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50-625: Namkhai Norbu et al. (1986: p. 23) identify Nubchen Sangye Yeshe as the author of a treatise, Samten Migdrön (Tib. bsam gtan mig sgron ). Dalton (2003: unpaginated) in his introduction to the Anuyoga literature of the Nyingma states that: Nubchen Sanggyé Yeshé is renowned for having preserved a number of tantric lineages through the so-called “dark period” of Tibetan history (roughly 842-978 C.E.), when state-supported monastic Buddhism fell into decline. Nubchen authored many works, including

100-571: A Tibetan National Anthem , and the CTA control over local Tibetan-language media that promotes the idea of Chinese endeavours to "eradicate the Tibetan race". From the 1990s onwards, the CTA used Hollywood films in addition to local media to emphasise the Tibetan exile struggle, secure the loyalty of Tibetans both in exile and in Tibet, promote Tibetan nationalism, and foster the CTA's legitimacy to act in

150-490: A 1983 study by Lynn Pulman on Tibetan communities-in-exile in southern India argue that the CTA adopted a stance of preserving an "idea of return" and fostering the development of an intense feeling of Tibetan cultural and political nationalism among Tibetans" in order to remain a necessary part of the communities. They state that this was accomplished through the creation of the Tibetan Uprising Day holiday,

200-474: A leading authority on Tibetan culture , particularly in the fields of history , literature , traditional religions ( Tibetan Buddhism and Bon ), and Traditional Tibetan medicine , having written numerous books and scholarly articles on these subjects. When he was two years old, Norbu was recognized as the mindstream emanation , a tulku , of the Dzogchen teacher Adzom Drugpa (1842–1924). At five, he

250-603: A network of schools and other cultural activities for Tibetans in India . [REDACTED] In 1963, the 14th Dalai Lama promulgated the Constitution of Tibet, and he became permanent head of state of Tibet. In 1974, the 14th Dalai Lama rejected calls for Tibetan independence, and he became permanent head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile in 1991. In 2005,

300-770: A refugee in Gangtok , working as a writer and editor of Tibetan literature for the Chogyal government from 1958 to 1960. It was here that he met with the Italian Tibetologist Giuseppe Tucci . Also during his time in Sikkim, he met and received teachings from the XVI Gyalwa Karmapa . Already recognized as a knowledgeable figure in all aspects of Tibetan culture at the age of 22, Norbu was invited to Italy by Giuseppe Tucci to work at

350-547: A vision in a dream, Norbu returned to Derge. It was here that he met his root teacher , Rigdzin Changchub Dorje, in 1955 (when Norbu was sixteen). He stayed at Dorje's residence in Khamdogar for six months, and it was under this teacher that Norbu gained real experiential knowledge of Dzogchen. Changchub Dorje was a disciple of Adzom Drugpa, Nyagla Padma Dündul, and Shardza Trashi Gyaltsen Rinpoche (1859–1935), and

400-489: Is a project by Central Tibetan Administration, in which the CTA issues any supporter of Tibet who is of age 18 years or more a Blue Book. This initiative enables supporters of Tibet worldwide to make financial contributions to help the administration in supporting educational, cultural, developmental and humanitarian activities related to Tibetan children and refugees. The book is issued at various CTA offices worldwide. The Central Tibetan Administration currently operates under

450-637: Is based on the Dzogchen tantra called The Union of the Sun and Moon and uses physical postures, breathing, and visualization to harmonize one's energy and relax the mind. Starting in 1976, Norbu began to teach Dzogchen to a small group of Italian students. During this time, Dzogchen was barely known in the West, and Norbu worked to make it accessible to modern Western students. As interest in his teachings grew, Norbu dedicated himself to teaching Dzogchen throughout

500-467: Is it so? Because all the so-called elemental particles have never grown new feathers or changed their colour from the beginning. It is the Buddha-nature, the "sphere of the great circle" [thig le chen po'i klong] of the "self-awareness". Who then has seen this as an object? Who has demonstrated the logic for seeing it? To what doctrine does one entrust it? With what cognition does one cognise it? All

550-526: Is made of seven departments and several special offices. Until 2003, it operated 24 businesses, including publishing, hotels, and handicrafts distribution companies. On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama re-established the Kashag . In 1963, he promulgated Constitution of Tibet, and he became permanent head of state of Tibet. In 1974, he rejected calls for Tibetan independence, and he became permanent head of

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600-544: Is the Tibetan government in exile , based in Dharamshala , India . It is composed of a judiciary branch , a legislative branch , and an executive branch , and offers support and services to the Tibetan exile community. The 14th Dalai Lama formally rescinded the 1951 17 Point Agreement with China in early March 1959, as he was escaping Tibet for India. On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama in exile re-established

650-531: The Green Book , which serves as a receipt book for the person's "voluntary contributions" to the CTA and the evidence of their claims for "Tibetan citizenship". For this purpose, CTA defines a Tibetan as "any person born in Tibet, or any person with one parent who was born in Tibet." As Tibetan refugees often lack documents attesting to their place of birth, the eligibility is usually established by an interview. The Blue Book or Tibetan Solidarity Partnership

700-960: The 14th Dalai Lama decided no longer to assume administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated in May 2011 to repeal all articles relating to his political duties. The Tibetan diaspora and refugees support the Central Tibetan Administration by voting for members of its parliament, the Sikyong , and by making annual financial contributions through the use of the Green Book . The Central Tibetan Administration also receives international support from other organizations and individuals. The Central Tibetan Administration authors reports, press releases, and administers

750-702: The Central Intelligence Agency . In 2002, the Tibetan Policy Act of 2002 was passed in the U.S. In 2016, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) awarded a grant of US$ 23 million to CTA. In 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump proposed to stop aid to the CTA in 2018. Trump's proposal was criticised heavily by members of the Democratic Party like Nancy Pelosi , and co-chair of

800-729: The Kashag , which was abolished a month earlier by the Government of the People's Republic of China on 28 March 1959. He later became permanent head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile. On 11 February 1991, Tibet became a founding member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) at a ceremony held at the Peace Palace in The Hague , Netherlands . After

850-1017: The Lamp for the Eye in Contemplation ( bsam gtan mig sgron ), an extensive discussion of early Tibetan contemplative systems. Samten Gyaltsen Karmay wrote on the Samten Migron. In the Samten Migdron, the 'Total Sphere' (thig le chen po) is described as having six aspects: Karmay (2007: pp. 107–108) renders an extract of the Samten Migdron in English as follows (Tibetan set in Wylie has been included in References for probity, culled from page 108 ): "Now, as for expounding

900-565: The Nyingma school. Adzom Drugpa was a disciple both of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820–92) and Patrul Rinpoche (1808–81). Furthermore, when he was five years old, the sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa and the Situ Rinpoche together recognized Norbu as the mind emanation of the mindstream of another well-known teacher, who was in turn the emanation of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel , the 17th-century Tibetan-born founder and spiritual leader of Bhutan . Because of this, Namkhai Norbu also bears

950-532: The Shang Shung kingdom , and the Bön tradition. His research included works on history, Tibetan medicine , astrology, Bön, and Tibetan folk traditions. Norbu married Rosa Tolli in 1968. They had a son, Yeshi Silvano Namkhai (born in 1970), and a daughter, Yuchen Namkhai (born in 1971). In 1971, Norbu began to teach an ancient Tibetan form of physical yoga he called Yantra Yoga (Tibetan: Trul Khor ). This system

1000-555: The "Charter of the Tibetans In-Exile", adopted in 1991, amended in 2011. Executive authority is vested in the Sikyong , an office formerly held by Lobsang Sangay , who was elected in 2011. The Sikyong is supported by a cabinet of Kalons responsible for specific portfolios. Legislative authority is vested in the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration . The Central Tibetan Administration's Department of Finance

1050-482: The 14th Dalai Lama emphasized that Tibet is a part of China, and Tibetan culture and Buddhism are part of Chinese culture. In March 2011, at 71 years of age, he decided not to assume any political and administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated immediately in May 2011, and all articles related to regents were also repealed. In 2017, the 14th Dalai Lama restated that Tibet does not seek independence from China but seeks development. The funding of

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1100-649: The Central Tibetan Administration comes mostly from private donations collected with the help of organisations like the Tibet Fund , revenue from the Green Book (the "Tibetan in exile passport") and aid from governments like India and the US. The annual revenue of the Central Tibetan Administration is officially 22 million (measured in US dollars), with the biggest shares going to political activity ($ 7 million), and administration ($ 4.5 million). However, according to Michael Backman , these sums are "remarkably low" for what

1150-563: The Dalai Lama and his administration as "Tibet's true representatives". In October 1998 the Dalai Lama's administration issued a statement acknowledging the Dalai Lama Group received US$ 1.7 million a year during the 1960s from the U.S. government through the Central Intelligence Agency , used to train volunteers, run guerrilla operations against the Chinese, and used to open offices and for international lobbying. A guerrilla force

1200-554: The Dalai Lama's eldest brother, who served as Chairman of the Cabinet and as Kalon of Security, and Jetsun Pema , the Dalai Lama's younger sister, who served variously as Kalon of Health and of Education. Lobsang Nyandak Zayul who served as a representative of the 14th Dalai Lama in the Americas and a multiple cabinet member. He currently serves as president of The Tibet Fund . The Central Tibetan Administration, together with

1250-686: The Dance of the Vajra and Khaita Joyful Dances (a program based on the study, singing, and dancing of traditional and modern Tibetan songs) have been recognized at UNESCO 's International Dance Council (CID). The numerous cultural artifacts collected by Norbu, such as valuable Himalayan and Central Asian works of art, sacred objects, documents, and handicrafts, are now in the collection of the Museum of Asian Art and Culture in Arcidosso (2016). In 2000, Norbu

1300-641: The Indian government, has constructed more than 45 "settlements" in India for Tibetan refugees as of 2020. The establishment of the Tibetan Re-settlement and Rehabilitation (TRR) settlements began in 1966, with the TRR settlements in South India , Darjeeling , and Sikkim becoming officially "protected areas" and requiring special entry permits for entry. A 1978 study by Melvyn Goldstein and

1350-713: The Institute for the Middle and Far East ( IsMEO  [ it ] ) in Rome for two years. He collaborated with Tucci and Geshe Jempel Senghe on a catalogue and library of Tibetan texts. In 1962, he took up a post in Naples at the Istituto Universitario Orientale , where he taught the Tibetan language and literature until 1992. Namkhai Norbu focused his research on the ancient history of Tibet,

1400-415: The Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile in 1991. On 10 March 2011, at 71 years of age, he decided not to assume any political and administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated immediately in May 2011, and all articles related to regents were also repealed, and position Sikyong was created. Notable past members of the Cabinet include Gyalo Thondup ,

1450-420: The Tibetan exile community in India, who number around 100,000. It runs schools, health services, cultural activities and economic development projects for the Tibetan community. As of 2003, more than 1,000 refugees still arrive each year from China, usually via Nepal . Tibetans living outside Tibet can apply at a Central Tibetan Administration office in their country of residence for a personal document called

1500-648: The bipartisan Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission , Jim McGovern . In February 2020, at the annual National Prayer Breakfast , Pelosi prayed as Trump attended; "Let us pray for the Panchen Lama and all the Tibetan Buddhists in prison in China or missing for following their faith". The Central Tibetan Administration is headquartered in McLeod Ganj , Dharamshala , India. It represents the people of

1550-470: The doctrine of Atiyoga, the excellent vehicle, the best and topmost yoga, the mother of all conquerors, its name is the Great Perfection. Why? Because it gives detailed teaching with a view to imparting direct understanding of the principle of this non-sought spontaneity with regard to all existential elements. The sense of the spontaneous essence, which is the innermost treasury of all vehicles and

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1600-401: The elements are non-conceivable, because separately they have no substance." Namkhai Norbu Samding Dorje Phagmo Namkhai Norbu ( Tibetan : ནམ་མཁའི་ནོར་བུ་ , Wylie : nam mkha’i nor bu ; 8 December 1938 – 27 September 2018) was a Tibetan Buddhist master of Dzogchen and a professor of Tibetan and Mongolian language and literature at Naples Eastern University . He was

1650-594: The entire Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai province , as well as two Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures and one Tibetan Autonomous County in Sichuan Province, one Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and one Tibetan Autonomous County in Gansu Province and one Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province – all of which is termed "Historic Tibet" by the CTA. The CTA attends to the welfare of

1700-683: The establishment of the Ka-Ter translation project, which tasked experienced translators such as Adriano Clemente, Elio Guarisco , and Jim Valby with the translation from Tibetan of key texts, as well as the works of Norbu himself. In 1983, Norbu organized the First International Congress on Tibetan Medicine, which was held at Ca' Foscari University in Venice and the Cini Foundation , Arcidosso . Norbu also convened

1750-563: The female yogi Ayu Khandro Dorje Paldrön (1838–1953). Norbu was invited to China in 1953 as a representative of the Tibetan monasteries. After visiting Chengdu and Chungching , he accepted an invitation to teach Classical Tibetan in Menyag and also had the opportunity to learn Chinese there. During this time, he met Kangkar Rinpoche , from whom he received instruction on the Six Yogas of Naropa , and other teachings. After having had

1800-521: The first International Convention on Tibetan Medicine, held in Venice, Italy. In 1976, Norbu began to give Dzogchen instruction in the West, first in Italy, then in numerous other countries. He became a respected spiritual authority among many practitioners, and created centers for the study of Dzogchen worldwide. Norbu taught Dzogchen for more than fifty years and was considered by the Tibetan government in exile as "the foremost living Dzogchen" teacher at

1850-530: The first three International Conferences on Tibetan Language, held at various major universities. Apart from his spiritual activity, he founded the International Shang-Shung Institute for Tibetan Studies in 1990 to preserve the cultural traditions of Tibet (including Tibetan medicine and language). The institute has a large collection of Tibetan books and manuscripts, and it also publishes the works of Namkhai Norbu. The institute

1900-401: The great "universal grandfather" [spyi myes], is to be experienced directly by "self-awareness" [rang rig pas], but not as a thing to be kept in mind. It is to be made clear to the "self-awareness". How one is to know of it? In this vehicle of the high yoga, there is nothing that can be measured by the discriminative self-intellect as expounded in the tantras, authoritative works and precepts. Why

1950-415: The honorary title ' Chögyal ' ( Tibetan : ཆོས་རྒྱལ་ , Wylie : chos rgyal ), meaning 'Dharma King'. Such recognitions conferred a great deal of attention and prestige upon him from a very young age, leading him in later life to remark: "As I grew up, I was thus given quite a few names and titles, many of which are very long and grand-sounding. But I have never used them, because I have always preferred

2000-789: The name my parents gave me at birth". In his early years, Norbu studied at the Derge Gonchen monastery. At the age of nine, he entered a Sakya college, where he studied Buddhist philosophy for many years with Khyenrab Chökyi Odzer . He also received numerous tantric and Dzogchen transmissions and teachings from many masters, including his paternal uncle Togden Ugyen Tendzin , his maternal uncle Khyentse Rinpoche Chökyi Wangchug , as well as Drubwang Rinpoche Kunga Palden , Negyab Rinpoche , Drugse Gyurmed Dorje , Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö , Dudjom Rinpoche Yeshe Dorje , and Bo Gongkar Rinpoche . He also received teachings at Dzogchen Monastery . In 1951, he received various teachings from

2050-426: The name of the entire Tibetan nation. The Central Tibetan Authority is not recognised as a sovereign government by any country, but it receives financial aid from governments and international organisations for its welfare work among the Tibetan exile community in India. In 1991, United States President George H. W. Bush signed a Congressional Act that explicitly called Tibet "an occupied country", and identified

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2100-401: The organisation claims to do, and it probably receives millions more in donations. The CTA does not acknowledge such donations or their sources. According to a Chinese source, between 1964 and 1968, the U.S. provided 1.735 million dollars to the Dalai Lama's group each year. In October 1998, The Dalai Lama's administration stated that it had received US$ 1.7 million a year during the 1960s from

2150-400: The sky". Norbu means "jewel", "crystal", "gem", " cintamani ". Therefore, Namkhai Norbu may be rendered in English as "jewel of the sky". At birth, two of Norbu's uncles, the Dzogchen masters Palyul Karma Yangsid and Shechen Rabjam , believed him to be the reincarnation of their master, Adzom Drugpa Rinpoche (1841–1934). When Norbu was two years old, this was confirmed by a senior tulku of

2200-529: The time of his death, in 2018. Norbu founded the Dzogchen Community, which today has centers around the world, including in the US, Mexico, Australia, Russia, and China. Namkhai Norbu was born on 8 December 1938 in the village of Ge'u in Derge County . His name, Namkhai , means "sky", "space", and "aether", and has the possessive case ending, thus it may be rendered into English as "...of

2250-1463: The world through his growing "Dzogchen Community" (Wylie: rdzogs chen 'dus sde ). The first "gar" (gathering, settlement) of the DC was established in 1981, near Arcidosso , in Tuscany. It was called Merigar ("Community of the Mountain-of-Fire"). The Dzogchen Community would eventually grow to include thousands of members in over forty countries, including in Europe, Australia, Asia, North America, and South America. The main DC Gars were: Merigar West in Italy and Merigar East in Romania; Tsegyalgar East in Massachusetts, USA and Tsegyalgar West in Baja California, Mexico; Tashigar North in Venezuela and Tashigar South in Argentina; Namgyalgar in New South Wales, Australia, and Kunsangar in Ukraine and Russia. Norbu continued to travel around

2300-522: The world, giving Dzogchen teachings. He held over 600 Dzogchen retreats throughout his life. Since 2005, some of these teachings were also transmitted worldwide via the internet. Norbu also developed a system of study and contemplative training for his students, which he called Santi Maha Sangha. In the 1980s, Norbu also began to reveal a new series of Dzogchen teachings (i.e., a terma cycle) called Longsal . These terma revelations have been translated and published in ten volumes. In 2002, Norbu oversaw

2350-425: Was also recognized as a mindstream emanation of an emanation of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel (1594–1651). At the age of sixteen, he met master Rigdzin Changchub Dorje (1863–1963), who became his main Dzogchen teacher. In 1960, he went to Italy at the invitation of Giuseppe Tucci and served as Professor of Tibetan and Mongolian Language and Literature from 1964 to 1992 at Naples Eastern University. In 1983, he hosted

2400-505: Was inaugurated by the XIV Dalai Lama in 1990. In 2005, the Shang Shung Medical Institute began to offer a four-year course in traditional Tibetan medicine. Norbu also founded the NGO A.S.I.A (Association for International Solidarity in Asia), which works in Tibet, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Mongolia, and Sri Lanka. A.S.I.A. has worked on more than 200 projects, including building twenty schools, where 3,000 Tibetan children learn Tibetan language and culture. Chögyal Namkhai Norbu's teachings on

2450-849: Was invited to the UN's Millennium World Peace Conference of Religious and Spiritual Leaders in New York. On 10 September 2018, the Italian government conferred upon him its highest award, Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ; this was presented by President Sergio Mattarella . Chögyal Namkhai Norbu wrote more than eighty works, which have been translated into numerous languages. His oeuvre includes books on Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan history, poetry, biographies, and works on Tibetan culture and Tibetan medicine. Central Tibetan Administration The Central Tibetan Administration ( Tibetan : བོད་མིའི་སྒྲིག་འཛུགས་ , Wylie : Bod mi'i sgrig 'dzugs , THL : Bömi Drikdzuk , Tibetan pronunciation: [ˈpʰỳmìː ˈʈìʔt͡sùʔ] , lit.   ' Tibetan People's Exile Organization ' )

2500-455: Was the leader of a small community of lay practitioners, as well as a doctor of Tibetan medicine. From Changchub Dorje, Norbu received authentic transmissions of all three series of Dzogchen (Semde, Longde, and Menngagde). In the late 1950s, Norbu made a pilgrimage that took him to central Tibet, India, Bhutan, and Nepal. Because of the turmoil and aftermath of the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion , he could not return to Derge from Sikkim, so he stayed as

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