Misplaced Pages

#206793

73-662: Cécile Sophie McLorin Salvant was born in Miami, Florida in 1989. Her father, who is Haitian, is a doctor and her mother, who is French, is the founder and president of a French immersion school in Miami. Salvant began studies in classical piano at the age of five, and began singing in the Miami Choral Society when she was eight. She subsequently developed an interest in classical voice and began studying with private instructors, and later with Edward Walker, vocal teacher at

146-488: A teaching certification . Classroom communication of French in French immersion programs is meaningful and authentic for students. Learning French becomes subconscious and there is a strong focus on understanding before speaking. Most students that enroll in French immersion programs are not experts in French and lack experience in it. Students in French immersion programs complete the same core curriculum subjects as students in

219-552: A 2019 report from the Toronto District School Board found that French immersion programs had a higher percentage of students who have parents with a very high socio-economic status, raising fears of a two-tier school system. A report by the Canadian Council on Learning spoke on the failure of many students to learn French: "Although most Canadian school children are taught English or French as

292-416: A French immersion course in one form group a year for the last four years. Pupils answer the register in French, and their French, IT and PHSE lessons are all in French. The Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle (originally Lycée Français de Londres) is a French school transported to England and as such the vast majority of the teaching is in French and caters to French curricula and indeed, as far as quatrième (at

365-421: A deeper appreciation and respect for various cultures . In addition, they also gain more fulfillment in learning a new language. Students in French immersion programs also have greater opportunity to understand their own culture or their own nation. For example, Canada's identity is based on the fact that it holds two official languages, English and French. French immersion students have the opportunity to gain

438-424: A greater understanding of what it means to be Canadian through the French immersion program. Many challenges in participating in French immersion programs persist. For example, many French immersion students do not reach native-like language proficiency in French. This could be due, in part, to the fact that there is a lack of willingness on the part of French immersion students to communicate in French outside of

511-584: A high school which provides the full curriculum in English only. This often leads to problems with "both language and subject matter gaps in their learning", according to a Toronto Star report. Students who do have access to a high school with French instruction may feel overwhelmed with having to learn heavy content in mathematics and science in their second language. Teachers in such schools can be equally overwhelmed with being restricted to using only French in these contexts, and may experience guilt when English

584-529: A higher standard than was usually achieved in the English schools in Quebec at the time. Unable to convince the school authorities, they hired a teacher and ran their own kindergarten on the principals of early immersion. The promising results of the experiment in Saint-Lambert were studied and endorsed by researchers at McGill University , Wallace E. Lambert and Wilder Penfield . After this endorsement,

657-537: A huge hit after Coleman Hawkins 's 1939 recording. 1930s saw the rise of swing jazz as a dominant form in American music. Duke Ellington and his band members composed numerous swing era hits that have later become standards: " It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) " (1932), " Sophisticated Lady " (1933) and " Caravan " (1936), among others. Other influential band leaders of this period were Benny Goodman and Count Basie . The swing era lasted until

730-420: A jazz feel by well known jazz players. A commonly played song can only be considered a jazz standard if it is widely played among jazz musicians. The jazz standard repertoire has some overlap with blues and pop standards . The most recorded standard composed by a jazz musician, and one of the most covered songs of all time, is Duke Ellington 's and Juan Tizol 's " Caravan " with over 500 uses. Originally,

803-596: A large number of Tin Pan Alley popular songs in their repertoire, and record companies often used their power to dictate which songs were to be recorded by their artists. Certain songs were pushed by recording executives and therefore quickly achieved standard status; this started with the first jazz recordings in 1916, with That Funny Jas Band from Dixieland (1916) by Collins and Harlan for Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on Blue Amberol in December 1916 and in 1917, when

SECTION 10

#1732772702207

876-816: A new style of music called bossa nova evolved in the late 1950s. Based on the Brazilian samba as well as jazz, bossa nova was championed by João Gilberto , Antonio Carlos Jobim and Luiz Bonfá . Gilberto and Stan Getz started a bossa nova craze in the United States with their 1963 album Getz/Gilberto . Among the genre's songs that are now considered standards are Bonfá's " Manhã de Carnaval " (1959), Marcos Valle 's " Summer Samba " (1966), and numerous Jobim's songs, including " Desafinado " (1959), " The Girl from Ipanema " (1962) and " Corcovado " (1962). The jazz fusion movement fused jazz with other musical styles such as rock and classical music. Its golden age

949-450: A publicly funded elite track education. Since lower socioeconomic groups and children with learning and behavioral problems have lower rates of participation in French immersion, a situation has developed in which ambitious families might prefer French immersion more for its effective streaming than for the bilingual skills it gives to students. Enrollment in French immersion programs has become difficult for immigrants to Canada, because it

1022-605: A rough guide to which songs are considered standards. Not all jazz standards were written by jazz composers. Many are originally Tin Pan Alley popular songs , Broadway show tunes or songs from Hollywood musicals – the Great American Songbook . In Europe, jazz standards and " fake books " may even include some traditional folk songs (such as in Scandinavia) or pieces of a minority ethnic group's music (such as gypsy music ) that have been played with

1095-477: A second language in school, these lessons often fail to yield functional bilingualism. For example, New Brunswick's French Second Language Commission recently reported that fewer than 1% of the students who enrolled in "core French" in 1994 had met the provincial minimum goal by 2007. And fewer than 10% of students who enrolled in early-French immersion in 1995 had attained the provincial goal by 2007." French immersion programs were introduced into Canadian schools in

1168-663: A separate school system altogether. Historically, enrolment in French immersion was proportionally highest in Quebec and New Brunswick , both provinces that have their own provincial language laws, above and beyond the federal Official Languages Act, which made knowledge of French even more valuable in the local job markets. French immersion enrolment in lowest in Western Canada and the North , where job requiring French are more rare. However all regions except New Brunswick (where

1241-663: A silent-movie actor." In 2013 she released her second album, WomanChild , which was nominated for a 2014 Grammy Award in the category of Best Vocal Jazz Album. The songs chosen for WomanChild include original compositions, as well as compositions that date back to the 19th century and progress into the 21st. Salvant chose for this album songs she felt had a personal connection to her life. In September 2015, Salvant released her second album with Mack Avenue Records, titled For One to Love . On this album, she chose songs that focus attention on strong women and independence. The album contains five original works and jazz standards . In 2016,

1314-560: A system "where the smart, motivated kids are funnelled into French, and everyone else gets left behind in English" which can become viewed as the "de facto low track stream". The author discussed a study at a Vancouver school, published in the British Journal of Sociology of Education , which concluded that "French immersion programmes operate as a 'cream-skimming' phenomenon ... [that] allows white, middle class parents to access markers of higher social status and prestige." Similarly,

1387-537: A yet-to-be-designed French curriculum for all non-Francophone students. Subsequently, the education minister resigned and the teachers' union protested that the timeline was much too quick for such a radical change. In the face of intense backlash from parents, the Higgs government announced on February 17, 2023, that it would no longer proceed with the plan. The Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger (AEFE) runs or funds 470 schools worldwide, with French as

1460-544: Is Hoagy Carmichael and Mitchell Parish 's " Stardust ". Several songs written by Broadway composers in the 1920s have become standards, such as George and Ira Gershwin 's " The Man I Love " (1924), Irving Berlin 's " Blue Skies " (1927) and Cole Porter 's " What Is This Thing Called Love? " (1929). However, it was not until the 1930s that musicians became comfortable with the harmonic and melodic sophistication of Broadway tunes and started including them regularly in their repertoire. Broadway theatre contributed some of

1533-572: Is Sarah Vaughan , recalling childhood memories of listening to her songs repeatedly. While strongly influenced by Sarah Vaughan, she is also heavily influenced by vocalists such as Billie Holiday , Bessie Smith , and Betty Carter . She describes her sound as jazz, blues, with elements of folk and musical theatre. She composes music and lyrics which she also sings in French, her native language, as well as in Spanish. She enjoys popularity in Europe and in

SECTION 20

#1732772702207

1606-669: Is a bilingual French–English school. The program is also offered at The Glennie School in Toowoomba , Queensland . Lycée Condorcet in Maroubra , Sydney , teaches almost entirely in French and conforms to the French government system, enabling students to easily transition to and from France to the school. Walker Road Primary School, Aberdeen, Scotland, started an early partial immersion program in 2000. Also, Judgemeadow Community College , Evington, in Leicester, has been using

1679-441: Is a form of bilingual education in which students who do not speak French as a first language will receive instruction in French. In most French- immersion schools , students will learn to speak French and learn most subjects such as history, music, geography, art, physical education and science in French. This type of education, in which most of the students are from the majority language community but are voluntarily immersed in

1752-461: Is also done in some private schools and preschools . Generally, colleges and universities in Canada teach in only one of the two official languages. Students must pass linguistic entrance exams to study in a language they did not complete their schooling in. All universities and many colleges will offer traditional language learning in the other official language; however, these are not immersion in

1825-431: Is an ability to think more independently of words and to have a higher awareness of concept formation as well as a more diversified intelligence than students in the regular program. Data illustrates that students in French immersion programs also have a linguistic advantage as they are able to adopt two different perspectives, offering alternative ways to look at the same information. French immersion students also have

1898-435: Is argued by school administrators and board professionals that learning English as a second language presents enough of a challenge for students. The lack of accessibility to French immersion programs for English language learners is very similar to that for students with special needs. As a result, the media places blame on Canada's immigrants for the declining number of Canadians who are able to speak English and French, while

1971-815: Is not a new one globally. However, it needed influential English-Canadian champions who were able to convince others both that French was worth learning and that immersion was the correct method before it spread in Canada. The University of Western Ontario began offering a language home-stay program for young adults in Trois-Pistoles 1933, for example, because of the advocacy of Western's president, Dr. William Sherwood Fox , who had learned French by traveling in Quebec in 1900. The "founding mothers" of elementary school French immersion in Canada are generally cited as Olga Melikoff, Valerie Neale, and Murielle Parkes from Saint-Lambert, Quebec , three English-speaking housewives who wanted to see their children learn French to

2044-439: Is used in their classrooms to reinforce vocabulary and complex concepts. Some experts recommend debate within school boards and ministries about allowing the use of English in French immersion contexts when teaching complex concepts in mathematics and science. It is extremely difficult for school boards in Canada to hire teachers who are fully fluent in French and also have experience and evidence of excellent teaching skills in

2117-623: The Explore program funded by the federal government, based on the Trois-Pistoles program at Western founded in 1933 (see above). French-immersion programs were offered in all ten Canadian provinces until 2022 when New Brunswick announced plans to abolish the program. The popularity of French immersion and "core French" differ by province and region. Note that these numbers refers to anglophone and allophone pupils: it does not include francophone mother-tongue students, who are enrolled in

2190-727: The Halton Catholic District School Board was considering an end to their French immersion program for this reason. Some experts have suggested that research be conducted to seek strategies for French teacher recruitment to alleviate staff shortages in Canadian schools. Scholarship and bursary programs for prospective Bachelor of Education students to gain French teaching qualifications are also suggested to alleviate these shortages. The province of Ontario planned to open its first university where classes will be taught exclusively in French and this may alleviate

2263-520: The Original Dixieland Jass Band recorded " Darktown Strutters' Ball " and " Indiana ". The first record with 'Jass' on the label, The Original Dixieland One-Step was issue 18255 by Victor Talking Machine Company in 1917. Originally simply called "jazz", the music of early jazz bands is today often referred to as " Dixieland " or "New Orleans jazz", to distinguish it from more recent subgenres. The origins of jazz are in

Cécile McLorin Salvant - Misplaced Pages Continue

2336-621: The Quiet Revolution (circa 1960s) in Quebec, and the passage of the Official Languages Act, 1969 by the federal parliament and the Official Language Act (Bill 22) in Quebec in 1974, which together mandated that tens of thousands of jobs in government and industry including high-paying professional and managerial work now required French. The idea of using immersion as a language-learning tool

2409-796: The Thelonious Monk International Jazz Competition for vocalists. Her first-prize win included a recording contract with the label Mack Avenue Records , with whom she released her next five albums. Writing in The New York Times in 2012, Ben Ratliff said: "In front of a trio led by the pianist Aaron Diehl she sings clearly, with her full pitch range, from a pronounced low end to full and distinct high notes, used sparingly [...] Her voice clamps into each song, performing careful variations on pitch, stretching words but generally not scatting; her face conveys meaning, representing sorrow or serenity like

2482-462: The University of Miami . She said in 2015: "I was lucky enough to grow up in a house where we listened to all kinds of music. We listened to Haitian, hip hop, soul, classical jazz, gospel and Cuban music, to name a few. When you have access to that as a child, it just opens up your world." In 2007, Salvant moved to Aix-en-Provence , France, to study law as well as classical and baroque voice at

2555-410: The federal government and private sector that required personal bilingualism. Most school boards in Canada offer French immersion starting in grade one and others start as early as kindergarten. At the primary level, students may receive instructions in French at or near a hundred percent of their instructional day, called "total immersion", or some smaller part of the day ("partial immersion"). In

2628-399: The minority language is atypical of most language learning around the world, and was developed in Canada as a result of political and social changes in the 1960s, notably the Official Languages Act, 1969 which led many Anglophones (primarily urban or suburban and middle class ) to put their children in to French programs to ensure they could succeed in the increasing number of jobs in

2701-693: The " Jazz Age " started in the United States in the 1920s. Jazz had become popular music in the country, although older generations considered the music immoral and threatening to old cultural values. Dances such as the Charleston and the Black Bottom were very popular during the period, and jazz bands typically consisted of seven to twelve musicians. Important orchestras in New York were led by Fletcher Henderson , Paul Whiteman and Duke Ellington . Many New Orleans jazzmen had moved to Chicago during

2774-448: The 1920s were pop hits such as " Sweet Georgia Brown ", " Dinah " and " Bye Bye Blackbird ". The first jazz artist to be given some liberty in choosing his material was Louis Armstrong , whose band helped popularize many of the early standards in the 1920s and 1930s. Some compositions written by jazz artists have endured as standards, including Fats Waller 's " Honeysuckle Rose " and " Ain't Misbehavin' ". The most recorded 1920s standard

2847-650: The 1950s. Bebop emerged in the early 1940s, with Charlie Parker , Dizzy Gillespie and Thelonious Monk leading the way. It appealed to a more specialized audiences than earlier forms of jazz, with sophisticated harmonies , fast tempos and often virtuoso musicianship. Bebop musicians often used 1930s standards, especially those from Broadway musicals, as part of their repertoire. Among standards written by bebop musicians are Gillespie's " Salt Peanuts " (1941) and " A Night in Tunisia " (1942), Parker's " Anthropology " (1946), " Yardbird Suite " (1946) and " Scrapple from

2920-467: The 1960s to encourage bilingualism across the country. Now immersion programs provide an alternative education stream for many students. Since their implementation, French immersion programs have become increasingly popular across Canada and school districts have seen significant increased enrolment in their French immersion student population over the years. French immersion programs are offered in most Anglophone public school districts. French immersion

2993-520: The Apple " (1947), and Monk's " 'Round Midnight " (1944), which is currently one of the most recorded jazz standards composed by a jazz musician. Modal jazz recordings, such as Miles Davis 's Kind of Blue (1959), became popular in the late 1950s. Popular jazz standards include Miles Davis's " Round About Midnight " (1959), John Coltrane 's " My Favorite Things " (1961) and Herbie Hancock 's " Watermelon Man " and " Cantaloupe Island ". In Brazil ,

Cécile McLorin Salvant - Misplaced Pages Continue

3066-429: The Canadian context differs markedly from other language programs aimed at teaching minorities the language of the majority (sometimes called "submersion" instead of immersion by critics). Researcher Marjorie Bingham Wesche offers the following contextual characteristics of the original Canadian model: Besides these contextual factors, the program's design also had a few key features: Many variations have emerged since

3139-722: The Darius Milhaud Conservatory. It was in Aix-en-Provence, with reedist and teacher Jean-François Bonnel  [ fr ] , that she studied improvisation, instrumental and vocal repertoire, and sang with her first band. In a four-star review of her sold-out engagement at Ronnie Scott's Club in London in June 2015, John Fordham wrote in The Guardian : "She brings ideas from unexpected angles to

3212-594: The English-language program. The French immersion concept was designed to: (a) capitalize on children's ability to learn language naturally and effortlessly ; (b) take advantage of their social ability and open attitudes to language and culture ; (c) reflect on the building blocks of language by emphasizing the use of languages for communication and (d) not stopping the children from participating in native language development, academic achievement or general cognitive development. The age an individual begins

3285-589: The French immersion program and that resources are not available in the program would be ignorant and misinformed. French immersion teachers could go through professional development training and courses about special education integration into their programs, all while creating referral processes for special education in French immersion with parent involvement as an aim. When the rights of children to special education are overlooked, consequences can be costly to students' futures. French immersion students from elementary schools often experience difficulties when entering

3358-399: The French immersion program varies: The amount of time French immersion students spend in immersion varies: A study shows that French immersion might improve academic performance. Students participate in French immersion programs to gain employability-related skills and to increase job opportunities. Students in French immersion demonstrate a superior level of mental flexibility, which

3431-703: The United States, performing in clubs, concert halls, and festivals accompanied by renowned musicians. Salvant has performed at jazz venues and festivals including Ronnie Scott's , the Newport Jazz Festival in Rhode Island , and the Village Vanguard . In 2010, Salvant released her first album, Cécile & the Jean-François Bonnel Paris Quintet . Soon thereafter, at the age of 21, she went on to win

3504-552: The age of 13–14), all pupils are taught entirely in French. Jazz standards Jazz standards are musical compositions that are an important part of the musical repertoire of jazz musicians, in that they are widely known, performed, and recorded by jazz musicians, and widely known by listeners. There is no definitive list of jazz standards , and the list of songs deemed to be standards changes over time. Songs included in major fake book publications (sheet music collections of popular tunes) and jazz reference works offer

3577-476: The album won a Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Album. Two years later, her third album with Mack Avenue, Dreams and Daggers , won a Grammy in the same category. She has toured with the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra , whose music director Wynton Marsalis was quoted in a 2017 New Yorker article as saying of Salvant: "You get a singer like this once in a generation or two." In January 2023, Nonesuch Records announced

3650-730: The case of total immersion, English instruction is introduced in perhaps grade three ( Alberta ) or grade four ( Ontario ), and the minutes of English instruction per day will increase throughout their educational career with up to fifty percent of English/French instruction daily. As of 2020, 12% of Canadian students (excluding in Quebec) were enrolled in a French immersion program, compared to 34% who took conventional French classes in an otherwise-English school environment. As of 2021, 483,000 students were enrolled in French immersion programs only in public elementary and secondary schools in Canada outside Quebec and Nunavut. In many countries around

3723-445: The classroom. This lack of willingness may stem from students not feeling prepared or equipped to practice the language. Access to special education resources is often restricted to students in French immersion and as such, it is often suggested to parents that they switch their children to a regular English stream in order to access the support that their child requires. Suggesting that exceptional students would be better off without

SECTION 50

#1732772702207

3796-599: The earlier programs were designed; however, the original model (now called "early immersion") has produced good results and is still one of the most popular in Canada. French immersion education remains optional and not compulsory; parents have the choice of sending their children to schools that offer such programs. Students are encouraged to begin communicating in French as consistently as possible. Teachers in French immersion schools are competent in speaking French, either having acquired specific French as-a-second-language qualifications or already being fluent in French and having

3869-502: The familiar art of standards-singing, and she applies a mischievous intelligence to well-worn lyrics in ways that transform them." Salvant began studying voice at the age of eight with an interest in classical music. She began her transition into jazz while studying at the Darius Milhaud Conservatory in 2007, and also studied composition and music theory at The New School. Salvant says that her main jazz influence

3942-555: The goal of the education system. The report summarized its recommendations on the topic thusly: Our consultation and research have led us to one overwhelming conclusion: New Brunswick needs one strong, authentic, and engaging French second-language program of studies for all students in the Anglophone sector. As a result, Premier Higgs announced that while existing student in French immersion would be able to continue, new intakes of French immersion would cease in 2023 to be replaced by

4015-423: The government announced that the earliest possible starting year for full immersion would be raised to grade 6, but in the face of protests and court challenges later moved this to grade 3. Then in 2017 immersion starting in grade 1 was brought back. New Brunswick is the only province with constitutionally-enshrined official bilingualism based on a model of perfect equality between the languages. Every ten years,

4088-497: The government of New Brunswick commissions a report on the status of bilingualism in that province. The 2022 report written by provincial court Judge Yvette Finn and former deputy education minister John McLaughlin found that while 90% of French of immersion students were conversant in French, less than 10% of students in the regular English stream were. This was considered a major problem by Premier Blaine Higgs as he has stated personal bilingualism for all New Brunswickers should be

4161-594: The immigrant community continues to pursue opportunities to become fluent in both official languages of Canada. It is suggested that Canada's education system provide more opportunities to immigrants to become proficient in English and French in order to increase the number of Canadians who have knowledge of both official languages. Critics argued that success of French immersion programs gave an unfair advantage to those students over other Anglophone students who only took "core French" (non-immersion, traditional language courses). This led to several attempts at reforms. In 2008,

4234-414: The jazz standard repertoire, including "Indiana" and " After You've Gone ". Others, such as " Some of These Days " and "Darktown Strutters' Ball", were introduced by vaudeville performers. The most often recorded standards of this period are W. C. Handy 's "St. Louis Blues", Turner Layton and Henry Creamer 's "After You've Gone" and James Hanley and Ballard MacDonald 's "Indiana". A period known as

4307-509: The late 1910s in search of employment; among others, the New Orleans Rhythm Kings , King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band and Jelly Roll Morton recorded in the city. However, Chicago's importance as a center of jazz music started to diminish toward the end of the 1920s in favor of New York. In the early years of jazz, record companies were often eager to decide what songs were to be recorded by their artists. Popular numbers in

4380-439: The mid-1940s, and produced popular tunes such as Duke Ellington 's " Cotton Tail " (1940) and Billy Strayhorn 's " Take the 'A' Train " (1941). With the big bands struggling to keep going during World War II , a shift was happening in jazz in favor of smaller groups. Some swing era musicians, such as Louis Jordan , later found popularity in a new kind of music, called " rhythm and blues ", that would evolve into rock and roll in

4453-599: The most popular standards of the 1930s, including George and Ira Gershwin 's " Summertime " (1935), Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart 's " My Funny Valentine " (1937) and Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II 's " All the Things You Are " (1939). These songs still rank among the most recorded standards of all time. The most popular 1930s standard, Johnny Green 's " Body and Soul ", was introduced in Broadway and became

SECTION 60

#1732772702207

4526-496: The most recorded jazz standard was W. C. Handy 's " St. Louis Blues " for over 20 years from the 1930s onward, after which Hoagy Carmichael 's " Stardust " replaced it. Following this, the place was held by " Body and Soul " by Johnny Green . From its conception at the change of the twentieth century, jazz was music intended for dancing. This influenced the choice of material played by early jazz groups: King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band , New Orleans Rhythm Kings and others included

4599-432: The musical traditions of early twentieth-century New Orleans , including brass band music, the blues , ragtime and spirituals , and some of the most popular early standards come from these influences. Ragtime songs " Twelfth Street Rag " and " Tiger Rag " have become popular numbers for jazz artists, as have blues tunes "St. Louis Blues" and " St. James Infirmary ". Tin Pan Alley songwriters contributed several songs to

4672-565: The primary language of instruction in most schools. French immersion is used in Australian schools such as Benowa State High School and The Southport School ; teaching mathematics , SOSE , science and French, entirely in French. There is also a French immersion program offered at Methodist Ladies' College and Mansfield State High School teaching a variety of subjects over three years in French. Telopea Park School in Canberra

4745-459: The release of Salvant's seventh album. The album, titled Mélusine , recounts the European folk legend of Melusine and largely features songs sung in French and Haitian Creole . The album was released digitally on March 24, 2023. Salvant has sung in advertisements for Chanel 's "Chance" brand of products. As lead artist Collaborations French immersion French immersion

4818-494: The rules on eligibility were changed) experienced growth in proportionate and absolute terms between 2000 and 2012. Often, because French immersion is a "program of choice" and not a required part of the curriculum, school boards charge parents busing fees to have their children attend a school other than the one in their own neighbourhood. This is a financial barrier of a kind that is usually not acceptable in Canada's culture of universal, public education. Since French immersion

4891-414: The same country learn each other's languages . The Canadian model differs from most countries in that it is a wealthy and politically influential sub-set of the majority language community that has voluntarily decided to demand that local governments offer their children an intensive immersion in the language of a minority. This would have been unthinkable before the constitutional and societal consequences of

4964-422: The school board adopted the program and it was quickly copied by other boards across Canada. As the number of French immersion schools grew, larger academic studies showed the students had very good, though not native-level French, and had no major delay in English. The founding of the advocacy group Canadian Parents for French in 1977 represented the mainstreaming of the program across Canada. French immersion in

5037-451: The sense used in schools. A few institutions have both French and English faculties in the same university, but admission to individual courses still requires preexisting language skills. The University of Ottawa briefly offered specialized science classes for students studying in their second language during the 1980s, but these was phased out in favour of traditional language courses. True immersion occurs at summer programs that are part of

5110-475: The staffing problems eventually. By late 2017, the final recommendations from a planning board had been submitted to the government. The Université de l'Ontario français began accepting students in 2021. A report, by a PhD candidate scholar in educational policy at the University of Toronto, also discussed concerns about French immersion creating a dual track academic stream in many schools. She referred to

5183-678: The various subjects that they must teach in elementary schools, for example. As early as 1982 school boards in Winnipeg had to cap enrollment in French immersion due to high demand. A school board in the Greater Toronto Area reported in 2017 that 80% of principals recently reported finding it extremely difficult to hire French-speaking teachers of the same calibre as the English-speaking staff. In fact, in November 2017,

5256-532: The world, students are educated in two or more languages: often all students learn at least one foreign language , perhaps the language of a former colonizer (e.g. French in West Africa , English in South Asia , etc.); commonly minorities learn the majority language , often this is required by law or is simply thought of as an economic necessity; and occasionally two or more language communities in

5329-486: Was designed for anglophone children learning French as a second language, it did not meet the needs of francophone children living in minority communities outside of Quebec. This problem was addressed by the creation of separate francophone school systems in the 1990s. In 2008, an editorial in the Vancouver Sun criticized French immersion programs for having become a way for higher socioeconomic groups to obtain

#206793