Misplaced Pages

#687312

38-708: By the early 13th century, members of the house of Jaqeli were one among many powerful marcher lords , and certainly not the most significant. The title atabeg , by which the Jaqelis would later be known, was as yet reserved for the Mkhargrdzelis , the Armenian family that controlled Ani . The rise of the Jaqeli line was intimately bound up with the Mongol invasion of Georgia . In this initial phase of conquest, most of

76-497: A series of campaigns against Georgia. The official history of Timur's reign, Zafarnama , represents this campaign as a jihad . Samtskhe was in the frontline of these attacks. Timur set out from Kars and assailed Akhaltsikhe . From there, he marched against Tbilisi which the Georgian king Bagrat V had fortified. The city fell on November 21, 1386, and King Bagrat V was captured and converted to Islam at sword point. Bagrat

114-590: A culturally developed part of Georgia as well as maintaining territorial integrity, sometimes even expanding along its borders. Despite being independent, Samtskhe still maintained some kind of relations with Georgia and Beka himself was given a title of Mandaturukhutsesi ( Mandator ) by Georgian king. At the time of Beka's rule, the Turks became more active the Southwest borders, from the Sultanate of Rum . After

152-553: A good cause for keeping on reasonable terms with the rulers of Samtskhe. After the devastating invasions by Timur and subsequent enfeeblement of the Kingdom of Georgia, it soon faced a new threat. Timurid hegemony was not to last, for on Timur's death in 1405, the Kara Koyunlu re-established their empire. They took advantage of the temporary weakness of Georgians and launched attacks against them, apparently in which, George VII

190-611: A great battle between Timur and the Georgians took place. In late 1401, Timur invaded Georgia once again. George VII had to sue for peace, and sent his brother with the contributions. Timur was preparing for a major confrontation with the Ottoman dynasty and apparently wished to freeze the currently prevailing situation in Georgia. Thus, he made peace with George on condition that the king of Georgia supplied him with troops and granted

228-454: A huge army of Mongols led by Arghun Noyan attacked the southern Georgian province of Samtskhe, defeated the king and his spasalar (general) Sargis Jaqeli, but could not capture the rebels’ main strongholds and left the country in June 1261. Nevertheless, the forces were unequal and David Ulu had to take refuge at his cousin, David VI Narin ’s court at Kutaisi . In 1262, he had to make peace with

266-468: A major invasion: Bagrat and Rostom were victorious at Karagak in 1543, but decisively defeated, in 1545, at Sokhoista . Samtskhe became vassal of the Ottoman Empire . Qvarqvare III's descendants ruled Samtskhe-Saatabago (until 1628) and then Childir Eyalet until 1820s. House of Jaqeli The House of Jaqeli ( Georgian : ჯაყელი ) was a Georgian princely ( mtavari ) family and

304-449: A monk, received a monastic name Jacob. After Mzetchabuk Atabeg's title would be given to his nephew Qvarqvare , the son of Kaikhosro I , but Mzetchabuk's younger brother Manuchar rebelled against him. During his brief reign Manuchar sent many gifts to the Ottoman sultan Selim I and claimed himself as an admirer of Ottomans. In 1518 the new revolt started. Prince Qvarqvare with the help of Safavid troops attacked Samtskhe. Manuchar

342-782: A ruling dynasty of the Principality of Samtskhe , an offshoot of the House of Chorchaneli. "Jaqeli", literally meaning "of/from Jaqi", was originally a territorial epithet. The family received this name from the castle of Jaqi on the Jaqis-tsqali, one of the left affluents of the Mtkvari (Kura) (now in Turkey ). The Jaqeli traced their origin to the late 9th-century nobleman Beshken, of the Chorchaneli, whose descendants possessed

380-543: A series of invasions, he managed to fend off the attacks . Beka was a supporter of maintaining Georgian political influence over the Empire of Trebizond . For this cause, he married off his daughter Jiajak to the Trapezuntine Emperor Alexios II , who granted him Lazia . Another daughter of Beka, - Natela, became the consort of Demetrius II of Georgia and bore him a son and the successor to

418-476: The Bagratid kings of Georgia. Eventually, under the queen Tamar of Georgia (1184-1213), the family, in the person of Botso, fell in dishonor, and the title of Jaqeli as well as most of their possessions passed to their relatives of the House of Tsikhisjvari (Tsikhisjvreli), also a Chorchaneli offshoot. The dispossessed family of Botso Jaqeli came to be known as Botsosdze, last heard of with Memna, who died during

SECTION 10

#1732772285688

456-515: The Battle of Murjakheti near Akhalkalaki . Georgians had annexed Principality of Samtskhe. Qvarqvare died in prison, while Rostom was awarded his share of Samtskhe: Adjara and Lazeti , long sought after by the Gurieli dynasty . A few years later, Qvarqvare's survived youngest son Kaikhosro II requested Ottomans to expel Imeretian and Kartlian forces from Samtskhe. The Ottomans retaliated with

494-533: The Golden Horde was defeated, Timur returned to attack Georgia again. In 1394, he dispatched four generals to the province of Samtskhe, with orders to apply the Islamic law of ghaza (i.e. the systematic raiding of non-Muslim lands). Timur launched a further attack on possessions of Ivane II Jaqeli in 1399. The attack on Samtskhe was followed by an expedition into Tao that reached as far as Panaskert, where

532-547: The Ottoman Empire started to encroach on the territories. In 1479 he ravaged the land around Erzurum , reducing the city to tributary status. Unlike his father Kaikhosro I held peace with the other Georgian kingdoms ( Kartli , Kakheti and Imereti ). Kaikhosro with King Alexander I of Kakheti and Constantine of Kartli agreed to assist first Safavid shah Ismail to destroy Aq Koyunlu rule in Persia . When Qvarqvare II's son Kaikhosro I died two years after he ascended

570-538: The Georgian and Armenian nobles, who held military posts along the frontier regions submitted without any serious opposition or confined their resistance to their castles while others preferred to flee to safer areas. Queen Rusudan had to evacuate Tbilisi for Kutaisi , leaving eastern Georgia in the hands of atabeg Avag Mkhargrdzeli and Egarslan Bakurtsikheli, who made peace with the Mongols and agreed to pay them tribute. The only Georgian great noble to have resisted

608-587: The Georgian territory. When Azat-Mousa reached Tao and Basiani , he devastated them and took captives, later he moved to impassable Murghuli and Nigali valley , where his army was beaten off by the sons of noble Kherkhemeli. In about 1302, duke of Tao, Taqa Panaskerteli defeated the Turkomans at Tortomi Castle, but was unable to drive them from his lands. The Turks grew yet more furious, and devastated Tao. News of these events reached prince Beka I of Samtskhe , who summoned all his subjects and set out against

646-543: The Georgians took advantage of the Mongol invasion of Anatolia (1243) to seize the castles of Babrawan , Washlawan, and Bayburt . By the mid-13th century, the Jaqelis realm thus incorporated most of the mountainous areas of north eastern Anatolia south of the Black Sea coast up to the edge of the plain of Erzurum . The Jaqelis' lands became a stronghold of opposition to Mongol rule. Sargis I Jaqeli and David VII of Georgia "Ulu" rebelled against their Mongol overlords,

684-569: The Horde, even saving Hulagu's life, for which Hulagu offered him rich rewards, including the city of Erzurum . David Ulu subsequently persuaded Hulegu to revoke that award on the basis that it would make Sargis too powerful. As a result of a dispute with the royal court, the province of Samtskhe seceded and submitted directly to the Ilkhan rule in 1266. Thus, Georgia further disintegrated to form three separate political entities. Samtskhe managed to remain

722-646: The Mongols and returned to Tbilisi , effectively splitting the country into two parts with both rulers titled as kings of Georgia. By the Ilkhan request, David Ulu's army was dispatched to defend the fortifications of Siba against the Golden Horde in 1263. In 1265, the Georgian forces serving as a vanguard of the Ilkhanid army, defeated Berke , Khan of the Golden Horde, and expelled his troops from Shirvan . Sargis Jaqeli distinguished himself in battle against

760-539: The Muslims special privileges. Timur nonetheless undertook some preventive measures and attacked the Georgian garrison of Tortumi , demolishing the citadel and looting the surrounding area. Once the Ottomans were defeated , Timur, back to Erzurum in 1402, decided to punish the king of Georgia for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory. Ivane Jaqeli, however, arrived with gifts, which offered Timur

798-549: The Turks. Next year, the Turks started to return. Beka called all his subjects and gathered about 12,000 men, and set out against the Turks. The Turks entered the Parkhali Mountains, where they set up a camp, and sent 10,000 horsemen to plunder in Vashlovani. A fierce battle took place, and the Turks fled, and a great number of them were destroyed. Beka quickly advanced towards Speri and Bayburd . They captured

SECTION 20

#1732772285688

836-637: The country and especially its southwestern region. Meskhetian lords had recognized that under Qvarqvare's rule Samtskhe would finally turn to the Enemy's hands. They made an alliance with the Georgian kings, Bagrat III of Imereti and Luarsab I of Kartli ( c. 1510–1565) to end up Jaqelian rule and protect Samtskhe from dominant Muslim empires ( Ottomans and Safavids ). In 1535 King Bagrat III with help of prince Rostom Gurieli and Odishian allies invaded Samtskhe . He defeated and captured Qvarqvare III at

874-537: The defense of Tbilisi against the Khwarezmid ruler Jalal ad-Din Manguberdi in 1226; and with his brother Botso. With Ivane-Qvarqvare of Tsikhisjvari (fl. c. 1195-1247), enfeoffed by Queen Tamar of Botso's titles and possessions, the new line of the Jaqeli dynasty emerged. It attained, in the person of Sargis I (r. c. 1260-1285), to the hereditary principate of Samtskhe, and became de facto independent of

912-742: The family throughout the unceasing wars between the Ottomans, the Iranian dynasties and the Georgian rulers down to the eventual Russian conquest in 1829 (see Battle of Akhalzic ). A cadet branch, from the Kvabliani valley, accepted the Russian rule and assumed the surname of Atabekov-Kvabliansky. Presently, there are 1526 people in Georgia of Jaqeli family. [REDACTED] Media related to Jaqeli at Wikimedia Commons Azat Mousa%27s invasion of Georgia Azat Mousa's invasion of Georgia took place from c.   1302 to 1303. The invasion

950-650: The fighting was inconclusive and Jahan Shah returned to Tabriz . With the decline of the Kara Koyunlu after Jahan Shah's defeat at the hands of Uzun Hasan in 1467, the Aq Qoyunlu became the major power in eastern Anatolia. The political split of the Kingdom of Georgia was speeded up by the Qvarqvare II Jaqeli , like his father he fought against Royal house of Georgia for the independence of Samstkhe. In 1462 Qvarqvare II Jaqeli called against

988-467: The king of Georgia Uzun Hasan , the leader of the Aq Qoyunlu . In 1465 he defeated Georgian King George VIII at the battle near Paravani lake and separated from Georgia. He also participated in the Georgian civil war , after which United Georgian monarchy fell. Qvarqvare's independent reign was marked by warfare with the powerful Muslim states that surrounded the principality. The Aq Qoyunlu launched major attacks in 1466, 1476–1477 and 1485 and from 1479

1026-452: The kings of Georgia under the protectorate of Mongol Ilkhanate in 1268. The residence of Jaqeli was established in Sapara . In 1334, King George V of Georgia brought Samtskhe within the Georgian realm again, and bestowed his maternal uncle Sargis II Jaqeli (r. 1306-1334) with the dignity of atabag , which would become hereditary in the Jaqeli line down to the 17th century. Henceforth,

1064-520: The most active contending factions, "not without responsibility for the failure to maintain the political unity of the nation", as the British scholar William Edward David Allen puts it. Beginning from 1578, Samtskhe became a target of Ottoman expansion, and the Jaqeli atabags, after a futile resistance, conveniently apostatized to Islam, and were made hereditary pashas of Akhaltsikhe, a position which they retained, with some brief intermissions, within

1102-400: The principality was known as Samtskhe-Saatabago , the latter part of this portmanteau meaning "of the atabags". By the mid-15th century, the Jaqeli family had finally succeeded in reducing the rival noble families into vassalage or in driving them out of Samtskhe. By 1490/1491, when the Georgian kingdom finally dissolved into a number of weak and rivaling polities, the Jaqelis were among

1140-534: The throne, and was succeeded by his equally pious brother Mzetchabuk , like his father and grandfather , Mzetchabuk demanded the separation of the Meskhetian church from the Georgian Orthodox church . Atabeg Mzetchabuk Strived to strengthen Samtskhe. He nominally obeyed Ottoman sultan Selim I and with his help Adjara came fully under Meskhetian rule. In 1515 old Mzetchabuk abdicated and became

1178-502: The throne. After the execution of Demetrius, future king George V was raised by his grandfather at his court. In 1334 George V of Georgia reasserted royal authority over the virtually independent principality of Samtskhe, ruled by his cousin Qvarqvare I Jaqeli . George granted the Jaqelis their title of atabeg , not only appropriate for their role in raising him but also a title of great prestige. Between 1386 and 1403 Timur launched

Samtskhe-Saatabago - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-546: The valleys of Jaqi, Postkhovi (modern Posof , Turkey), and Uraveli (near Akhaltsikhe , Georgia). The title "Jaqeli" first appears in the names of Beshken (I), lord ( eristavi ) of Tukharisi, and Murvan, lord of Q'ueli and Beshken's possible son. Beshken (II), Murvan's possible son, died fighting the Seljuk Turks in Javakheti in 1118. From the 1050s to the 1190s, the Jaqeli took part in several feudal uprisings against

1254-595: Was Ivane I Jaqeli , prince of Samtskhe . His extensive possessions were fearfully devastated, and Ivane had to finally, with the consent of Queen Rusudan, submit to the invaders in 1238. Taking advantage of Georgia's weakness, Turkmen incursions started to south-western Georgia. The population of Tao , Klarjeti and Kola called on Qvarqvare , lord of Samtskhe, to assist them against the Turkmens. Qvarqvare subsequently sent his grandson Sargis to seize Oltisi . Although an Arabic chronicler Baybars al-Mansuri states that

1292-574: Was Azat Musa, probably associated with the Chepni tribe in the depths of Pontus . In 1298-1299, Rashid al-Din Hamadani reported that nomadic Turkoman flooded the “mountains of Trebizond ” (probably referring to the Pontic Alps) and the regions of Erzincan and Bayburt. Around 1301 or 1302, Alexios II of Trebizond defeated a Turkoman invasion. The Turks continued their seasonal movement into

1330-519: Was given some 12,000 troops to reestablish himself in Georgia whose government was run by Bagrat's son and co-ruler George VII during his father's absence at Timur's court. The old king, however, entered in secret negotiations with George who ambushed Bagrat's Islamic escort, and freed his father. In the spring of 1387, Timur returned in Georgia to take revenge, however, Khan Tokhtamysh ’s reappearance in Iran forced Timur to temporarily withdraw. As soon as

1368-473: Was initiated by group of Turkoman tribes led by Azat Mousa, it is likely that they were connected with the Chepni clan, the main nomadic tribe in the hinterland of Pontus . By 1298, the Turkomans had become a serious threat to the Empire of Trebizond , advancing east as far as the Georgian border and laying waste to territories including Speri and Bayburt . One of the leaders of these Turkoman hordes

1406-455: Was killed. In response Constantine I engaged Turkomans at the Battle of Chalagan , in which he was defeated and executed. Alexander I who sought to strengthen and restore his declining Kingdom, faced constant invasions by the tribal Turkomans. They sacked Akhaltsikhe several times, the first under Qara Yusuf in 1414, the second under Jahan Shah in 1444, whose forces met those of Alexander's successor, King Vakhtang IV at Akhaltsikhe, but

1444-459: Was overthrown and Qvarqvare became the new ruler of Meskheti. After this Manuchar asked his suzerain Sultan Selim for help. Sultan gave him the huge army. He had tried to restore himself as Atabeg, but was defeated by Qvarqvare's forces at the battle near Erzurum . During Qvarqvare III 's reign Persian influence on Samtskhe was growing day by day. Because of that Ottomans greatly damaged

#687312