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50-597: The Samoa Time Zone or Samoa Standard Time ( SST ) observes standard time by subtracting eleven hours from Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC−11:00 ). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 165th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory . The zone includes the U.S. territory of American Samoa , as well as the Midway Islands and the uninhabited islands of Jarvis , Palmyra , and Kingman Reef . It also includes

100-638: A branch off that alternate to Monroe. Also included was the Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad , leased July 1, 1856, and providing a branch from Toledo, past Monroe, to Detroit , Michigan. The Franklin Canal Company was chartered on May 21, 1844, and built a railroad from Erie , Pennsylvania, southwest to the Ohio border. The Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad was incorporated February 18, 1848, to build northeast from Cleveland, to join

150-664: A branch to Toledo, and a connection to planned railroads to the east. Due to lobbying by the Michigan Central Railroad , a competitor of the Michigan Southern, the latter's charter prevented it from going within two miles (3.2 km) of the Indiana state line east of Constantine , Michigan. However, the most practical route went closer than two miles, west of White Pigeon , Michigan. To allow for this, Judge Stanfield, of South Bend , Indiana, bought

200-476: A meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879. Cleveland Abbe advocated standard time to better coordinate international weather observations and resultant weather forecasts , which had been coordinated using local solar time . In 1879 he recommended four time zones across the contiguous United States , based upon Greenwich Mean Time . The General Time Convention (renamed

250-629: A standard time for the whole country. The director of the Geological Survey, James Hector , selected New Zealand time to be at the meridian 172°30′E. This was very close to the country's mean longitude and exactly 11 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours in advance of Greenwich Mean Time. It came into effect on 2 November 1868. For over fifty years, the Colonial Time Service Observatory in Wellington, determined

300-412: Is the synchronization of clocks within a geographical region to a single time standard, rather than a local mean time standard. Generally, standard time agrees with the local mean time at some meridian that passes through the region, often near the centre of the region. Historically, standard time was established during the 19th century to aid weather forecasting and train travel. Applied globally in

350-593: The American Railway Association in 1891), an organization of US railroads charged with coordinating schedules and operating standards, became increasingly concerned that if the US government adopted a standard time scheme it would be disadvantageous to its member railroads. William F. Allen, the Convention secretary, argued that North American railroads should adopt a five-zone standard, similar to

400-530: The Buffalo and Erie Railroad . The Junction Railroad was chartered March 2, 1846, to build from Cleveland, west to Toledo. The Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad was chartered March 7, 1850, to build from Toledo, east to Grafton , Ohio, on the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad . The latter company opened on January 24, 1853, finally forming a continuous Buffalo-Chicago line. On September 1,

450-601: The Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere , with one Prime Meridian replacing the various prime meridians that had previously been used. During the 19th century, scheduled steamships and trains required time standardisation in the industrialized world. A standardised time system was first used by British railways on 1 December 1847, when they switched from local mean time, which varied from place to place, to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). It

500-634: The Erie West Subdivision , from Erie, to east of Cleveland, and the Cleveland Terminal Subdivision , into downtown Cleveland. From the former Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad junction in Cleveland, west to Chicago, the line is now Norfolk Southern's Chicago Line . Amtrak 's New York City–Chicago Lake Shore Limited runs along the full route from Buffalo west. The Capitol Limited joins in Cleveland, at

550-758: The Lake Shore Railway on March 31, 1868, and on February 11, 1869, the Lake Shore absorbed the Cleveland and Toledo. On April 6, the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad and Lake Shore merged to form the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway , which absorbed the Buffalo and Erie Railroad on June 22, giving one company the whole route from Buffalo to Chicago. The main route passed through Dunkirk; Erie; Ashtabula , Ohio; Cleveland; Toledo; Waterloo , Indiana; and South Bend. An alternate route,

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600-644: The River Raisin . The Toledo War soon gave about one-third of the route to the state of Ohio. Horse-drawn trains began operating on November 2, 1836; the horses were replaced by a newly arrived steam locomotive , Adrian No. 1, in August 1837. The Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad was chartered in Indiana on February 6, 1835, to run from Buffalo , New York, to the Mississippi River . The name

650-983: The University of Pittsburgh 's Allegheny Observatory (then known as the Western University of Pennsylvania , located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ). Instituted in 1869, the Allegheny Observatory's service is believed to have been the first regular and systematic system of time distribution to railroads and cities as well as the origin of the modern standard time system. By 1870 the Allegheny Time service extended over 2,500 miles with 300 telegraph offices receiving time signals. However, almost all railroads out of New York ran on New York time, and railroads west from Chicago mostly used Chicago time, but between Chicago and Pittsburgh/Buffalo

700-547: The right-of-way from White Pigeon to the state line, and leased it to the railroad company for about 10 years, until the charter was modified to allow the company to own it. The Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad was chartered on November 30, 1850. Its initial tracks, from the Michigan Southern at the state line running west-southwest to Elkhart , Indiana, then west through Osceola , Indiana, and Mishawaka , Indiana, to South Bend, opened on October 4, 1851. The full line west to Chicago, opened on February 20, 1852, (running to

750-644: The "Amtrak Connection" from the former Pennsylvania Railroad, C&P line, just east of the present Cleveland Station (MP 181), on its way from Washington, D.C. , to Chicago. Passenger trains along the route originally terminated at LaSalle Street Station , but now run to Union Station , switching to the parallel former Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway , Pennsylvania Railroad, at a crossover in Whiting, Indiana , Indiana, ( 41°41′05″N 87°29′43″W  /  41.68480°N 87.49534°W  / 41.68480; -87.49534 ) to get there. A major branch of

800-526: The 1800s and early 1900s until employment reached about 1,500. A second shop site was established in 1874 in Collinwood on the northeast side of Cleveland, Ohio . In 1901, the railroad bought a new property in Collinwood for $ 2 million to build a much larger repair center that by the 1920s employed more than 2,000 people. In 1913, a freight car repair shop was established in Ashtabula, Ohio , to maintain

850-580: The 1883 west end of the railroad at Wallula Jct ; the Union Pacific Railway was at the other extreme, with only two time zones between Omaha and Ogden. In 1870, Charles F. Dowd proposed four time zones based on the meridian through Washington, DC for North American railroads. In 1872 he revised his proposal to base it on the Greenwich meridian . Sandford Fleming , a Scottish-born Canadian engineer, proposed worldwide Standard Time at

900-405: The 20th century, the geographical regions became time zones . The standard time in each time zone has come to be defined as an offset from Universal Time . A further offset is applied for part of the year in regions with daylight saving time . The adoption of standard time, because of the inseparable correspondence between longitude and time , solidified the concept of halving the globe into

950-566: The 90th meridian. Although most railroads adopted the new system as scheduled, some did so early on October 7 and others late on December 2. The Intercolonial Railway serving the Canadian maritime provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia just east of Maine decided not to adopt Intercolonial Time based on the 60th meridian west of Greenwich, instead adopting Eastern Time, so only four time zones were actually adopted by U.S./Canadian railroads in 1883. Major American observatories, including

1000-660: The Allegheny Observatory, the United States Naval Observatory , the Harvard College Observatory , and the Yale University Observatory , agreed to provide telegraphic time signals at noon Eastern Time. Standard time was not enacted into US law until the 1918 Standard Time Act established standard time in time zones; the law also instituted daylight saving time (DST). The daylight saving time portion of

1050-561: The Allegheny River crossing on the new extension. This line included perhaps the most impressive engineering structures on the LS&;MS, as well as the later NYC, with several large trestles, bridges, and tunnels, near Brookville, including a bridge-tunnel-bridge-tunnel-fill combination near Piney , Pennsylvania, and two magnificent trestles west of Brookville, near Corsica , Pennsylvania. The New York Central used trackage rights over

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1100-538: The Canal Company's railroad at the state line, and the full line from Erie to Cleveland, opened November 20, 1852. The Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula bought the Franklin Canal Company on June 20, 1854. The Buffalo and State Line Railroad was incorporated October 13, 1849, and opened January 1, 1852, from Dunkirk ,New York, west to Pennsylvania . The rest of the line from Dunkirk to Buffalo, opened on February 22. The Erie and North East Railroad

1150-498: The LS&MS extended from Northeastern Ohio, to the coal and oil fields of northwestern Pennsylvania, terminating near Brookville. Originally the line extended to the oil fields and refineries on the Allegheny River , at Franklin , and Oil City , Pennsylvania. The line was later extended from Polk Junction, west of Franklin, to Rose , Pennsylvania, just west of Brookville. Also added was a connector south from Franklin, to

1200-600: The Netherlands, introduction of the railways made it desirable to create a standard time. On 1 May 1909, Amsterdam Time or Dutch Time was introduced. Before that, time was measured in different cities; in the east of the country, this was a few minutes earlier than in the west. After that, all parts of the country had the same local time—that of the Wester Tower in Amsterdam (Westertoren/4°53'01.95" E). This time

1250-733: The New York Central main line from Buffalo, west to Chicago, along with the route across southern Ontario , the Canada Southern Railway and the Michigan Central Railroad. On December 22, 1914, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad merged with the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway to form the New York Central Railroad. While the original main line was to the south of Sandusky Bay , between Toledo and Elyria,

1300-717: The Northern Indiana Railroad. On April 25, 1855, that company in turn merged with the Michigan Southern Rail Road to form the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad . In 1858, [1] the new alignment ( Northern Indiana Air Line ) from Elkhart, east to Air Line Junction, in Toledo, was completed. The company now owned a main line from Chicago to Toledo, with an alternate route through southern Michigan, east of Elkhart, and

1350-715: The Pennsylvania Railroad and the B&;O Railroad to connect from Rose to NYC lines at Clearfield , Pennsylvania. There were several mines on this line near Brookville, as well as a connection to the Lake Erie, Franklin and Clarion (LEF&C) at Sutton , Pennsylvania, and connections to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and via the Pennsy, to the Pittsburgh & Shawmut, at Brookville. Once coal traffic dried up in

1400-689: The Sandusky Division, in Ohio, ran north of the main line between Elyria, and Millbury, Ohio, not all track was laid until 1872. From Toledo to Elkhart, the Old Road ran to the north, through southern Michigan, and the through route was called the Air Line Division or Northern Indiana Air Line. Along with various branches that had been acquired (see below ), the Monroe Branch ran east from Adrian, to Monroe, where it intersected

1450-467: The clock to be moved an hour and forty minutes forward. This time was kept in summer and winter throughout 1941 and 1942. It was only in November 1942 that a different Winter time was introduced, and the time was adjusted one hour backwards. This lasted for only three years; after the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945, Summer time was abolished for over thirty years, so during those years, standard time

1500-593: The correct time each morning. At 9 a.m. each day, it was transmitted by Morse code to post offices and railway stations around the country. In 1920, radio time signals began broadcasting, greatly increasing the accuracy of the time nationwide. LS%26MS On April 22, 1833, the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad was chartered in the Territory of Michigan , to run from the former Port Lawrence, Michigan, now Toledo , Ohio, near Lake Erie , northwest to Adrian , Michigan, on

1550-729: The country of Niue . The zone is one hour behind Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone and one hour ahead of the Howland and Baker islands , and 23 hours behind Wake Island Time Zone . The nation of Samoa also observed the same time as the Samoa Time Zone until it moved across the International Date Line at the end of 29 December 2011; Samoa was then 24 hours ahead of American Samoa, although the time difference varied seasonally until 2021 when Samoa discontinued daylight savings time . Standard time Standard time

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1600-473: The establishment of "New Zealand time". In 1868, the Telegraph Department adopted " Wellington time" as the standard time across all their offices so that opening and closing times could be synchronised. The Post Office, which usually shared the same building, followed suit. However, protests that time was being dictated by one government department, led to a resolution in parliament to establish

1650-405: The large roster of ore and coal cars operating at the nearby port. In 1952, as the railroad was converting its motive power from steam to diesel, the repair shops were consolidated at Collinwood. Around 1877, Cornelius Vanderbilt , and his New York Central and Hudson River Railroad , gained a majority of stock of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. The line provided an ideal extension of

1700-651: The law was repealed in 1919 over a presidential veto, but was re-established nationally during World War II. In 2007 the US enacted a federal law formalising the use of Coordinated Universal Time as the basis of standard time, and the role of the Secretary of Commerce (effectively, the National Institute of Standards and Technology ) and the Secretary of the Navy (effectively, the U.S. Naval Observatory ) in interpreting standard time. In 1999, standard time

1750-564: The leased Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad. At some point the original line to Toledo was abandoned west of the branch to Jackson , Michigan, the Palmyra and Jacksonburgh Railroad , with the new connection at Lenawee Junction, the crossing between that branch and the line to Monroe. The railroad established its first significant repair shop in 1851 along Mason Street in Elkhart, Indiana . These shops were occasionally expanded and upgraded in

1800-504: The norm was Columbus time, even on railroads such as the PFtW&;C and LS&MS , which did not run through Columbus. The Santa Fe Railroad used Jefferson City (Missouri) time all the way to its west end at Deming, New Mexico , as did the east–west lines across Texas; Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads used San Francisco time all the way to El Paso . The Northern Pacific Railroad had seven time zones between St. Paul and

1850-694: The northern alignment, the Sandusky Division, eventually became the main line. In 1968, the New York Central merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad to form the Penn Central Transportation Company , Penn Central, which two years later, filed for bankruptcy. In 1976, it became part of Conrail . In 1976, the Southern Division, from Elyria to Millbury,

1900-578: The one in use today, to avoid government action. On October 11, 1883, the heads of the major railroads met in Chicago at the Grand Pacific Hotel and agreed to adopt Allen's proposed system. The members agreed that on Sunday, November 18, 1883, all United States and Canadian railroads would readjust their clocks and watches to reflect the new five-zone system on a telegraph signal from the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh at exactly noon on

1950-547: The other side of Erie, and for the Buffalo and State Line to operate the Erie and Northeast. This would result in through passengers no longer having to change trains at Erie, and on December 7, 1853, the Erie Gauge War began between the railroads and the townspeople. On February 1, 1854, the relaying was finished and the first train passed through Erie. On May 15, 1867, the two companies between Buffalo and Erie merged to form

2000-513: The partially completed line was sold to the Michigan Southern Rail Road , which changed the planned western terminal to Chicago , using the charter of the Northern Indiana Railroad. The grading that had been done was not used, as the grade was too steep, and instead the original Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad charter was used west of La Porte. The Michigan Southern leased the Erie and Kalamazoo on August 1, 1849, giving it

2050-563: The predecessor of Englewood station , together with the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad ). A more direct line was soon planned from Elkhart, east to Toledo, and the Northern Indiana Railroad was chartered in Ohio, on March 3, 1851. On July 8, 1853, the Ohio and Indiana companies merged, and on February 7, 1855, the Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad and the Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad were merged into

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2100-522: The track was relaid in 1872, merging with the Southern Division, at Millbury , Ohio, east of Toledo. In 1866, the Southern Division, east of Oberlin , Ohio, was abandoned and a new line was built to Elyria , Ohio, on the Northern Division, ending the use of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad. In October 1867, the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad leased the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad. The CP&A changed its name to

2150-486: The two companies merged to form the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad , with the Junction Railroad becoming the Northern Division and the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland, the Southern Division. The Northern Division opened from Cleveland, west to Sandusky , Ohio, on October 24, 1853, and the rest of the way to Toledo, on April 24, 1855. The Northern Division was abandoned west of Sandusky, due to lack of business, but

2200-411: Was 40 minutes ahead of the original Amsterdam Time. As of 2017, the Netherlands is in line with Central European Time (GMT+1 in the winter, GMT+2 in the summer, which is significantly different from Amsterdam Time). In 1868, New Zealand was the first country in the world to establish a nationwide standard time. A telegraph cable between New Zealand's two main islands became the instigating factor for

2250-636: Was abandoned, with parts of the former right of way now in use as a recreational trail, the North Coast Inland Trail. Under Conrail, the Lake Shore main line was part of the New York City–Chicago, Chicago Line. In 1998, Conrail was split between CSX and Norfolk Southern . The Chicago Line east of Cleveland, went to CSX, and was split into several subdivisions: the Lake Shore Subdivision , from Buffalo, to Erie,

2300-432: Was also given the name railway time , reflecting the important role the railway companies played in bringing it about. The vast majority of Great Britain's public clocks were standardised to GMT by 1855. Until 1883, each United States railroad chose its own time standards. The Pennsylvania Railroad used the "Allegheny Time" system, an astronomical timekeeping service which had been developed by Samuel Pierpont Langley at

2350-688: Was changed on February 6, 1837, to the Northern Indiana Railroad , which would run from the eastern border of Indiana, west to Michigan City , Indiana, on Lake Michigan . Some grading between Michigan City, and La Porte , Indiana, was done in 1838, but money ran out. Around 1838, the state of Michigan started to build the Southern Railroad , running from Monroe , Michigan, on Lake Erie, west to New Buffalo , Michigan, on Lake Michigan. The first section, from Monroe, west to Petersburg , Michigan, opened in 1839. Extensions opened in 1840, to Adrian, and 1843, to Hillsdale , Michigan. On May 9, 1846,

2400-425: Was chartered April 12, 1842, to build the part from the state line west to Erie, and opened on January 19, 1852. On November 16, 1853, an agreement was made between the two railroads, which had been built at 6 ft ( 1,829 mm ) broad gauge , to relay the rails at 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge to match the Franklin Canal Company's railroad (see below) on

2450-628: Was indicated as GMT +0h 19m 32.13s until 17 March 1937, after which it was simplified to GMT+0h20m. This time zone was also known as the Loenen time or Gorinchem time , as this was the exact time in both Loenen and Gorinchem . At noon in Amsterdam, it was 11:40 in London and 12:40 in Berlin . The shift to the current Central European Time zone took place on 16 May 1940. The German occupiers ordered

2500-431: Was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame in the category "National: Technical Innovations." The Dominion of Newfoundland , whose capital St. John's falls almost exactly midway between the meridians anchoring the Atlantic Time Zone and the Greenland Time Zone , voted in 1935 to create a half-hour offset time zone known as the Newfoundland Time Zone , at three and a half hours behind Greenwich time. In

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