole unit, briefly bringing the flat of his sword to his face if in full dress, or giving
7098-418: The salute is taken or broken. Some "creative" salutes are in use in certain mounted (cavalry) units. The fingers can be spread out with only the right thumb brushing the temple, or the hand can be cocked vertically along the cheek, with the little finger detached or not. These unusual regimental salutes are mannerisms which are lost during official ceremonies. A civilian (even if he has a hat) never salutes, but
7189-519: The salute. The subordinate salutes first and maintains the salute until the superior has responded in kind. There is a widespread though erroneous belief that it is statutory for "all ranks to salute a bearer of the Victoria Cross ". There is no official requirement that appears in the official Warrant of the VC, nor in King's Regulations and Orders, but tradition dictates that this occurs and as such
7280-487: The shortest way up, palm down, and the shortest way down. The action of the arm rotating up is slower than the action of the conclusion of the salute which is the arm being quickly "snapped" down to the saluter's side. Junior members are required to salute first and the senior member is obliged to return the compliment. Protocol dictates that the monarch, members of the royal family, the governor-general, and state governors are to be saluted at all times by all ranks. Except where
7371-461: The soldier announces to a higher-ranking person he has to state the superior's rank, his rank and his name. When a military formation encounters a superior, it has to state the name of the formation. The salute is given with the palm pointing towards the shoulder, the tips of the fingers pointing towards the temple. Within the Turkish military hand salutes are only given when a cover (protection for
7462-412: The specialized gestures, calls, and signals used by referees and umpires in various organized sports. Police officers also make gestures when directing traffic . Miming is an art form in which the performer uses gestures to convey a story; charades is a game of gestures. Mimed gestures might generally be used to refer to an action in context, for example turning a pretend crank to ask someone to lower
7553-400: The standard hand salute if in combat uniform. During flag-rising and flag-lowering armed parades all officers and senior NCOs hand salute the flag, while other ranks present arms, and the whole unit sings the national anthem . Flag parties give salute by slightly inclining the flag only, with the flag-bearer and the escort not giving individual salutes. In Japan, the angle of salute depends on
7644-652: The time of the Reformation , Luther retained the crucifix in the Lutheran Church and they remain the center of worship in Lutheran parishes across Europe. In the United States, however, Lutheranism came under the influence of Calvinism, and the plain cross came to be used in many churches. In contrast to the practice of the Moravian Church and Lutheran Churches, the early Reformed Churches rejected
7735-561: The traditions of, the British armed forces. The salute of the Australian or New Zealand Army is best described as the right arm taking the path of the longest way up and then the shortest way down. Similar in many ways, the salute of the Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force takes the longest way up and the shortest way down. The Royal Australian Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy, however, take
7826-650: The use of the crucifix, and indeed the unadorned cross, along with other traditional religious imagery, as idolatrous. Calvin , considered to be the father of the Reformed Church, was strongly opposed to both cross and crucifix. In England, the Royal Chapels of Elizabeth I were most unusual among local churches in retaining crucifixes, following the Queen's conservative tastes. These disappeared under her successor, James I , and their brief re-appearance in
7917-544: The vertical; the true edge is to the left. Then the sword is slashed downward to a position with the point close to the ground in front of the right foot. The blade is inclined down and forward with the true edge to the left. This gesture originated in the Crusades . The hilt of a sword formed a cross with the blade, so if a crucifix was not available, a Crusader could kiss the hilt of his sword when praying, before entering battle, for oaths and vows, and so on. The lowering of
8008-456: Was analogous to the current military salute. According to some modern military manuals, the modern Western salute originated in France when knights greeted each other to show friendly intentions by raising their visors to show their faces and show that they are not carrying a weapon (in their right hand). Others also note that the raising of one's visor was a way to identify oneself saying "This
8099-574: Was in Italy that the emphasis was put on Jesus' suffering and realistic details, during a process of general humanization of Christ favored by the Franciscan order . During the 13th century the suffering Italian model ( Christus patiens ) triumphed over the traditional Byzantine one ( Christus gloriosus ) anywhere in Europe also due to the works of artists such as Giunta Pisano and Cimabue . Since
8190-754: Was performed when not wearing headgear. The Wehrmacht eventually fully adopted the Nazi salute following the 20 July Plot . East German National People's Army followed the Reichswehr protocol. In India , the three forces have different salutes with the Indian Army and the Indian Navy following the British tradition. In the Indian army, the salute is performed by keeping the open palm forward, with fingers and thumb together and middle finger almost touching
8281-617: Was the burial-place of Adam and Eve , and that the cross of Christ was raised directly over Adam's skull, so many crucifixes manufactured in Catholic countries still show the skull and crossbones below the corpus. Very large crucifixes have been built, the largest being the Cross in the Woods in Michigan, with a 31 feet (9.4 m) high statue. In the early Church , many Christians hung
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