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47-400: Sambal is an Indonesian chili sauce or paste , typically made from a mixture of a variety of chilli peppers with secondary ingredients such as shrimp paste , garlic , ginger , shallot , scallion , palm sugar , and lime juice . Sambal is an Indonesian loanword of Javanese origin ( Javanese : ꦱꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦭ꧀ sambel ). It originated from the culinary traditions of Indonesia and

94-464: A clear origin, while 43 have an unclear origin. Java has the most of variants with 43 percent of sambal variants, Sumatra has 20 percent, Bali and West Nusa Tenggara has 8 percent, and the rest are distributed between Maluku, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. Like many culinary introductions and adaptations in the archipelago, over the years this hot and spicy relish branched off into an assorted array of sambal varieties, localised according to regional taste and

141-399: A cooking process that resulted in a distinct flavour and aroma, while raw sambal is mixed with additional ingredients and usually consumed immediately. Sambal masak or cooked sambals are more prevalent in western Indonesia, while sambal mentah or raw sambals are more common in eastern Indonesia. The chilli pepper, garlic, shallot , and tomato are often freshly ground using a mortar, while

188-399: A decisive moment when Ki Bayi's brothers (Ki Jayengresmi and Ki Jayengrogo) and their uncle (Ki Kulowiryo) determined to look for and to catch up with Amongrogo. They departed, accompanied by Kulowiryo's attendant, Nuripin. Within their journey, they passed several villages, hermitages and caves. Ki Jayengrogo and Ki Kulowiryo are the morally loose characters as they did a lot of debauchery with

235-499: A few brands available in plastic or aluminium sachet packaging. Compared to traditional sambals, bottled instant sambals often have a finer texture, more homogeneous content, and thicker consistency, like tomato ketchup , due to the machine-driven manufacturing process. Traditionally made sambals ground in a pestle and mortar usually have a coarse texture and consistency. Several brands produce bottled sambals such as Heinz ABC sambal terasi and several variants of sambal Indofood . In

282-417: A journey to Banten, West Java. They arrived at a dreadful beach therefore he changed it into a tranquil one. He then built an island made of black marble, filled it with precious stones, built a house and stayed there with his wife. It wasn't long before the news of an island of black marble reached a powerful man from Sumatra Island, Ki Datuk. He confronted Seh Amongrogo by put him into test. If indeed Amongrogo

329-418: A meditation at jurang-jangkung. They went to Jurang-Jangkung and meditate. On the third night, they finally met Seh Amongorogo and Nyi Tembangraras in the incorporeal world. The short reunion however had to come to an end. Ki Bayi and his wife returned to Wonomarto, this time, with a happy and content feeling. The Island of Black Marble Seh Amongrogo and Nyi Tembangraras, within their incorporeal world, made

376-594: A mixture of spices stir-fried in coconut oil, which can be used fresh or stored under refrigeration for later use. Serat Centhini Serat Centhini is a twelve-volume compilation of Javanese tales and teachings, written in verse and published in 1814. The work was commissioned, directed, and partially written by Crown Prince Mangkunegoro, later enthroned as Pakubuwono V of Surakarta , with contributions from three court poets from different palaces. The events depicted in Serat Centhini take place in

423-609: A mortar and pestle and mixed with a citric acid, such as lime or lemon juice. They resemble a Mexican salsa or Laotian jaew . Sambal can also be used as an ingredient to a dish, which uses a large amount of chili peppers. The dishes started with the term sambal goreng means "fried sambal" dishes. It refer to stir fried sambal mixed with certain ingredients such as sambal goreng kentang (potato), sambal goreng hati (liver), sambal goreng krechek (cow's skin), sambal goreng teri (anchovy), etc. In Padang cuisine , any dishes started with balado - (lit: with chili pepper) indicate

470-470: A short distance of journey and they went back to Wonomarto empty handed and only received clues from all the hermits they met, that they would meet Amongrogo later on in a place called Wonontoko. Soon afterwards, santri Luci, who previously met Amongrogo, arrived at Wonomarto. Ki Luci told Ki Bayi and his family the summary of Amongrogo's journey and his whereabout. Within Amongrogo's journey, he kept having

517-466: A vision of a lotus, which means, his search for the perfection of life would only be gained through Sultan Agung's help. Amongrogo tried to catch up with Sultan Agung by visiting his meditational places. But Sultan always leave just when Amongrogo arrives. Amongorogo then has to attract his attention by building a grand mosque at Kanigoro and performing magic show which gathered thousands of followers. The magical shows which drew thousands of followers finally

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564-410: Is a generous figure, he won't say no to whatever Ki Datuk is asking, even asking for his wife. To Ki Datuk's surprise, Amongrogo gave away his wife. Tembangraras and Ki Datuk's ship was ready on sail returning to Sumatra but in the middle of the ocean, the weather became fierce and the ship sank. Ki Datuk and his sailors was being rescued and they arrived back home empty handed. Meanwhile, Nyi Tembangraras

611-764: Is also an integral part of the cuisines of Singapore , Malaysia , Brunei , and Sri Lanka . It has also spread through overseas Indonesian populations to the Netherlands and Suriname . Various recipes of sambals are usually served as hot and spicy condiments for dishes, such as lalab (raw vegetables), ikan bakar (grilled fish), ikan goreng (fried fish), ayam goreng (fried chicken), ayam penyet (smashed chicken), iga penyet (ribs), and various soto soups. There are 212 variants of sambal in Indonesia, with most of them originating in Java . Sambal

658-454: Is also shifting from heavily mysticism knowledge to heavily rational kind of knowledge. In Shiva-Hindu Catur Asrama, wanderers are part of the way of life and to attain knowledge. In the colonial period the wanderers become unwanted people in new town such as Batavia. The wanderers often evolve into independent rebels or local heroes such as being popularized by The Legend of Si Pitung or Prince Diponegoro's guerrilla volunteers from Bagelen. During

705-506: Is identified as Lombok island, which is also the area that produced a spice called red lombok . In today's modern Javanese , the term lombok refers to 'chilli pepper', yet the term probably originally referred to a native hot spice prior to the introduction of capsicum. The Indonesian languages ' terms for 'chilli pepper' are cabai or cabe , yet the word cabya is mentioned in several ancient inscriptions and texts found in Java from

752-413: Is known as sambal dadak (lit. 'impromptu sambal' or 'freshly made sambal'). Nevertheless, in most warung and restaurants, most sambal is prepared daily in bulk and offered as a hot and spicy condiment. Today some brands of prepared, pre-packed, instant or ready-to-use sambal are available in Indonesia in warung , traditional markets, supermarkets, and convenience stores. Most are bottled sambal, with

799-400: Is money' was being introduced in which Javanese society have to adjust to a new regular working culture in contrast to the regularity of an agricultural work. Schools in new institutions in new towns were being introduced to public via Colonial Ethical Policy in contrast with the way ancient schools was being conducted through hermitages or in exclusive royal/palace circles. The kind of knowledge

846-454: Is more akin to Thai , which favours the use of fresh ingredients. Traditionally, this mixture of spices and other aromatic ingredients is freshly ground into a moist paste using a mortar and pestle . The spice mixture is commonly made by slicing, chopping, grinding, beating, bruising, or sometimes dry-roasting the spices, using traditional cooking tools such as stone mortar and pestle, or a modern blender or food processor . The bumbu mixture

893-611: Is often described as a hot and spicy Indonesian relish . However, its main ingredient, chili pepper of the genus Capsicum , is not native to Southeast Asia, but from the Americas . Common variants used in sambal recipes include Cayenne pepper and bird's eye chili pepper (both varieties of Capsicum annuum ). These variants are native to the Western Hemisphere and were introduced to the Indonesian archipelago in

940-536: Is usually stir-fried in hot cooking oil first to release its aroma, prior to adding the main ingredient (usually meats, poultry, or fish). The equivalent in the Malaysian cuisine is rempah . The main function of bumbu is to add flavour and aroma , but prior to the invention of refrigeration technology, spices were used as preservatives. Garlic, shallots, ginger and galangal have antimicrobial properties and serve as natural organic preservatives. Known as

987-543: Is what makes Serat Centhini famous of its porn contents which unfortunately often overshadow the other knowledge being elaborated. Nyi Selobrangti and Cethi Centhini Reunite Soon after receiving bad news about his husband, Nyi Tembangraras determined to find his husband herself. She changed her name to Nyi Selobrangti and accompanied by her faithful maid, Centhini. Both of them arrived at Wonontoko and accidentally met Ki Amongrogo's long time separated brother and sister, Ki Mangunkarso/Jayengsari and Nyi Rancangkapti. Soon after

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1034-1096: The New World spices such as chili pepper and tomato were introduced by Portuguese and Spanish traders during the Age of Exploration in the 16th century. List of spices used in bumbu are: Indonesian cuisine also recognize various types of sauces , condiments and seasonings , some are basic seasonings, some are indigenously developed, while another was influenced by Indian, Chinese and European sauces, such as: Recently there are some additional foreign sauces and seasonings that has been included into Indonesian kitchen and sometimes used as condiment, such as: In Indonesian cuisine there are many variations of bumbu spice mixtures, varying based on individual recipes and regional cuisine traditions. For example, Balinese cuisine includes basa genep bumbu, while Minang cuisine includes pemasak bumbu. However, there are four generic basic bumbu generally recognized in broader Indonesian cuisine and identified by color. These generally consist of

1081-660: The sambal -mixed dish. Dishes bearing the word sambal include: Bumbu (seasoning) It is a characteristic of Indonesian cuisine and its regional variants such as Balinese , Javanese , Sundanese , Padang , Batak and Manado cuisines. It is used with various meats, seafood and vegetables in stews, soups, barbecue , sotos , gulai , and also as an addition to Indonesian-style instant noodles . Indonesians have developed original gastronomic themes with lemongrass and galangal , cardamom and chilies , tamarind and turmeric . Unlike Indian cooking tradition that favours dried spice powder mix , Indonesian cuisine

1128-447: The terasi or belacan (shrimp paste) is fried or burned first to kill its pungent smell as well as to release its aroma. Sambal might be prepared in bulk, as it can be easily stored in a well-sealed glass jar in the refrigerator for a week to be served with meals as a condiment. However, some households and restaurants insist on making freshly prepared sambal just a few moments prior to consuming to ensure its freshness and flavour; this

1175-865: The "Spice Islands", the Indonesian islands of Maluku contributed to the introduction of its native spices to world cuisine. Spices such as pala ( nutmeg/mace ), cengkih ( clove ), daun pandan ( Pandan leaves ), kemiri ( candlenut ), keluak ( Pangium edule ) and lengkuas ( galangal ) are native to Indonesia. It is likely that lada hitam ( black pepper ), kunyit ( turmeric ), serai ( lemongrass ), daun kari ( curry leaf ), bawang merah ( shallot ), kayu manis ( cinnamon ), ketumbar ( coriander ), jahe ( ginger ) and asam jawa ( tamarind ) were introduced from India or mainland Southeast Asia, while daun bawang ( scallions ) and bawang putih ( garlic ) were introduced from China. Those spices from mainland Asia were introduced early, in ancient times, thus they became integral ingredients in Indonesian cuisine. While

1222-549: The 10th century CE. Cabya is actually a reference to the Javanese long pepper or Balinese long pepper ( Piper retrofractum ). Historians suggest that prior to the introduction of Capsicum from the Americas in the 16th century, it was cabya that was widely used and cultivated as a hot spice in Java. Cabya is still used in Java, but the overwhelming popularity of the capsicum plants eventually pushed out cabya consumption until it

1269-577: The 1630s when Sultan Agung of Mataram 's army besieged and captured the city of Giri Kedaton in Gresik , East Java. Giri Kedaton had a religious school that was founded by Sunan Giri , one of the Wali Sanga . The school grew and became famous as a center of Muslim teaching, which gave it political influence in the surrounding region. It attracted learners from multiple societal groups and regions as far away as Ternate Sultanate . Giri Kedaton reached

1316-629: The 16th century by Portuguese and Spanish sailors during the Columbian exchange . Researchers note that the people of the Maritime Southeast Asia were already familiar with a type of hot and spicy relish prior to the 16th century. A hot spice called cabya had become a valuable commodity in the Javanese market as early as the ancient Mataram Kingdom era, circa the 10th century. The 14th century Majapahit Javanese Nagarakretagama manuscript mentions lombok mirah island which

1363-782: The Netherlands a range of pre-packed sambals in glass or plastic jar is readily available from several brands (national and store brands) from almost all supermarkets and tokos . The most common kinds of peppers used in sambal are: In the Indonesian archipelago, there are as many as 212 to 300 varieties of sambal. The intensity ranges from mild to very hot. Some varieties include: Sambols in Sri Lanka differ from those originating in Malaysia and Indonesia, in that they are generally made from uncooked ingredients, such as fresh chillies, shallots, coconut, garlic, which are then ground with

1410-445: The availability of the ingredients. Today sambal is a staple of Southeast Asian households, essential in cuisines of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional sambals are freshly made using traditional tools, such as a stone pestle and mortar . Sambal can be served raw or cooked. There are two main categories of sambals in Indonesia, they are sambal masak (cooked) and sambal mentah (raw). Cooked sambal has undergone

1457-468: The city falls to the army from Mataram. The children become separated in the confusion as inhabitants flee the city. They each spend several years wandering around Java, only to be reunited many years later. The main characters of the story are: The Centhini story is separated by phases of its characters' lives (pre-adulthood, adulthood, and post-adulthood) and by the adventures of each character (Jayengresmi, Jayengsari, Rancangkapti, and Mas Cabolang). In

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1504-562: The conquered city the oldest son, Jayengresmi wanders in the southern part of Java and then to its westernmost part. The second son, Jayengsari, and his sister, Rancangkapti, flee to the east, later travelling by ship to central Java. Journey of Jayengresmi Jayengresmi's travels take him and his servants Gathak and Gathuk through the mountainous terrain where hermits live. Their journey passes through historic areas including: Journey of Jayengsari and Rancangkapti Jayengsari and Rancangkapti are accompanied by their servant Buras. They visit

1551-744: The eastern part of Java Island before finally going back to Sokoyoso. Journey of Jayengresmi (Ki Amongrogo) Jayengresmi already stayed for a few years in Karang Hermitage with his adopted father, Kyai Ageng Karang until finally, he asked for permission to leave and to continue searching for his brother and sisters. Before letting them leave his hermitage, his adopted father suggests they change their names: Jayengresmi became Ki Amongrogo, and Gathak and Gathuk became Jamal and Jamil. Journey of Jayengresmi, Jayengrogo and Kulowiryo Fourteen months had passed since Seh Amongrogo left his father in-law (Ki Bayi) and his wife (Nyi Tembangraras). Finally came

1598-432: The introduction of chili pepper from the Americas in the 16th century. The Javanese manuscript Serat Centhini (1819–1912) records sixteen sambal variants in Java. The recipe book Mustika Rasa (1967), written and composed by Hartini Sukarno , presented 63 recipes of sambals. In 2017, Murdijati Gardjito, a food researcher from Gadjah Mada University , identified hundreds of variants of sambals in Indonesia; 212 of them have

1645-454: The meantime, Sultan Agung, in his old age, had become a priest namely Priest Anyokrokusumo. Seh Amongrogo and Nyi Tembangraras met him through incorporeal world and the three of them agreed to make an arrangement. The deal was, Seh Amongrogo and Nyo Tembangraras were changed into wonder male and female maggots. The female maggots was eaten by Sultan Agung, while the female maggot was eaten by Pangeran Pekik (Sultan Agung's brother-in-law). Later on,

1692-508: The news. They decided to meditate at Ardipolo hermitage while Ki Montel delivered the good news to Ki Bayi and his wife. A Reunion of Ki Bayu and his wife with their daughter Nyi Tembangraras and Seh Amongrogo Ki Bayi and his wife, Nyi Malaresmi, were eager to meet their daughter therefore they set forth to Wonontoko. By the end of the journey they met Ki Mangukarso (Amongrogo's brother) who told them that they would be able to meet Tembangraras and Amongrogo only in incorporeal world and through

1739-532: The peak of its influence under Sunan Giri Prapen who ruled it from 1548 to 1605. Sultan Agung of the larger Mataram Sultanate regarded this as a threat, so in 1630 he sent an army under his brother-in-law, Pangeran Pekik to capture Giri Kedaton. Giri Kedaton finally surrendered in 1636. Sunan Giri Prapen was captured and brought to Mataram's capital Kota Gede , known today as Yogyakarta . The main characters of Serat Centhini are Sunan Giri Prapen's three young children who escape Giri Kedaton overnight, hours before

1786-404: The pre-adulthood journey, geographic locations still can be identified on the real-world map. But in the post-adulthood journeys, the locations become mystical and imaginary, as though in a different realm. The mixture of real-world and imaginary locations is similar to that of Homer's Odyssey . As adults, the characters changed their names to avoid capture by Sultan Agung's spies. After fleeing

1833-514: The reverse realm.incorporeal world. At this point Ki Bayi's brothers, Jayengresmi and Jayengrogo, left Wonomarto once again to find their niece, Nyi Tembangraras/Selobrangti and Centhini. In the middle of their journey, they received a message from Ki Montel (Amongrogo's attendant) that Tembangraras had met her husband and that they had lived together in Wonontoko in a specific place called Jurang-Jangkung. Jayengrogo and Jayengresmi delighted to hear

1880-529: The sites of old Javanese kingdoms and learn legends. Journey of Mas Cabolang Mas Cabolang is the son of Ki Ageng/Seh Akadiyat, the hermit of Sokoyoso Hermitage in Dieng Plateau. He left his parents' house without asking their permission. His objective is to have his adventure to understand more of the world. His journey began on the southwest route to Cilacap Region and then turned to the east, through Mataram Sultanate's capital (Kota Gede), and moved to

1927-455: The son of Sultan Agung (the reincarnation of Seh Amongrogo) would marry Pangeran Pekik's daughter (as reincarnation of Nyi Tembangraras) and they would have a son who would become the King of Mataram, namely Amangkurat. In his reign, Amangkurat didn't please his people because of the discipline being applied. One prince, Raden Trunojoyo, rebelled against him, on behalf of Amangkurat's son. Amangkurat

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1974-400: The surprising reunion, Nyi Selobrangti told them the bad news about Ki Amongrogo's death. The news shocked them and all of them fainted and died. Ki Amongrogo, in his realm, noticed the unfortunate event. He visited Wonontoko and revived everyone. The horrible scene now become a happy ending for the brother and sister and the wife. The couple finally reunited and later on built a hermitage but in

2021-457: The villagers, widowers and ronggeng dancers. Their carelessness sometimes brought them misfortune such as the loss of their possession. Ki Jayengresmi, being the only religious character among the group, always avoid the debauchery while patiently preach his brother and uncle. Nuripin is a character who is always bullied (yet always manage to escape and throw honest mockery on Kulowiryo's debauchery and his misfortune) by Kuliwiryo. The group only have

2068-543: Was being noticed Sultan Agung. He concluded that such activity was breaking Islamic law and therefore he sentenced Amongorogo for death penalty by drowning him to an ocean. Amongrogo was being executed. The death penalty is actually what Amongrogo's looking for from Sultan Agung. As by went through death, he wasn't really dead, he only moved to another realm (reverse realm/incorporeal world/jagad walikan in javanese). Therefore, right on entering incorporeal world, he thanked Sultan Agung instead. The debauchery scenes of this section

2115-582: Was being pickekup by Seh Amongrogo and they return to Wonontoko, leaving the Black Marble Island and its beach to its original dreadful state. The Wonder Maggots and the End of Seh Amongrogo and Nyi Tembangraras' Life Journey Serat Centhini ends with a famous story of wonder maggots. Seh amongrogo and Nyi Tembangraras wished to go back to the real world in order to put discipline to the people and that it can be done through Sultan Agung's lineage. In

2162-445: Was only used in traditional herbal medication and in making jamu (Javanese traditional herbal drink). Nowadays, the plant is considered rare. Another historian suggests that it was ginger that was used as a hot spice agent in the ancient form of sambal. Ginger, cabya, and andaliman are among the earliest hot spices used in early sambal-like hot relish, followed by the introduction of pepper circa 12th century from India, and finally

2209-471: Was then being exiled to a place which has a fragrant soil (Tegalarum). This means that Seh Amongrogo and Nyi Tembangraras had arrived at the end of their lives' journey, from their birth to their death. Colonial time Modernity and science that were being brought by the Europeans created a paradigm shift in the kind of knowledge and the way to attain knowledge within Javanese society. The concept of 'time

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