32-521: Samina may refer to: MS Express Samina , a ferry, built in 1966, that collided with a rock in 2000 Mesothen samina , a moth species Places [ edit ] Samina (river) , of Liechtenstein and Austria, tributary of the Ill Samina (Andoma) , a tributary of the Andoma , Vologda Oblast, Russia Samina, Punjab , a town and union council in
64-455: A 16-year sentence. Psychoyios had been watching a football match on television when the ship hit the rocks, according to witnesses. Three crew members were sentenced to between 15 months and 8 years 9 months for a series of misdemeanours that included abandoning ship without the captain's permission. The City of Seattle honoured 26-year-old Heidi Hart and 32-year-old Christine Shannon, two American passengers, for heroism during
96-557: A description, wind speed, wave height, sea conditions, land conditions, photo of the sea, and the associated warning flag. The Beaufort scale is neither an exact nor an objective scale; it was based on visual and subjective observation of a ship and of the sea. The corresponding integral wind speeds were determined later, but conversions have not been made official. The Beaufort scale was extended in 1946 when forces 13 to 17 were added. However, forces 13 to 17 were intended to apply only to special cases, such as tropical cyclones . Nowadays,
128-514: A scale. The scale was devised in 1805 by Francis Beaufort (later Rear Admiral ), a hydrographer and a Royal Navy officer, while serving on HMS Woolwich , and refined until he was Hydrographer of the Navy in the 1830s, when it was adopted officially. It was first used during the 1831-1836 "Darwin voyage" of HMS Beagle under Captain Robert FitzRoy , who was later to set up
160-781: A tropical cyclone). A set of red warning flags (daylight) and red warning lights (night time) is displayed at shore establishments which coincide with the various levels of warning. In Canada, maritime winds forecast to be in the range of 6 to 7 are designated as "strong"; 8 to 9 "gale force"; 10 to 11 "storm force"; 12 "hurricane force". Appropriate wind warnings are issued by Environment Canada's Meteorological Service of Canada: strong wind warning, gale (force wind) warning, storm (force wind) warning and hurricane-force wind warning. These designations were standardised nationally in 2008, whereas "light wind" can refer to 0 to 12 or 0 to 15 knots and "moderate wind" 12 to 19 or 16 to 19 knots, depending on regional custom, definition or practice. Prior to 2008,
192-545: Is also widely used in the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malta, and Macau, although with some differences between them. Taiwan uses the Beaufort scale with the extension to 17 noted above. China also switched to this extended version without prior notice on the morning of 15 May 2006, and the extended scale was immediately put to use for Typhoon Chanchu . Hong Kong and Macau retain force 12 as
224-454: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages MS Express Samina MS Express Samina ( Greek : Εξπρές Σάμινα ) was a French-built RoPax ferry that struck the charted Portes Islets rocks in the Bay of Parikia off the coast of Paros island in the central Aegean Sea on 26 September 2000. The accident resulted in 81 deaths and
256-488: Is the Beaufort wind force scale . The scale that carries Beaufort's name had a long and complex evolution from the previous work of others (including Daniel Defoe the century before). In the 18th century, naval officers made regular weather observations, but there was no standard scale and so they could be very subjective — one man's "stiff breeze" might be another's "soft breeze"—: Beaufort succeeded in standardising
288-473: The Beaufort scale. The ship sank close to the islets at 23:02, resulting in the deaths of 80 people from a total of 533 on board. The disaster resulted in two further deaths: on the night of the sinking, the port officer on duty died of a heart attack, and a few weeks later the CEO of the shipping company committed suicide. The first responders to the distress call were fishing boats from the nearby port, followed by
320-470: The Samina was listing by five degrees to starboard. By 22:25, the list had increased to fourteen degrees and water began to enter the ship through the six-metre gash. By 22:29, she was listing by twenty-three degrees, preventing the launching of additional lifeboats; only three of the eight lifeboats were deployed. At 22:32 she had listed by 33 degrees, and by 22:50 the ship came to lay on her side. The clock on
352-513: The UK Meteorological Office, was responsible for this and for the addition of the land-based descriptors. The measures were slightly altered some decades later to improve its utility for meteorologists . Nowadays, meteorologists typically express wind speed in kilometres or miles per hour or, for maritime and aviation purposes, knots , but Beaufort scale terminology is still sometimes used in weather forecasts for shipping and
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#1732791010396384-408: The fin stabilizers system to decrease the motions in bad weather; normally both stabiliser fins would deploy, but in this case the port stabilizer fin failed to extend, causing the ship to drift and therefore not travel in a straight line. A crew member discovered the problem and tried to steer the ship to port, but this action occurred too late and at 22:12 local time (19:12 UTC), the ship struck
416-408: The severe weather warnings given to the public. Wind speed on the Beaufort scale is based on the empirical relationship : where v is the equivalent wind speed at 10 metres above the sea surface and B is Beaufort scale number. For example, B = 9.5 is related to 24.5 m/s which is equal to the lower limit of "10 Beaufort". Using this formula the highest winds in hurricanes would be 23 in
448-564: The Aegean, when she was renamed Express Samina . On the evening of Tuesday 26 September 2000, MS Express Samina left the Port of Piraeus with 473 passengers and 61 crew members. At 22:12 EEST (19:12 UTC ), 2 nautical miles (4 km; 2 mi) off the port of Parikia , Paros , the ship hit the reef of Portes islets at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). The wind at the time was 8 knots (4.1 m/s; 15 km/h; 9.2 mph) force 3 on
480-566: The Punjab province of Pakistan Other [ edit ] Samina (name) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Samina . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samina&oldid=959238362 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
512-1208: The United Kingdom, and in the Sea Area Forecast from Met Éireann , the Irish Meteorological Service. Met Éireann issues a "Small Craft Warning" if winds of Beaufort force 6 (mean wind speed exceeding 22 knots) are expected up to 10 nautical miles offshore. Other warnings are issued by Met Éireann for Irish coastal waters, which are regarded as extending 30 miles out from the coastline, and the Irish Sea or part thereof: "Gale Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 8 are expected; "Strong Gale Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 9 or frequent gusts of at least 52 knots are expected.; "Storm Force Warnings" are issued if Beaufort force 10 or frequent gusts of at least 61 knots are expected; "Violent Storm Force Warnings" are issued if Beaufort force 11 or frequent gusts of at least 69 knots are expected; "Hurricane Force Warnings" are issued if winds of greater than 64 knots are expected. This scale
544-412: The bridge stopped at 23:02, which the authorities took to be an indication of the time at which the ship sank. In addition to the main cause of the sinking (open watertight doors), the degree of damage, the scenario, and the open vehicle deck space in roro ferry design were contributing factors. The port-master of Parikia, Dimitris Malamas, died the same night from a heart attack due to the stress of
576-589: The company changed its name again, to SNCM , to which she was transferred. She sailed from France for the last time in 1982, as she was sold to a Greek company, Stability Maritime, to operate their Italy – Greece – Israel route under her new name MS Golden Vergina . In 1988, she was sold to the Agapitos Bros for service in the Aegean Sea under Agapitos Lines, without a name change. She was then sold in 1999 to Minoan Flying Dolphins , again for service in
608-524: The disaster. The women had rescued two men. The disaster was featured in "Collision Course", a Season 3 (2005) Crash Scene Investigation episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday as well as the third episode of the first season of I Survived... . Beaufort Scale The Beaufort scale ( / ˈ b oʊ f ər t / BOH -fərt ) is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land. Its full name
640-429: The east face of the taller Portes pinnacle. The rocks tore a 6-metre-long (20 ft) and 1-metre-wide (3 ft) hole above the waterline. After the impact, the rocks bent the stabilizer fin backwards, and the fin cut through the side of the hull, below the waterline and next to the engine room. The water from the 3-metre (10 ft) gash destroyed the main generators and cut off electrical power. The water spread beyond
672-502: The engine room, and the operators could not remotely shut the doors due to a lack of electrical power. Professor David Molyneux, an expert in the performance of ships in harsh environments, said that the damage sustained by the MS Express Samina should not normally sink such a ship. The ship sank because nine of her eleven watertight compartment doors were open even though safety laws require ship operators to close and lock
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#1732791010396704-514: The equivalent of black boxes for ships; all passenger ferries are now required by law to contain voyage recorders. On 29 November 2000, Pandelis Sfinias ( Παντελής Σφηνιάς ) the manager of the company Minoan Flying Dolphins, committed suicide by jumping from his sixth-floor office window. He had been charged with criminal negligence in conjunction with this ferry disaster, and had been the focus of much media attention. A subsequent coroner's report revealed alcohol and antidepressants in his system at
736-427: The evacuation operations. As a result of the sinking, ferries were retired after 30 years instead of 35, under Greece's new laws precipitated by the disaster. These laws were eventually relaxed due to the aging Greek fleet, but ships over 30 years old must comply with strict safety standards, and regular inspections are carried out by authorities. Additionally, this hastened the adoption of voyage recorders ,
768-696: The extended scale is used in Taiwan, mainland China and Vietnam, which are often affected by typhoons . Internationally, the World Meteorological Organization Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (2012 edition) defined the Beaufort Scale only up to force 12 and there was no recommendation on the use of the extended scale. The scale is used in the Shipping Forecasts broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in
800-569: The first Meteorological Office in Britain giving regular weather forecasts. The initial scale of 13 classes (zero to 12) did not reference wind speed numbers, but related qualitative wind conditions to effects on the sails of a frigate , then the main ship of the Royal Navy , from "just sufficient to give steerage" to "that which no canvas sails could withstand". The scale was made a standard for ship's log entries on Royal Navy vessels in
832-606: The late 1830s and, in 1853, the Beaufort scale was accepted as generally applicable at the First International Meteorological Conference in Brussels . In 1916, to accommodate the growth of steam power, the descriptions were changed to how the sea, not the sails, behaved and extended to land observations. Anemometer rotations to scale numbers were standardised only in 1923. George Simpson , CBE (later Sir George Simpson), director of
864-411: The loss of the ship. The cause of the accident was crew negligence, for which several members were found criminally liable. The ship was built as MS Corse in 1966 at Chantiers de l'Atlantique , St Nazaire , France for Compagnie Générale Transatlantique , along with her sister ship MS Comte De Nice . In 1969, she was transferred to Compagnie Générale Transméditerranéenne. After six years of service,
896-474: The maximum. In the United States of America, winds of force 6 or 7 result in the issuance of a small craft advisory , with force 8 or 9 winds bringing about a gale warning , force 10 or 11 a storm warning ("a tropical storm warning " being issued instead of the latter two if the winds relate to a tropical cyclone ), and force 12 a hurricane-force wind warning (or hurricane warning if related to
928-477: The port authorities and Royal Navy vessels, which were in the area carrying out a NATO exercise. The fact that some of the crew did not help the passengers evacuate the sinking ferry contributed to the death toll. The crew had placed the ship on autopilot and there were no crew members watching the ship. Even with autopilot on, standard practice calls for one crew member to watch the controls, for example to avoid collisions with other vessels. The crew had deployed
960-704: The safety doors. Molyneux described the open watertight doors as the most significant aspect of the sinking. This conclusion was supported by an in-depth study of the Ship Design Laboratory – National Technical University of Athens, a summary of which was presented at the 8th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, (Papanikolaou, A., Spanos, D., Boulougouris, E., Eliopoulou, E., Alissafaki, A., "Investigation Into The Sinking Of The RO-RO Passenger Ferry Express Samina"). At 22:15 EEST (19:15 UTC), three minutes after impact,
992-532: The scale. F1 tornadoes on the Fujita scale and T2 TORRO scale also begin roughly at the end of level 12 of the Beaufort scale, but are independent scales, although the TORRO scale wind values are based on the 3/2 power law relating wind velocity to Beaufort force. Wave heights in the scale are for conditions in the open ocean, not along the shore. The leftmost column gives the Beaufort scale number, followed by
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1024-491: The time of his death. There was no note, but media reports hinted at a possible call made before he jumped. Several crew members, as well as representatives for the owners, were subsequently charged with different criminal charges, including manslaughter and negligence . The trial commenced in late July 2005. First officer Tassos Psychoyios was sentenced to 19 years, while Captain Vassilis Giannakis received
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