59-769: The Samuel-De Champlain Bridge , colloquially known as the Champlain Bridge , is a cable-stayed bridge design by architect Poul Ove Jensen and built to replace the original Champlain Bridge over the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec , between Nuns' Island in the borough of Verdun in Montreal and the suburban city of Brossard on the South Shore . A second, connected bridge links Nuns' Island to
118-460: A 2-span or 3-span cable-stayed bridge, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutments by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties in both the design of the deck and the pylons. Examples of multiple-span structures in which this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge , where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise
177-418: A 240-metre (790 ft) main span, a 168-metre-high (551 ft) concrete tower, and stay cables in a harp arrangement. The asymmetrical back span is 124 metres (407 ft). The 2,044-metre (6,706 ft) west approach structure has 26 spans that are typically 80.4 metres (264 ft).The east approach is 780 metres (2,560 ft) long and includes a 109-metre (358 ft) span over Route 132. The bridge
236-491: A French-language debate organized by the consortium of broadcasters as one of their five debates. The New Democratic Party confirmed that Tom Mulcair would accept every debate where the prime minister was present. The NDP had previously confirmed its intention to participate in both of the consortium debates before Stephen Harper withdrew but ultimately only participated in the French language consortium debate which included
295-618: A multi-use lane for cyclists and pedestrians. The central portion of the bridge deck carries the South Shore branch of the Réseau express métropolitain (REM) automated light metro system. At 60 metres (200 ft) wide, the new Bridge is the widest cable-stayed bridge in the world that uses two planes of cables. It is one of the largest infrastructure projects ever built in North America and with an estimated 59 million vehicles
354-753: A party vote on his leadership in the spring of 2016. The 2011 federal election resulted in the continuation of the incumbent Conservative government headed by Stephen Harper , while the New Democratic Party (NDP) became Official Opposition and the Liberal Party became the third party. The Bloc Québécois won four seats and the Green Party won one seat. Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff and Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe resigned shortly after failing to win their own ridings. The Bloc Québécois lost official party status by failing to attain
413-450: A year, one of the busiest crossings on the continent. It is built to last 125 years with the usage of stainless steel and high-performance concrete , and replaces the previous 57-year-old bridge , which had become functionally obsolete, as well as its structure having been degraded by the repeated application of de-icing salt. The Champlain bridge is a 3.4-kilometre (2.1 mi) crossing. It includes an asymmetric cable-stayed bridge with
472-679: Is a cable-stayed bridge with a more substantial bridge deck that, being stiffer and stronger, allows the cables to be omitted close to the tower and for the towers to be lower in proportion to the span. The first extradosed bridges were the Ganter Bridge and Sunniberg Bridge in Switzerland. The first extradosed bridge in the United States, the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge was built to carry I-95 across
531-507: Is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range within which cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier, and suspension bridge cabling would be more costly. Cable-stayed bridges were being designed and constructed by the late 16th century, and the form found wide use in the late 19th century. Early examples, including the Brooklyn Bridge , often combined features from both
590-404: Is wider to include a multi-use corridor for cyclists and pedestrians, requiring the cable-stay bridge to be asymmetric in the transverse direction as well as longitudinal. The main tower is shaped like a tuning fork and is supported by twenty-one 1.2-metre (3.9 ft) drilled piles . The decks are supported in the approach spans by W-shaped piers . In September 2007, faced with rising costs for
649-677: The Fair Representation Act , the number of seats in the House of Commons to be contested in the 42nd Canadian federal election was 338, an increase of 30 seats from the 308 seats comprising the House of Commons of Canada of the 41st Parliament of Canada , at its dissolution . Prime Minister Stephen Harper requested writs of election for a federal general election from Governor General David Johnston on August 2. The official proclamations were issued on August 4. The date of
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#1732776696398708-613: The Liberal Party , led by Justin Trudeau , win 184 seats, allowing it to form a majority government with Trudeau becoming the next prime minister. The election was held to elect members to the House of Commons of the 42nd Canadian Parliament . In keeping with the maximum four year term under a 2007 amendment to the Canada Elections Act , the writs of election for the 2015 election were issued by Governor General David Johnston on August 4. The ensuing campaign
767-608: The Penobscot Narrows Bridge , completed in 2006, and the Veterans' Glass City Skyway , completed in 2007. A self-anchored suspension bridge has some similarity in principle to the cable-stayed type in that tension forces that prevent the deck from dropping are converted into compression forces vertically in the tower and horizontally along the deck structure. It is also related to the suspension bridge in having arcuate main cables with suspender cables, although
826-507: The Speech from the Throne to follow on December 4. In the aftermath of the 2011 election, many pundits had characterized it as a realigning election . Lawrence Martin , commentator for The Globe and Mail said, "Harper has completed a remarkable reconstruction of a Canadian political landscape that endured for more than a century. The realignment saw both old parties of the moderate middle,
885-486: The Theodor Heuss Bridge (1958). However, this involves substantial erection costs, and more modern structures tend to use many more cables to ensure greater economy. Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to suspension bridges , but they are quite different in principle and construction. In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and are anchored at each end to
944-451: The live load of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards compression on the towers. In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A cantilever approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to
1003-487: The 2015 election. There was a $ 150,000 election advertising expenses limit. Of that amount, no more than $ 8,788 could be incurred to promote or oppose the election of one or more candidates in a particular electoral district. Hours after conceding defeat on election night, incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper resigned as leader of the Conservative Party , though he announced his intention to remain in
1062-608: The 42-month construction deadline, many steel and concrete bridge elements were prefabricated, with a portion of the work taking place on temporary piers. Three jetties were built: one on the east from Brossard, one on the west from Nuns' Island, and one from the centre, adjacent to a dike along the Saint Lawrence Seaway . [REDACTED] Media related to Samuel-De Champlain Bridge at Wikimedia Commons Cable-stayed bridge A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons ), from which cables support
1121-694: The Conservatives. Liberal leader Justin Trudeau attended the Maclean's , Globe and Mail , and French consortium debates; and the Liberals confirmed he would attend the other debates. The Bloc Québécois attended the French language consortium debate and confirmed its attendance at the French-language TVA debate. The Green Party attended the Maclean's and French language consortium debates, and confirmed its intention to participate in
1180-507: The Donzère-Mondragon canal at Pierrelatte is one of the first of the modern type, but had little influence on later development. The steel-decked Strömsund Bridge designed by Franz Dischinger (1955) is, therefore, more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge. Other key pioneers included Fabrizio de Miranda , Riccardo Morandi , and Fritz Leonhardt . Early bridges from this period used very few stay cables, as in
1239-670: The English language consortium debate. Strength in Democracy , which had the same number of seats in the House of Commons at dissolution as the Greens and Bloc Québécois, were not invited to participate in any of the televised debates. The leaders of the party objected to their exclusion and launched a petition demanding that all parties represented in Parliament be invited to the debates. Other minor parties without representation in
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#17327766963981298-521: The House of Commons were not invited to participate in any of the televised debates. The second Canadian federal election to significantly incorporate social media , the 2015 campaign was notable for the rise of new avenues of scrutiny for potential candidates. A number of damaging revelations for each of the major political parties late in the campaign led to calls for increased vetting amongst political strategists, academics and outside observers. [REDACTED] Evolution of voting intentions during
1357-626: The Liberals under Trudeau made an unprecedented comeback. Gaining 148 seats, they won a majority government for the first time since 2000. Chantal Hébert, writing in the Toronto Star, claimed the comeback was "headed straight for the history books" and that Harper's name would "forever be joined with that of his Liberal nemesis in Canada's electoral annals". Spencer McKay, writing for the National Post , suggested that "maybe we've witnessed
1416-480: The Liberals, the best being 191 in 1949 . The election also had the highest voter turnout since 1993 . Every party represented in the House of Commons except the Liberal Party recorded a decrease in its popular vote share. There was an increase in voter turnout among all age groups. The largest was among eligible voters aged 18 to 24, which increased 18.3 points, to 57.1%. Elections Canada reported that this
1475-728: The New Democratic Party. In April 2013 Justin Trudeau was elected leader of the Liberal Party. Bloc Québécois leader Daniel Paillé stepped down in December 2013 and was eventually replaced in June 2014 by Mario Beaulieu , who in turn was later replaced in June 2015 by Duceppe. In late 2014, MPs Jean-François Larose of the NDP and Jean-François Fortin of the Bloc formed the new political party Strength in Democracy . As set forth in
1534-516: The Official Opposition following the 2011 election . The Bloc Québécois won 10 seats, the Green Party won 1 seat, and Strength in Democracy lost all its seats. The Liberal Party's increase of 148 seats from the previous election was the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian election. Prior to the campaign, the Liberals had held only 36 seats—the fewest seats ever held at dissolution by any federal party that won
1593-483: The Progressive Conservatives and the Liberals, either eliminated or marginalized." Andrew Coyne , writing in Maclean's , said the election marked "an unprecedented realignment of Canadian politics" as "the Conservatives are now in a position to replace the Liberals as the natural governing party in Canada." Despite the grim outlook and poor early poll numbers, when the 2015 election was held,
1652-585: The Quinnipiac River in New Haven, Connecticut, opening in June 2012. A cradle system carries the strands within the stays from the bridge deck to bridge deck, as a continuous element, eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coated steel strand is carried inside the cradle in a one-inch (2.54 cm) steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allowing for removal, inspection, and replacement of individual strands. The first two such bridges are
1711-409: The bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables or stays , which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the modern suspension bridge , where the cables supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge and running between the towers. The cable-stayed bridge
1770-405: The cable-stayed and suspension designs. Cable-stayed designs fell from favor in the early 20th century as larger gaps were bridged using pure suspension designs, and shorter ones using various systems built of reinforced concrete . It returned to prominence in the later 20th century when the combination of new materials, larger construction machinery, and the need to replace older bridges all lowered
1829-562: The cable-stayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide and so must only resist horizontal forces from the live loads. The following are key advantages of the cable-stayed form: There are four major classes of rigging on cable-stayed bridges: mono , harp , fan, and star . There are also seven main arrangements for support columns: single , double , portal , A-shaped , H-shaped , inverted Y and M-shaped . The last three are hybrid arrangements that combine two arrangements into one. Depending on
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1888-404: The campaign leading up to the 2015 Canadian federal election to be held on October 19, 2015. Points represent results of individual polls. Before the campaign, there were no limits to what a political party, candidate, or third party (corporations, unions, special interest groups, etc.) can spend: spending rules are only in force after the writs have been dropped and the campaign has begun. Because
1947-693: The combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge. John A. Roebling took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge . The earliest known surviving example of a true cable-stayed bridge in the United States is E.E. Runyon's largely intact steel or iron Bluff Dale Suspension bridge with wooden stringers and decking in Bluff Dale, Texas (1890), or his weeks earlier but ruined Barton Creek Bridge between Huckabay, Texas and Gordon, Texas (1889 or 1890). In
2006-572: The design, the columns may be vertical or angled or curved relative to the bridge deck. A side-spar cable-stayed bridge uses a central tower supported only on one side. This design allows the construction of a curved bridge. Far more radical in its structure, the Puente del Alamillo (1992) uses a single cantilever spar on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to support the bridge deck. Unlike other cable-stayed types, this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and
2065-487: The election period is set longer than the standard 37-day election period, spending limits are increased in proportion to the length of the period. Political parties receive a reimbursement for 50 per cent of their election expenses during the writ period. Similarly, candidates (through their official agents) receive a reimbursement of 60 per cent of their election expenses during the writ period. Both reimbursements are publicly funded. Elections Canada reports that during
2124-471: The federal election – at least one each in English and French . These debates were produced by a consortium of Canada's major television networks. In May 2015, the Conservatives said they would not participate in the consortium debates and instead would take part in as many as five independently staged debates in the run-up to the fall federal election. Ultimately, the Conservatives agreed to participate in
2183-409: The financial quarter preceding the writ period, the Conservatives received $ 7.4 million in contributions, the NDP received $ 4.5 million, and the Liberals received $ 4.0 million. The NDP had the most individual donors at 48,314, followed by the Conservatives at 45,532 and then the Liberals at 32,789. The New Democratic Party stated that it collected greater than $ 9 million in the third quarter of 2015,
2242-476: The following election. The Liberals also became the first federal party in Canadian history to win a majority of seats without having been either the governing party or the Official Opposition in the previous parliament, and this was only the second time a party went from having the third-most seats to the most seats (the first being in 1925 ). It was the second largest number of seats won in a federal election for
2301-436: The ground. This can be difficult to implement when ground conditions are poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with
2360-542: The main Island of Montreal . It is the busiest bridge in the country with more cars flowing into it than any other bridge. The new span is located just north of the location of the original Champlain Bridge, demolition of which began as soon as the new bridge was completed. The new bridge carries eight lanes of automobile traffic of the A-10 , A-15 , and A-20 , with one lane in each direction dedicated for buses. It also includes
2419-492: The maintenance of the Champlain Bridge (commissioned in 1962), then Canadian Minister of Transport Lawrence Cannon confirmed that his department was seriously considering the construction of a replacement structure. In August 2008, Transport Canada announced that it was exploring different scenarios for a new bridge. In October 2011, then Minister of Transport Denis Lebel officially announced that construction on
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2478-468: The minimum seats needed (12). Bob Rae was chosen as interim leader of the Liberal Party. In July 2011 Jack Layton , suffering from cancer, temporarily stepped down as leader of the NDP because of illness, indicating his intention to return for the reconvening of Parliament in September. Weeks later Layton died of cancer and was given a state funeral . In March 2012 Tom Mulcair was elected leader of
2537-675: The most it ever received from donors, and greater than the quarterly record established by the Conservative Party in 2011. At the riding level, financial reports in each of the 338 constituencies showed that in Conservative electoral district associations ended 2014 with net assets totalling more than $ 19 million, Liberal riding associations reported a total of about $ 8 million in net assets, and NDP associations more than $ 4.4 million. Individuals are able to give up to $ 1,500 to each political party and an additional $ 1,500 to all
2596-412: The new bridge would begin within 10 years. In November 2014, then Minister of Transport Lisa Raitt announced that she was abandoning the idea of naming the new bridge in honour of Maurice Richard after consulting the family of the former ice hockey champion. Prior to the 2015 Canadian federal election , the 28th Canadian Ministry planned on imposing a $ 2-$ 4 toll on the new bridge, however, this plan
2655-529: The new parliament as a backbencher after being elected in the riding of Calgary Heritage . The Conservative caucus met on November 5, 2015, and elected former health minister and Alberta MP Rona Ambrose as interim leader of the party, and hence, interim Leader of the Official Opposition . The next Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017. Following his swearing in on November 4, 2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that parliament would reconvene on December 3, 2015, with
2714-485: The next prime minister. Trudeau and the rest of his cabinet were sworn in on November 4, 2015. The Conservative Party , led by incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper , won 99 seats, becoming the Official Opposition after nearly a decade on the government benches. The New Democratic Party , led by Tom Mulcair , won 44 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the House of Commons, after having formed
2773-613: The official name of the new bridge will be the Samuel-de-Champlain Bridge. The bridge opened to northbound/westbound traffic on June 24, 2019 ( St-Jean-Baptiste Day ), with the official opening ceremony being held on June 28, 2019, and southbound/eastbound traffic opening on July 1, 2019 ( Canada Day ). The multi-purpose runway was opened in November 2019 followed by the REM train tracks on July 31, 2023. In order to meet
2832-547: The pylons; Millau Viaduct and Mezcala Bridge , where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge , where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar situation with a suspension bridge is found at both the Great Seto Bridge and San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three suspension spans – this solution can also be adapted for cable-stayed bridges. An extradosed bridge
2891-469: The registered associations, nomination contestants and candidates of each registered party combined. A person or group must register as a third party immediately after incurring election advertising expenses totalling $ 500 or more. There are strict limits on advertising expenses, and specific limits that can be incurred to promote or oppose the election of one or more candidates in a particular electoral district. There were 112 registered third parties in
2950-517: The relative price of these designs. Cable-stayed bridges date back to 1595, where designs were found in Machinae Novae , a book by Croatian - Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio . Many early suspension bridges were cable-stayed construction, including the 1817 footbridge Dryburgh Abbey Bridge , James Dredge 's patented Victoria Bridge, Bath (1836), and the later Albert Bridge (1872) and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Their designers found that
3009-528: The self-anchored type lacks the heavy cable anchorages of the ordinary suspension bridge. Unlike either a cable-stayed bridge or a suspension bridge, the self-anchored suspension bridge must be supported by falsework during construction and so it is more expensive to construct. 2015 Canadian federal election Stephen Harper Conservative Justin Trudeau Liberal The 2015 Canadian federal election held on October 19, 2015, saw
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#17327766963983068-512: The spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this particular bridge forms the gnomon of a large garden sundial . Related bridges by the architect Santiago Calatrava include the Puente de la Mujer (2001), Sundial Bridge (2004), Chords Bridge (2008), and Assut de l'Or Bridge (2008). Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging designs than do 2-span or 3-span structures. In
3127-411: The towers. That has the disadvantage, unlike for the suspension bridge, that the cables pull to the sides as opposed to directly up, which requires the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression loads, but it has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist the horizontal pull of the main cables of the suspension bridge. By design, all static horizontal forces of
3186-529: The twentieth century, early examples of cable-stayed bridges included A. Gisclard's unusual Cassagnes bridge (1899), in which the horizontal part of the cable forces is balanced by a separate horizontal tie cable, preventing significant compression in the deck, and G. Leinekugel le Coq's bridge at Lézardrieux in Brittany (1924). Eduardo Torroja designed a cable-stayed aqueduct at Tempul in 1926. Albert Caquot 's 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over
3245-470: The vote is determined by the fixed-date Canada Elections Act . At 11 weeks, the campaign was the longest in modern Canadian history. As a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution , the number of electoral districts was increased to 338, with additional seats based on population assigned to Alberta (6), British Columbia (6), Ontario (15), and Quebec (3). Traditionally, party leaders participated in at least two nationally televised debates during
3304-843: Was abandoned following the election of the 29th Canadian Ministry . In April 2015, the federal government selected the JV consortium: Signature on the St. Lawrence Group to build the new bridge. The consortium mainly includes: SNC-Lavalin , the Spanish ACS Infrastructure , and Dragados Canada. T.Y. Lin International is serving as the Lead Designer. Construction on the new bridge officially began on June 16, 2015. On December 19, 2018, Minister of Infrastructure and Communities François-Philippe Champagne announced that
3363-419: Was built as part of a larger $ 4 billion project that included: The design of the Champlain Bridge addressed seismic activity , soil liquefaction , light-rail transit loading, ship collision , and ice loading. The bridge is configured with three separate decks , one for each direction of vehicular traffic and a third in the centre for the Réseau express métropolitain rail corridor. The northbound deck
3422-437: Was one of the longest in Canadian history. It was also the first time since the 1979 election that a prime minister attempted to remain in office into a fourth consecutive Parliament and the first time since the 1980 election that someone attempted to win a fourth term of any kind as prime minister. The Liberal Party , led by Justin Trudeau , won 184 seats, allowing it to form a majority government with Trudeau becoming
3481-571: Was the biggest increase in turnout among this age group since it began making demographic turnout estimates. Following the election, Harper conceded defeat to Trudeau and resigned as leader of the Conservative Party. Gilles Duceppe resigned as leader of the Bloc Québécois shortly after the election on October 22, 2015. Tom Mulcair announced his intention to remain leader of the NDP, but was forced to step down in October 2017, after losing
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