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77-455: Samdrup Jongkhar District is situated in the southeastern corner of the country, sharing its southern and eastern borders with the Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, respectively. The district falls within the subtropical climate zone, spanning an elevation range of 200 to 3600 meters above sea level. The temperature in this region varies from a minimum of 14°C to a maximum of 36°C during

154-512: A cyclothem . Cyclothems are thought to have their origin in glacial cycles that produced fluctuations in sea level , which alternately exposed and then flooded large areas of continental shelf. The woody tissue of plants is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Modern peat is mostly lignin, with a content of cellulose and hemicellulose ranging from 5% to 40%. Various other organic compounds, such as waxes and nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, are also present. Lignin has

231-682: A fresh harvest year-round. He's also experimenting with growing drumstick trees around his fish pond and on the farm's western edge. Drumstick trees have medicinal properties, and their leaves, flowers, and prized bean-like fruits are used as food. Samdrup Jongkhar's mainstay cash crops include areca nuts, ginger, garlic, oranges, and Cardamom. Notably, Samdrup Jongkhar has also introduced high-value crops like quinoa and avocado, broadening its agricultural scope. The agricultural practices in Samdrup Jongkhar encompass both dry and wet land cultivation. A unique cereal, known as Khamtay, distinguishes

308-496: A fuel. While coal has been known and used for thousands of years, its usage was limited until the Industrial Revolution . With the invention of the steam engine , coal consumption increased. In 2020, coal supplied about a quarter of the world's primary energy and over a third of its electricity . Some iron and steel -making and other industrial processes burn coal. The extraction and burning of coal damages

385-417: A process called carbonization . Carbonization proceeds primarily by dehydration , decarboxylation , and demethanation. Dehydration removes water molecules from the maturing coal via reactions such as Decarboxylation removes carbon dioxide from the maturing coal: while demethanation proceeds by reaction such as In these formulas, R represents the remainder of a cellulose or lignin molecule to which

462-705: A representative from each household voting to select their local Gup . In 2002, the Parliament of Bhutan enacted a second, more comprehensive Chathrim (Act) also called the Geog Yargay Tshochung. Under the Geog Yargay Tshochung of 2002, gewog administration included the Gup , Mangmi (deputy), Tshogpa (village or village cluster representative), and the non-voting Chupon (village messenger) and Gewog Clerk. Gup and Mangmi sat for three-year terms while normal representatives sat for one year. The body had

539-652: A simple majority of the voting population) to vote no confidence in the local government (by at least two-thirds of the voting population). Representatives must be citizens between the ages of 25 and 65, be a resident of their constituency for at least one year, gain certification by the Election Commission, and otherwise qualify under Electoral Law. While the Gewog Tshogde has powers to regulate resources, manage public health and safety, and levy taxes on land, grazing, cattle, entertainment, and utilities,

616-468: A switch in fuels happened in London in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Historian Ruth Goodman has traced the socioeconomic effects of that switch and its later spread throughout Britain and suggested that its importance in shaping the industrial adoption of coal has been previously underappreciated. The development of the Industrial Revolution led to the large-scale use of coal, as

693-561: A tenth. Indonesia and Australia export the most, followed by Russia . The word originally took the form col in Old English , from reconstructed Proto-Germanic * kula ( n ), from Proto-Indo-European root * g ( e ) u-lo- "live coal". Germanic cognates include the Old Frisian kole , Middle Dutch cole , Dutch kool , Old High German chol , German Kohle and Old Norse kol . Irish gual

770-481: A two-thirds quorum requirement, and voted by simple majority. The Chathrim of 2002 empowered gewogs to levy rural taxes, maintain and regulate natural resources, and manage community and cultural life. The Chathrim of 2002 was superseded by the Local Government Act of 2007, which expanded local bureaucracy and vested more powers in gewog administrators, including enforcement of driglam namzha . Under

847-403: A weight basis. This composition reflects partly the composition of the precursor plants. The second main fraction of coal is ash, an undesirable, noncombustable mixture of inorganic minerals. The composition of ash is often discussed in terms of oxides obtained after combustion in air: Of particular interest is the sulfur content of coal, which can vary from less than 1% to as much as 4%. Most of

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924-406: A weight composition of about 54% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 30% oxygen, while cellulose has a weight composition of about 44% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 49% oxygen. Bituminous coal has a composition of about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. The low oxygen content of coal shows that coalification removed most of the oxygen and much of the hydrogen

1001-453: Is a type of fossil fuel , formed when dead plant matter decays into peat which is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands called coal forests that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian ) and Permian times. Coal is used primarily as

1078-584: Is also a cognate via the Indo-European root. The conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called coalification . At various times in the geologic past, the Earth had dense forests in low-lying areas. In these wetlands, the process of coalification began when dead plant matter was protected from oxidation , usually by mud or acidic water, and was converted into peat . The resulting peat bogs , which trapped immense amounts of carbon, were eventually deeply buried by sediments. Then, over millions of years,

1155-429: Is burned in a turbine). Hot exhaust gases from the turbine are used to raise steam in a heat recovery steam generator which powers a supplemental steam turbine . The overall plant efficiency when used to provide combined heat and power can reach as much as 94%. IGCC power plants emit less local pollution than conventional pulverized coal-fueled plants. Other ways to use coal are as coal-water slurry fuel (CWS), which

1232-603: Is entirely vertical; however, metamorphism may cause lateral changes of rank, irrespective of depth. For example, some of the coal seams of the Madrid, New Mexico coal field were partially converted to anthracite by contact metamorphism from an igneous sill while the remainder of the seams remained as bituminous coal. The earliest recognized use is from the Shenyang area of China where by 4000 BC Neolithic inhabitants had begun carving ornaments from black lignite. Coal from

1309-600: Is held annually from the 13th to the 15th of the eleventh month of the Bhutanese calendar. This three-day event features performances by Rabdey monks and dzongkhag dancers, presenting a variety of mask dances and cultural showcases. The Tshechu reaches its climax with the unveiling of the Guru Tshengey Thongdrel. Motanga Industrial Park, situated in Samdrup Jongkhar , is a pivotal initiative by

1386-455: Is made when metallurgical coal (also known as coking coal ) is baked in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1,000 °C, driving off the volatile constituents and fusing together the fixed carbon and residual ash. Metallurgical coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace . The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces hematite (an iron oxide ) to iron. Pig iron , which

1463-409: Is more abundant, and anthracite. The % carbon in coal follows the order anthracite > bituminous > lignite > brown coal. The fuel value of coal varies in the same order. Some anthracite deposits contain pure carbon in the form of graphite . For bituminous coal, the elemental composition on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on

1540-519: Is popular among the local visitors and also regional tourists from across the border. There is a self-arisen lake with linga beside the cave. Located about sixty kilometers away from the main town, the area near the famous mirror cliff (melong brak) is a sub-tropical forest with a warm climate and a variety of broadleaf trees. This makes it a popular place for birdwatching , as it's home to approximately 360 different bird species found in Bhutan, such as

1617-415: Is situated at a distance of around 181 km via India. Within its jurisdiction lie Gewogs such as Lauri, Serthi, and Langchenphu. Completing the administrative structure are Gewogs like Doethang, Orong, Gomdar, and Wangphu. SAMJONG, the distinctive brand of Samdrup Jongkhar District, was unveiled on June 23, 2023, with a visionary purpose: to champion local products and destinations. The custodian of this brand

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1694-510: Is the Rural Youth Processing and Marketing Enterprise, comprising enthusiastic youth from eleven gewogs. SAMJONG's primary focus lies in crafting value-added products, cultivating a profound sense of local identity, curbing imports, addressing market challenges, alleviating unemployment concerns, reinforcing cooperative efforts, and propelling the local economy to new heights. By synergizing these elements, SAMJONG aims to elevate

1771-571: Is the smallest protected area in Bhutan, covering 334.73 square kilometers (129.24 sq mi) in Samdrup Jongkhar District along the southern border with Assam. Its elevations range between 400 and 2,200 metres (1,300 and 7,200 ft). Despite its small size, Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary is an important habitat for elephants, gaur (Bos gaurus ), and other tropical wildlife. It may also contain the rare pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) and hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus), known to inhabit

1848-452: Is used as fuel. 27.6% of world energy was supplied by coal in 2017 and Asia used almost three-quarters of it. Other large-scale applications also exist. The energy density of coal is roughly 24 megajoules per kilogram (approximately 6.7 kilowatt-hours per kg). For a coal power plant with a 40% efficiency, it takes an estimated 325 kg (717 lb) of coal to power a 100 W lightbulb for one year. In 2022, 68% of global coal use

1925-542: The Beautiful Nuthatch , Crimson Sunbird , Asian Emerald Cuckoo , Greater Goldenback , Ruby-cheeked Sunbird , and White-browed Scimitar Babbler. Birdwatching is best enjoyed during the spring, fall, and winter seasons. The seed bank includes sixty-seven different kinds of seeds for cereals and vegetables that are native to the area. This place is like a library for seeds, especially the important ones known as Dru-na-gu. The Samdrup Jongkhar Dzongkhag Tshechu

2002-715: The Bronze Age (3000–2000 BC), where it formed part of funeral pyres . In Roman Britain , with the exception of two modern fields, "the Romans were exploiting coals in all the major coalfields in England and Wales by the end of the second century AD". Evidence of trade in coal, dated to about AD 200, has been found at the Roman settlement at Heronbridge , near Chester ; and in the Fenlands of East Anglia , where coal from

2079-521: The Fushun mine in northeastern China was used to smelt copper as early as 1000 BC. Marco Polo , the Italian who traveled to China in the 13th century, described coal as "black stones ... which burn like logs", and said coal was so plentiful, people could take three hot baths a week. In Europe, the earliest reference to the use of coal as fuel is from the geological treatise On Stones (Lap. 16) by

2156-585: The Local Government Act of 2009 , zepa is head of geog each gewog is administered by a Gewog Tshogde (gewog council), subordinate to the Dzongkhag Tshogdu (district council). The Gewog Tshogde is composed of a Gup (headman), Mangmi (deputy), and between five and eight democratically elected Tshogpas from among villages or village groups. All representatives serve five-year terms, unless the local electorate petitions for an election (by

2233-607: The Midlands was transported via the Car Dyke for use in drying grain. Coal cinders have been found in the hearths of villas and Roman forts , particularly in Northumberland , dated to around AD 400. In the west of England, contemporary writers described the wonder of a permanent brazier of coal on the altar of Minerva at Aquae Sulis (modern day Bath ), although in fact easily accessible surface coal from what became

2310-728: The Somerset coalfield was in common use in quite lowly dwellings locally. Evidence of coal's use for iron -working in the city during the Roman period has been found. In Eschweiler , Rhineland , deposits of bituminous coal were used by the Romans for the smelting of iron ore . No evidence exists of coal being of great importance in Britain before about AD 1000, the High Middle Ages . Coal came to be referred to as "seacoal" in

2387-491: The coal gap in the Permian–Triassic extinction event , where coal is rare. Favorable geography alone does not explain the extensive Carboniferous coal beds. Other factors contributing to rapid coal deposition were high oxygen levels, above 30%, that promoted intense wildfires and formation of charcoal that was all but indigestible by decomposing organisms; high carbon dioxide levels that promoted plant growth; and

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2464-447: The steam engine took over from the water wheel . In 1700, five-sixths of the world's coal was mined in Britain. Britain would have run out of suitable sites for watermills by the 1830s if coal had not been available as a source of energy. In 1947 there were some 750,000 miners in Britain, but the last deep coal mine in the UK closed in 2015. A grade between bituminous coal and anthracite

2541-407: The 13th century; the wharf where the material arrived in London was known as Seacoal Lane, so identified in a charter of King Henry III granted in 1253. Initially, the name was given because much coal was found on the shore, having fallen from the exposed coal seams on cliffs above or washed out of underwater coal outcrops, but by the time of Henry VIII , it was understood to derive from the way it

2618-551: The Act of 2007, additional levels of local administration were carved out from gewogs, namely Dzongkhag Thromde Tshogdes and Gyelyong Thromde Tshogdus. The former were democratically elected bodies under direct dzongkhag management; the latter were democratic autonomous urban areas, or special cities, independent of dzongkhag management. Up through the enactment of the Local Government Act of 2009 , gewogs were subdivided administratively into chiwogs , comprising several villages. Since

2695-597: The Act of 2009, Dzongkhag Thromde Tshogdes, Gyelyong Thromde Tshogdus, and chiwogs have been replaced by thromdes (municipalities) as tertiary administrative divisions. Depending on the population and development of each thromde, it either has an independent bureaucracy ("Class A" Thromdes) or is directly administered by the gewog or dzongkhag ("Class B" and "Dzongkhag Yenlag" Thromdes). In 2002, there were 199 gewogs in Bhutan's 20 dzongkhags; by 2005, there were 205. In Tsirang District , Chanautey , Gairigaun , Tshokhana , and Tsirang Dangra Gewogs were disestablished; in

2772-624: The Bhutanese government to cultivate small to medium-sized industries. Its strategic location, a mere 12 km from SJ Town and near the Indian border, positions it as an ideal manufacturing and export-focused enclave. Encompassing a substantial 156 acres, the park is a nucleus for key sectors, including mineral and chemical-based, forest and wood-based, as well as food and agro-based industries. This dynamic endeavor exemplifies Bhutan's dedication to economic diversification, fostering growth, and strengthening cross-border trade relationships. Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary (formerly Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary)

2849-596: The Carboniferous, and suggested that climatic and tectonic factors were a more plausible explanation, reconstruction of ancestral enzymes by phylogenetic analysis corroborated a hypothesis that lignin degrading enzymes appeared in fungi approximately 200 MYa. One likely tectonic factor was the Central Pangean Mountains , an enormous range running along the equator that reached its greatest elevation near this time. Climate modeling suggests that

2926-598: The Central Pangean Mountains contributed to the deposition of vast quantities of coal in the late Carboniferous. The mountains created an area of year-round heavy precipitation, with no dry season typical of a monsoon climate. This is necessary for the preservation of peat in coal swamps. Coal is known from Precambrian strata, which predate land plants. This coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae. Sometimes coal seams (also known as coal beds) are interbedded with other sediments in

3003-718: The Dzongkhag, there are 6 registered cooperatives and 47 farmers' groups. The majority of FGs are in the Agriculture Sector, followed by Livestock and then Forestry, with 41% in agriculture, 32% in livestock, and 18% in forestry. Mr. Rai's farm is quite self-sufficient, nestled far from any neighbors or shops. He's got a variety of animals, like goats, poultry, fish, pigs, bees, and ducks. On his land, he grows paddy on four acres of wet land and citrus mandarins on five acres of dry land. Additionally, he grows 23 different types of fruits, vegetables, cereals, and spices, ensuring

3080-577: The Greek scientist Theophrastus (c. 371–287 BC): Among the materials that are dug because they are useful, those known as anthrakes [coals] are made of earth, and, once set on fire, they burn like charcoal [anthrakes]. They are found in Liguria ;... and in Elis as one approaches Olympia by the mountain road; and they are used by those who work in metals. Outcrop coal was used in Britain during

3157-533: The Population and Housing Census of Bhutan (PHCB) conducted in 2017, the population was recorded at 35,079. Samdrup Jongkhar Dzongkhag is an Administrative region located in southeastern Bhutan. The Dzongkhag is subdivided into two Dungkhags and eleven ( gewogs ) Samdrup Choling Dungkhag is positioned approximately 68 km away from the main administrative zone. It encompasses Gewogs such as Samrang, Pemathang, Phuntshothang, and Martsalla. Jomotsangkha Dungkhag

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3234-455: The adjacent Khaling Reserve in Assam, with which Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary forms a trans-border reserve. 26°55′N 91°37′E  /  26.917°N 91.617°E  / 26.917; 91.617 This Bhutan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gewog Parliament Judiciary A gewog ( Dzongkha : རྒེད་འོག geok , block ), in

3311-752: The administrative head of the district and is responsible for overseeing various governmental functions and services within that district. The dzongdag is typically a civil servant with significant experience in administration and governance. A self-reliant Dzongkhag co-existing in peace and harmony with enhanced socio-economic standards, rich natural resources and cultural heritage ༉ དགའ་སྐྱིད་དང་མཐུན་འབྲེལ་ཐོག་ དཔལ་འབྱོར་གོང་འཕེལ་དང་རང་བཞིན་གནས་སྟངས་ དེ་ལས་ རང་ལུགས་ལམ་སྲོལ་དང་ལྡན་པའི་ རང་གིས་རང་ལངས་ཚུགས་པའི་ རྫོང་ཁག། །། To enhance rural livelihood with good local governance in line with culture and environment ༉ རང་བཞིན་གནས་སྟངས་དང་ རང་ལུགས་ལམ་སྲོལ་དང་མཐུན་སྟེ་ གྲོང་གསེབ་གོང་འཕེལ་དང་ ས་གནས་གཞུང་གོང་འཕེལ་གཏང་ནི།། །། According to

3388-405: The creation of three additional gewogs: Bumdeling , Khamdang , and Ramjar . Since 2005, gewogs and dzongkhags have continued to evolve. On April 26, 2007, Lhamozingkha Dungkhag (subdistrict) was formally transferred from Sarpang Dzongkhag to Dagana Dzongkhag , affecting the town of Lhamozingkha and three constituent gewogs – Lhamoy Zingkha , Deorali and Nichula (Zinchula) – that formed

3465-402: The district's economic landscape while celebrating its rich heritage and fostering community pride. The name "Samjong" is a contraction of "Samdrup Jongkhar," which indicates the origin of the products associated with the brand. The logo features two stylized leaves positioned above the name "SAMJONG," which represents the progressive economic growth of the Dzongkhag. Inside the letter "O" of

3542-417: The district, showcasing Bhutan's rich natural resources. The Chökyi Gyatso Institute (CGI) It is located at Dewathang. It is truly unique in various aspects. It originated as a small temple constructed by Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche ’s maternal grandfather, Lama Sonam Zangpo. Following a ten-year renovation, the monastery began its final phase of reconstruction in 2015. The Shiva Mandir at Jomotsangkha

3619-515: The dzongkhag. In the livestock sector, the region encompasses various activities, including aquaculture, apiculture, piggery, poultry, and sheep rearing. Samdrup Jongkhar, located in southeastern Bhutan, is home to various mines, including coal mines, which play a significant role in the region's economy. Coal mining in Samdrup Jongkhar has been a prominent activity, contributing to both local employment and national energy needs. The coal mines in Samdrup Jongkhar are situated in diverse locations across

3696-571: The environment , causing premature death and illness, and it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide contributing to climate change . Fourteen billion tonnes of carbon dioxide were emitted by burning coal in 2020, which is 40% of total fossil fuel emissions and over 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions . As part of worldwide energy transition , many countries have reduced or eliminated their use of coal power . The United Nations Secretary General asked governments to stop building new coal plants by 2020. Global coal use

3773-430: The evolution of the first trees . But bacteria and fungi did not immediately evolve the ability to decompose lignin, so the wood did not fully decay but became buried under sediment, eventually turning into coal. About 300 million years ago, mushrooms and other fungi developed this ability, ending the main coal-formation period of earth's history. Although some authors pointed at some evidence of lignin degradation during

3850-519: The factors involved in coalification, temperature is much more important than either pressure or time of burial. Subbituminous coal can form at temperatures as low as 35 to 80 °C (95 to 176 °F) while anthracite requires a temperature of at least 180 to 245 °C (356 to 473 °F). Although coal is known from most geologic periods , 90% of all coal beds were deposited in the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Paradoxically, this

3927-498: The form of iron pyrite (FeS 2 ). Being a dense mineral, it can be removed from coal by mechanical means, e.g. by froth flotation . Some sulfate occurs in coal, especially weathered samples. It is not volatilized and can be removed by washing. Minor components include: As minerals, Hg, As, and Se are not problematic to the environment, especially since they are only trace components. They become however mobile (volatile or water-soluble) when these minerals are combusted. Most coal

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4004-491: The gewog administration and all other local governments are prohibited to pass laws. The gewog administration has jurisdiction over roads, buildings (including architecture) , recreational areas, utilities, agriculture, and the formulation of local five-year development plans. The Gewog Tshogde also prepares, reports, and expends its own gewog's budget under the supervision and approval of the Minister of Finance. Beginning in

4081-475: The heat and pressure of deep burial caused the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and increased the proportion of carbon. The grade of coal produced depended on the maximum pressure and temperature reached, with lignite (also called "brown coal") produced under relatively mild conditions, and sub-bituminous coal , bituminous coal , or anthracite coal (also called "hard coal" or "black coal") produced in turn with increasing temperature and pressure. Of

4158-431: The increasing tendency of the anthracite to break with a conchoidal fracture , similar to the way thick glass breaks. As geological processes apply pressure to dead biotic material over time, under suitable conditions, its metamorphic grade or rank increases successively into: There are several international standards for coal. The classification of coal is generally based on the content of volatiles . However

4235-525: The late 1980s, the King of Bhutan , Jigme Singye Wangchuck pursued a long-term programme of decentralization. In 1991, following this principle, the King enacted the first Geog Yargay Tshogchung as a framework for local administration. Under the first Geog Yargay Tshochung, gewogs became official administrative units, each headed by a Gup or headman. The first-ever elections in Bhutan were held at that time, with

4312-720: The meanwhile Barshong , Rangthangling , Tsholingkhar , and Tsirangtoe Gewogs were created. Likewise, in Sarpang District , Sarpangtar Gewog was disestablished. Chukha District no longer contains Bhulajhora Gewog , but now contains Sampheling Gewog . Samtse District no longer contains Ghumauney , Mayona , and Nainital Gewogs; it now contains Ugentse and Yoeseltse Gewogs . In Thimphu District , Bapbi Gewog disappeared. In Samdrup Jongkhar District , Bakuli and Hastinapur Gewogs disappeared, replaced by Dewathang , Langchenphu , Pemathang , Phuntshothang , Serthi , and Wangphu Gewogs . Trashiyangtse District saw

4389-453: The morphology and some properties of the original plant. In many coals, individual macerals can be identified visually. Some macerals include: In coalification huminite is replaced by vitreous (shiny) vitrinite . Maturation of bituminous coal is characterized by bitumenization , in which part of the coal is converted to bitumen , a hydrocarbon-rich gel. Maturation to anthracite is characterized by debitumenization (from demethanation) and

4466-405: The most important distinction is between thermal coal (also known as steam coal), which is burnt to generate electricity via steam; and metallurgical coal (also known as coking coal), which is burnt at high temperature to make steel . Hilt's law is a geological observation that (within a small area) the deeper the coal is found, the higher its rank (or grade). It applies if the thermal gradient

4543-407: The nature of Carboniferous forests, which included lycophyte trees whose determinate growth meant that carbon was not tied up in heartwood of living trees for long periods. One theory suggested that about 360 million years ago, some plants evolved the ability to produce lignin , a complex polymer that made their cellulose stems much harder and more woody. The ability to produce lignin led to

4620-455: The number of double bonds between carbon). As carbonization proceeds, aliphatic compounds convert to aromatic compounds . Similarly, aromatic rings fuse into polyaromatic compounds (linked rings of carbon atoms). The structure increasingly resembles graphene , the structural element of graphite. Chemical changes are accompanied by physical changes, such as decrease in average pore size. The macerals are coalified plant parts that retain

4697-747: The past also spelled as geog , is a group of villages in Bhutan . The head of a gewog is called a gup ( རྒེད་པོ་ gepo ). Gewogs form a geographic administrative unit below dzongkhag districts (and dungkhag subdistricts, where they exist), and above Dzongkhag Thromde class B and Yenlag Thromde municipalities. Dzongkhag Thromde class A municipalities have their own independent local government body. Bhutan comprises 205 gewogs, which average 230 km (89 sq mi) in area. The gewogs in turn are divided into chewogs for elections and thromdes "municipalities" for administration. The Parliament of Bhutan passed legislation in 2002 and 2007 on

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4774-407: The peak summer months. The average annual rainfall, as recorded at Aerong, is 5309.4 mm, contributing to the lush environment. The district experiences an average annual temperature of 23.8 °C, with approximately 2749 mm of precipitation occurring annually. "Dzongdag" is a term used in Bhutan to refer to the head of a dzongkhag, which is a district in the country. The dzongdag is essentially

4851-456: The pre-combustion treatment, turbine technology (e.g. supercritical steam generator ) and the age of the plant. A few integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants have been built, which burn coal more efficiently. Instead of pulverizing the coal and burning it directly as fuel in the steam-generating boiler, the coal is gasified to create syngas , which is burned in a gas turbine to produce electricity (just like natural gas

4928-427: The reacting groups are attached. Dehydration and decarboxylation take place early in coalification, while demethanation begins only after the coal has already reached bituminous rank. The effect of decarboxylation is to reduce the percentage of oxygen, while demethanation reduces the percentage of hydrogen. Dehydration does both, and (together with demethanation) reduces the saturation of the carbon backbone (increasing

5005-487: The status, structure, and leadership of local governments, including gewogs. The most recent legislation by parliament regarding gewogs is the Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009 . In July 2011, the government slated 11 gewogs across Bhutan for reorganization, including both mergers and bifurcations, to be debated in dzongkhag local governments. These changes are contemplated to promote ease of travel to gewog capitals and to equitably allocate development resources. Under

5082-399: The sulfur and most of the nitrogen is incorporated into the organic fraction in the form of organosulfur compounds and organonitrogen compounds . This sulfur and nitrogen are strongly bound within the hydrocarbon matrix. These elements are released as SO 2 and NO x upon combustion. They cannot be removed, economically at least, otherwise. Some coals contain inorganic sulfur, mainly in

5159-432: The westernmost part of Sarpang and now form the southernmost part of Dagana. The following is a list of 205 gewogs of Bhutan by dzongkhag in a chronological order: Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock , formed as rock strata called coal seams . Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements , chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . Coal

5236-846: The word "SAMJONG," a small leaf growing upwards represents the green economy growth and sustainability. The national brand, “BHUTAN BELIEVE”, above the word "SAMJONG," conveys the Dzongkhag’s initiatives are in line with core values of National Brand. ལས་རྟགས་ཀྱི་འགྲེལ་བཤད། བསམ་ལྗོངས་ཟེར་མི་ཐ་སྙད་འདི་ བསམ་གྲུབ་ལྗོངས་མཁར་གྱི་བསྡུ་ཚིག་ཨིན། འདི་གིས་ ཐོན་རྣམ་དང་འབྲེལ་བའི་ ཐོན་སྐྱེད་ཀྱི་འབྱུང་གནས་ བརྡ་མཚོནམ་ཨིན། བསམ་ལྗོངས་ཚིག་གི་བལྟ་ལུ་ འདམ་མ་གཉིས་ཡོད་མི་འདི་ རྫོང་ཁག་གི་དཔལ་འབྱོར་གོང་འཕེལ་ བརྡ་མཚོནམ་ཨིན། བསམ་ལྗོངས་ཚིག་གི་ཡི་གུ་ ཨོ་གི་ནང་ན་ འདམ་མ་ཁ་ཡར་སྦེ་རྒྱས་ཏེ་ཡོད་མི་གིས་ ཡར་རྒྱས་དང་ཡུན་བརྟན་ བརྡ་མཚོནམ་ཨིན། བསམ་ལྗོངས་ཚིག་གི་བལྟ་ལུ་ རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་ཀྱི་ལས་རྟགས་ཡོད་མི་འདི་ རྫོང་ཁག་གི་རྩོལ་སྒྲུབ་ག་ར་ རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་ཐོན་རྣམ་གྱི་ནང་སྙིང་བརྩི་མཐོང་དང་འབྲེལ་བ་ཡོདཔ་སྦེ་ བརྡ་མཚོནམ་ཨིན། In

5313-415: The world's coal-generated electricity. Efforts around the world to reduce the use of coal have led some regions to switch to natural gas and renewable energy . In 2018 coal-fired power station capacity factor averaged 51%, that is they operated for about half their available operating hours. Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue that is used in manufacturing steel and other iron-containing products. Coke

5390-590: Was 8.3 billion tonnes in 2022, and is set to remain at record levels in 2023. To meet the Paris Agreement target of keeping global warming below 2 °C (3.6 °F) coal use needs to halve from 2020 to 2030, and "phasing down" coal was agreed upon in the Glasgow Climate Pact . The largest consumer and importer of coal in 2020 was China , which accounts for almost half the world's annual coal production, followed by India with about

5467-574: Was based on the trading of this commodity. Coal continues to arrive on beaches around the world from both natural erosion of exposed coal seams and windswept spills from cargo ships. Many homes in such areas gather this coal as a significant, and sometimes primary, source of home heating fuel. Coal consists mainly of a black mixture of diverse organic compounds and polymers. Of course, several kinds of coals exist, with variable dark colors and variable compositions. Young coals (brown coal, lignite) are not black. The two main black coals are bituminous, which

5544-510: Was carried to London by sea. In 1257–1259, coal from Newcastle upon Tyne was shipped to London for the smiths and lime -burners building Westminster Abbey . Seacoal Lane and Newcastle Lane, where coal was unloaded at wharves along the River Fleet , still exist. These easily accessible sources had largely become exhausted (or could not meet the growing demand) by the 13th century, when underground extraction by shaft mining or adits

5621-612: Was developed in the Soviet Union , or in an MHD topping cycle . However these are not widely used due to lack of profit. In 2017 38% of the world's electricity came from coal, the same percentage as 30 years previously. In 2018 global installed capacity was 2 TW (of which 1TW is in China) which was 30% of total electricity generation capacity. The most dependent major country is South Africa, with over 80% of its electricity generated by coal; but China alone generates more than half of

5698-408: Was developed. The alternative name was "pitcoal", because it came from mines. Cooking and home heating with coal (in addition to firewood or instead of it) has been done in various times and places throughout human history, especially in times and places where ground-surface coal was available and firewood was scarce, but a widespread reliance on coal for home hearths probably never existed until such

5775-497: Was during the Late Paleozoic icehouse , a time of global glaciation . However, the drop in global sea level accompanying the glaciation exposed continental shelves that had previously been submerged, and to these were added wide river deltas produced by increased erosion due to the drop in base level . These widespread areas of wetlands provided ideal conditions for coal formation. The rapid formation of coal ended with

5852-627: Was once known as "steam coal" as it was widely used as a fuel for steam locomotives . In this specialized use, it is sometimes known as "sea coal" in the United States. Small "steam coal", also called dry small steam nuts (DSSN), was used as a fuel for domestic water heating . Coal played an important role in industry in the 19th and 20th century. The predecessor of the European Union , the European Coal and Steel Community ,

5929-430: Was used for electricity generation. Coal burnt in coal power stations to generate electricity is called thermal coal . It is usually pulverized and then burned in a furnace with a boiler . The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam , which is then used to spin turbines which turn generators and create electricity. The thermodynamic efficiency of this process varies between about 25% and 50% depending on

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