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58-664: Samashki is located on the left bank of the Sunzha River . It is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of the town of Achkhoy-Martan and 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the city of Grozny . From the north, the hills of the Sunzhensky ridge reach the village, and from the south, the Samashki Forestry and the Sunzha River. The nearest settlements to Samashki are Raduzhnoye to the north-east, Zakan-Yurt to

116-828: A big way, becoming the richest tribe in the Caucasus." On 21 December 1917 Ingushetia, Chechnya , and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state called the "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus ), which was recognized by Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungary and Turkey), Georgia, and Azerbaijan (which declared their independence from Russia in 1918) as an independent state. For example, Anna Zelkina writes that in May 1918

174-615: A deteriorating human rights situation. In spite of this, Ingushetia has the highest life expectancy in all of Russia at 80.52, beating out second-place Dagestan by almost 4 years. The name Ingushetia ( Ингушетия ) derives from the Russian name of the Ingush, which in turn is derived from the ancient Ingush village Angusht , and from the Georgian suffix - éti . The name in Ingush is Ghalghaaichie ( Гӏалгӏайче , /ʁalʁaitʃe/). In

232-654: A militaristic nation as the Ingush." He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus. In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski (dated 12 January 1827) on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush, Yermolov wrote: "This nation, the most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders, cannot be allowed to be alienated   ..." The last organized rebellion (the so-called "Nazran insurrection") in Ingushetia occurred in 1858 when 5,000 Ingush launched an attack against Russian forces, but lost to

290-686: A tributary of the Terek . It flows northeast inside the great northwest bend of the Terek River and catches most of the rivers that flow north from the mountains before they reach the Terek. It is 278 kilometres (173 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi). The Sunzha rises on the Northern slope of the Caucasus Major . Its major tributaries are

348-631: A vehicle exploded on 24 March 2008. An upsurge in violence in these months targeted local police officers and security forces. In January 2008, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation launched a " counter-terrorism " operation in Ingushetia after receiving information that insurgents had been preparing a series of attacks. Early in August 2008, the war between Georgia and South Ossetia broke out, in which

406-607: The Assa and Argun . With a turbidity of 3,800 grams per cubic metre (6.4 lb/cu yd), it carries 12.2 million tons of alluvium per year. It is used for irrigation. Cities that lie on the Sunzha include Nazran , Karabulak , Grozny (the capital of Chechnya), and Gudermes . During the First and Second Chechen Wars , the destruction of petroleum reservoirs caused the Sunzha to become polluted with petroleum. The origin of

464-727: The Ossetian–Ingush conflict in October–November 1992, when another ethnic cleansing of the Ingush population started. Over 60,000 Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia. As a result of the conflict, pro-Russian general Ruslan Aushev , a decorated war hero from the War in Afghanistan, was appointed by the Russian government as the first president of Ingushetia to stop

522-620: The Republic of Ingushetia , is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe . The republic is part of the North Caucasian Federal District , and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; and borders the Russian republics of North Ossetia–Alania to its west and north and Chechnya to its east and northeast. Its capital is the town of Magas , while

580-484: The Russian Federation subsequently became involved. After the outbreak of the war, there were virtually no more attacks or abductions of Ingush civilians by "unknown" forces. Most of the Russian forces were transferred to North and South Ossetia 31 August 2008 Magomed Yevloyev , the head of Ingush opposition and the owner of the website ingushetiya.ru , was killed by Russian security forces Shortly before

638-857: The Soviet Union to form the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , the Ingush chose to secede from the Chechen-Ingush Republic. This was confirmed with the referendum and in 1992 the Ingush joined the newly created Russian Federation to try to resolve the conflict with Ossetia peacefully, also in the hope that the Russians would return their land as a token of their loyalty. However, ethnic tensions in North Ossetia which were orchestrated by Ossetian nationalists (per Helsinki Human Right Watch), led to an outbreak of violence in

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696-552: The insurgency in the North Caucasus , Ingushetia remains one of the poorest and most unstable regions of Russia. Although the violence has died down in recent years, the insurgency in neighboring Chechnya had occasionally spilled into Ingushetia. According to Human Rights Watch in 2008, the republic has been destabilized by corruption , a number of high-profile crimes (including kidnapping and murder of civilians by government security forces), anti-government protests, attacks on soldiers and officers, Russian military excesses and

754-475: The 18th century the Ingush were mostly pagan and Christian , with a Muslim minority. Beginning in 1588 some Chechen societies joined Russia ( Shikh Okotsky  [ ru ] ; Albir-Murza Batayev  [ ru ] ). Russian historians claim that the Ingush volunteered to become a part of Russia. This assertion is mostly based on the document signed on 13 June 1810 by General-Major Delpotso and representatives of two Ingush clans; most other clans resisted

812-522: The 1920–1930s there was not yet a unifying name for the Ingush Autonomous Oblast . Although the oblast was officially called Ingushetia , some scientists like Nikolai Yakovlev  [ ru ] and Leonid Semyonov  [ ru ] insisted that its correct name is Ingushiya ( Ингушия ). 10,000–8000 BC 6000–4000 BC 4000–3000 BC 20 BC 900–1200 AD 1239 AD 1300–1400 AD 1558 AD 1562 AD In

870-543: The Assa and Fortanga rivers: Dattikh, Meredzhi, Aseri, Shagot-Koch and others. After their defeats in combat, the remaining Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance. The Russians built the fortress Vladikavkaz ("ruler of the Caucasus") on the place of Ingush village of Zaur. Russian General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov wrote in a letter to the Tsar of Russia , "It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such

928-682: The British War Office , Germans tried to establish the military base in Ingushetia: ...the German Command with the object of securing the presence of German regiments within Ingush territory. The Ingushi declare that all attempts of any foreign armed force to enter into the Terek region will be regarded by the Ingushi as an attack upon themselves, and the Ingushi will oppose all their forces to such attempts. The capital of

986-697: The Cossacks as oppressors, and the Cossack lands were still theirs, the Ingush mercilessly took revenge on them. The relationship was created completely irreconcilable; further cohabitation was unthinkable. It was necessary either to exterminate the Ingush completely, or to evict the Cossacks from the former Ingush lands, returning those to their former owners. The Soviets confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by collectivization and dekulakization and unified Chechnya and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR. During World War II Ingush youth were drafted into

1044-657: The Ingush intervened and saved the Soviet Board of Commissioners of Terek, but sacked the city and captured the state bank and mint. They robbed all the neighbors: the Cossacks and Ossetians in the name of "correcting historical errors" for a shortage of land, the Bolsheviks – in return for their services, Vladikavkaz citizens – for their helplessness, and the Kabardins – just out of habit. They were hated by everyone, and they did their "craft" in unison, well organized, in

1102-451: The Ingush people to Islam, thus gaining strategic allies. However, the Ingush defeated Imam Shamil's forces. They successfully repulsed two more attempts in 1858. Nevertheless, locked in warfare with two strong opponents and their allies, Ingush forces were eventually devastated. According to the Russian officer Fedor Tornau, who fought with the aid of Ossetian allies against the Ingush, the Ingush had no more than six hundred warriors. However,

1160-459: The Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. ...Those who could not be moved were shot. ...[A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland. The deportees were gathered on the railroad stations and during the second phase transferred to the cattle railroad carts. Up to 30% of the population perished during

1218-605: The Middle East where many of them died. The remainder were Culturally assimilated by Russification . It was estimated that eighty per cent of the Ingush had left Ingushetia for the Middle East by 1865. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the Soviets promised the Ingush that the villages and towns annexed during the colonization would be returned to the Ingush. Ingushetia became a major battleground between

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1276-524: The North Caucasus. They were only stopped at two Chechen-Ingush cities: Malgobek and Ordzhonikidze (a.k.a. "Vladikavkaz") by heroic resistance of natives of Chechen-Ingush ASSR. On 23 February 1944, Ingush and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis , and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , and Siberia in Operation Lentil , on

1334-565: The Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians. These hardships and injustices led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny on 16 January 1973, which was crushed by Soviet troops In 1989, the Ingush were officially rehabilitated along with other peoples that had been subjected to repressions. In 1991, when the Chechens declared independence from

1392-459: The People's Assembly of Ingushetia (later the title President was renamed Head ). This move was endorsed by major Russian political parties and by the Ingush opposition. Under the current rule of Yevkurov, Ingushetia seems much calmer, showing some semblance of the Russian government. Attacks on policemen have fallen by 40% and abductions by 80%. According to professor Johanna Nichols , in all

1450-563: The Russian Baron Rozen reported in letter No.42 to count Chernishev that "on the 23rd of this month I exterminated eight Ghalghaj (Ingush) villages. On the 24th I exterminated nine more villages near Targim." By 12 November 1836 (letter no.560), he claimed that highlanders of Dzheirkah, Kist, and Ghalghaj had been at least temporarily subdued. In 1829 Imam Shamil began a rebellion against Russia. He conquered Dagestan , Chechnya , and then attacked Ingushetia hoping to convert

1508-510: The Russian army. In August 1942 Nazi German forces captured half of the North Caucasus within thirty-three days moving from Rostov-On-Don to Mozdok 560 km or almost 17 km per day (see Battle of the Caucasus ). From Mozdok to Malgobek same thirty three days, 20 km the German forces moved roughly 600 meters per day and were stopped only at Ordzhonikidze (modern-day Vladikavkaz ) and Malgobek which were mostly populated by Ingush before

1566-480: The Russian conquest in Ingushetia was extremely difficult and the Russian forces began to rely more upon methods of colonization: extermination of the local population and resettlement of the area with Cossack and Ossetian loyalists. The colonization of Ingush land by Russians and Ossetians began in the mid-19th century. The Russian General Evdokimov and Ossetian colonel Kundukhov in 'Opis no. 436' "gladly reported" that "the result of colonization of Ingush land

1624-584: The Russian conquest. In 1811, at the Tsar's request, Moritz von Engelhardt , a Russian envoy of German origin visited the mountainous region of Ingushetia and tried to induce the Ingush people to join Russia, promising many benefits offered by the Tsar. The representative of the Ingush people rejected the proposal with the reply: "Above my hat I see only sky". This encounter was later used by Goethe in his 1815 poem, "Freisinn" ('free spirit'). On 29 June 1832,

1682-499: The Soviet state. The Caucasian war for independence continued and the government went into exile. Cossack General Andrei Shkuro in his book writes: Ingushetia was the most unanimous and entirely Bolshevik. Ever since the conquest of the Caucasus, the brave and freedom-loving Ingush, who were desperately defending their independence, were partly exterminated and partly driven into barren mountains. The Terek Cossacks were settled on

1740-535: The USSR in the south through Turkey. Muslim Chechens and Ingush could become a threat to the expansion. In February 1944 near the end of World War II, Russian Army and NKVD units flooded the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The maneuvers were disguised as military exercises of the southern district. During World War II, in 1942 German forces entered the North Caucasus . For three weeks Germans captured over half of

1798-523: The Vainakh people returned and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored, the village regained its old name, Samashki. During both Chechen Wars the village suffered greatly from the hostilities, most notably in the notorious April 1995 incident known as Samashki massacre committed by the Internal Troops of Russia which resulted in the deaths of 100 to 300 civilians. In March 1996 another attack on

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1856-436: The ambush, which has been blamed on local Muslim separatists, said two soldiers were killed and at least seven injured. Reports from Ingush opposition sources suggested as many as forty to fifty Russian soldiers were killed. On 30 October 2008, Zyazikov was dismissed from his office (he himself claimed he resigned voluntarily). On the next day, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov was nominated by Dmitry Medvedev and approved as President by

1914-671: The beginning of the Second Chechen War , despite the demilitarization of the village, killing or injuring dozens of residents on October 27, 1999 alone, according to HRW. At the time, the deputy commander of the North Caucasus Military District announced that there were only "bandits and terrorists" in Samashki, but a report for the British parliament claimed civilians were killed in revenge for

1972-533: The east, Novy Sharoy to the south, Davydenko to the south-west, and Sernovodskoye to the west. The name of the village comes from the Chechen : Саь-Маӏашка , which translates roughly as "the place of deers". Samashki was founded in 1851, as a part of the Sunzhensky Cossack line, on the site of the destroyed Chechen village of Lower Samashki. In 1920, the entire Cossack population of the village

2030-470: The fertile lands that had belonged to them, and Cossacks founded their villages on the wedge that had cut into Ingushetia. Deprived of the opportunity to earn their bread in an honest way, the Ingush lived by robbery and raids on the Cossack lands. Even in peacetime, the Terek Cossacks bordering Ingush did not go to the field without rifles. Not a day went by without shooting and bloodshed. Considering

2088-701: The first country to recognize independence was Turkey: The First Congress of the North Caucasus formed a Provisional Government of the North Caucasian Free State (SeveroKavkazskoye Svobodnoye Gosudarstvo) and in May 1918 declared the establishment of the North Caucasian Republic. The only country to recognize it was Turkey. Later Germany and others followed the recognition. According to P. Kosok: Azerbaidzhan and Armenia (May 28, 1918). All three states then concluded independent treaties with Turkey, which similarly acknowledged

2146-587: The genocide of 23 February 1944. The fighting for the Malgobek was so intense that the small town was captured and recaptured four times until the Germans finally retreated. According to the Soviet military newspaper Red Star, after receiving the news about German brutality toward civilians in Kabardino-Balkaria , Ingush people declared Jihad (Gazavat) against Germans. Stalin planned the expansion of

2204-548: The heavy casualties suffered there by Russian forces during the first war. Federal forces reported a large-scale operation in Samashki in May 2000. According to the results of the 2010 Census, the majority of residents of Samashki (11,263 or 99.9%) were ethnic Chechens, with 12 people (0.1%) coming from other ethnic backgrounds. Members of the following teips (clans) live in Samashki: The R217 federal highway "Caucasus" passes 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of

2262-563: The independence of the Northern Caucasus and concluded a treaty of friendship with it on June 8, 1918. An exchange of diplomatic notes then took place between the head of the German Extraordinary Delegation, General von Lossov, and the North Caucasian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bammat, resulting in the de facto recognition by Germany of the independence of the Northern Caucasus. According to

2320-488: The journey or in the first year of the exile. The Prague Watchdog claims that "in the early years of their exile about half of the Chechens and Ingush died from hunger, cold and disease". The deportation was classified by the European Parliament in 2004 as genocide . After the deportation Ingush resistance against the Soviets began again. Those who escaped the deportation, including shepherds who were high in

2378-544: The largest city is Nazran . At 3,600 square km, in terms of area, the republic is the smallest of Russia's non-city federal subjects. It was established on 4 June 1992, after the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was split in two. The republic is home to the indigenous Ingush , a people of Nakh ancestry. As of the 2021 Census , its population was estimated to be 509,541. Largely due to

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2436-562: The latter's superior number. The rebellion signaled the end of the First Russo-Caucasian War. In the same year, the Tsar encouraged the emigration of Ingush and Chechens to Turkey and the Middle East by claiming that " Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers". His apparent motivation was to depopulate the area for the settlement of Ossetians and Cossacks . Some Ingush became exiled to deserted territories in

2494-405: The main invasion routes in a contemplated attack on Turkey.) After 13 years of exile, the Ingush were allowed to return to Chechen-Ingushetia (but not to Ordzhonikidze a.k.a. " Vladikavkaz " or the Prigorodny District ). Most of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by Ossetians and part of the region had been transferred to North Ossetia . The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from

2552-621: The mountains during the deportations, formed rebel groups which constantly attacked Russian forces in Ingushetia. Major rebel groups were led by Akhmed Khuchbarov , the Tsitskiev brothers, and an Ingush female sniper, Laisat Baisarova . The last one of the male Ingush rebels was killed in 1977 by the KGB officers, while Baisarova was never captured or killed. American professor Johanna Nichols, who specializes in Chechen and Ingush philology, provided

2610-463: The name of the river is disputed. The most probable of versions say Sunzha has come from Mongol-Turkic languages in the deformed type. It is known that Mongols called it Suinchie, Russians Sevenz and in the Chechen language its name got corrective type Solchzha. There is also other version that before Sunzha Chechens called the river Okhi «Oh'-hi, Оhhи» that means «downwards the river». Ingushetia Ingushetia or Ingushetiya , officially

2668-482: The new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura ( Dagestan ). The first prime minister of the state was elected Tapa Chermoyev , a Chechen prominent statesman; the second prime minister was Ingush statesman Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev who also was the author of the Constitution of the land in 1917. In 1920 he was reelected for a third term. In 1921 Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcefully merged it with

2726-486: The number of Russian security forces was tripled. For example, according to a Russian news agency a murder of an ethnic-Russian school teacher in Ingushetia was committed by two ethnic- Russian and ethnic-Ossetian soldiers; Issa Merzhoev the Ingush Police detective who solved the crime was shot at and killed by "unknown" assailants shortly after he had identified the murderer. At least four people were injured when

2784-436: The old archenemies: general Denikin , and Ingush resistance fighters. In his memoirs, general Denikin wrote "Ingush people are the least numerous, most welded, and strongly martial organization. They were, in essence, the supreme arbiter of the North Caucasus. The moral of the appearance was defined long ago in Russian text-books of geography, "the chief occupation – animal husbandry and robbery   ..." The last one of

2842-517: The orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , while the majority of their men were fighting on the front. The initial phase of the deportation was carried out on American-supplied Studebaker trucks specifically modified with three submachine gun-nest compartments above the deported to prevent escapes. American historian Norman Naimark writes: Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over

2900-585: The spread of the conflict. Partial stability returned under his rule. In 1994, when the First Chechen War started, the number of refugees in Ingushetia from both conflicts doubled. According to the UN , for every citizen of Ingushetia, one refugee arrived from Ossetia or Chechnya. This influx was very problematic for the economy, which collapsed after Aushev's success. The second Russo-Chechen war which started in 1999 brought more refugees (at some point there

2958-500: The theory behind the deportation: In 1944 the nationalities themselves were abolished and their lands resettled when the Chechen and Ingush, together with the Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatars, and other nationalities were deported en masse to Kazakhstan and Siberia, losing at least one-quarter and perhaps half of their population in transit. (The reason, never clarified, seems to have been Stalin's wish to clear all Muslims from

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3016-682: The town took the form of a full-scale assault with apparent disregard for civilian lives; according to Human Rights Watch , Russian forces used civilians as a human shields on APCs . Reports suggested some 500 civilians were killed as a result of the April 1995 and March 1996 attacks. The next month, Russian journalist Nadezhda Chaikova , who had filmed the effects of the 1996 attack, was killed execution-style in Chechnya. A devastating artillery and rocket attack on Samashki took place in October 1999 at

3074-475: The two reached special art in the society. Political aspirations came from the same trend. The Ingush are mercenaries of the Soviet regime, they support it but don't let the spread of it in their province. At the same time, they tried to strike up relations with Turkey and sought the assistance from the Turks from Elisavetpol, and Germany – from Tiflis. In August, when the Cossacks and Ossetians captured Vladikavkaz,

3132-415: The unrecognised opposition group People's Parliament of Ingushetia Mekhk-Kkhel called for the recognition of the Russian semi-autonomous republic's independence, opposition activist Magomed Khazbiyev proclaimed, "We must ask Europe or America to separate us from Russia." On 18 October 2008, a Russian military convoy came under grenade attack and machine gun fire near Nazran. Official Russian reports of

3190-438: The village. Also, a railway line from Nazran to Grozny passes through the village. Part of the village is located beyond the railway. Sunzha River The Sunzha (Russian: Су́нжа , IPA: [ˈsunʐə] ; Chechen : Соьлжа , romanized:  Sölƶa , IPA: [sɥølʒə] ; Ingush : Шолжа , romanized:  Sholʒə ) is a river in North Ossetia , Ingushetia and Chechnya , Russia ,

3248-425: Was evicted by order of Sergo Ordzhonikidze . The village was then given back to the Chechens, who repopulated it. In 1944, after the genocide and deportation of the Chechen and Ingush people and the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR , the village of Samashki was renamed and settled by people from other ethnic groups. From 1944 to 1957, it was a part of the Novoselsky District of Grozny Oblast . In 1958, after

3306-501: Was one refugee for every Ingush citizen: 240,000 from Chechnya plus 60,000 from North Ossetia at the peak in 2000) and misery to Ingushetia. In 2001, Aushev was forced to leave his presidency and was succeeded by Murat Zyazikov , a former KGB general. The situation worsened under his rule. Many young Ingush men were abducted by Russian and Ossetian death squads . according to Human rights watchdogs Memorial and Mashr. The number of rebel attacks in Ingushetia rose, especially after

3364-430: Was successful". Renamed Ingush villages and towns: Following Imam Shamil's repeated losses by the end of the Caucasian War, the Russians and Chechens unified their forces. Former Chechen rebels and their men joined the Russian ranks. On 3 November 1858, General Evdokimov ordered (order N1896) a former rebel commander, naib Saib-Dulla Gekhinski (Saadulla Ospanov) of Chechnya to attack and destroy Ingush settlements near

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