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30-857: Dudin was born in 1863 in Rivne in the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire (nowadays in Ukraine ). His father was a village teacher and, like many other young people at that time, he became a member of a political group connected to the People's Liberty Revolution Party. He was arrested in 1884 and exiled in 1887 to Selenginsk , after which he abandoned his revolutionary activity for ever. While living in exile in Siberia, he began to collect ethnographical materials (which he later gave to

60-513: A gradonachalnik ( Russian : градоначальник ), answerable directly to the tsar and (from 1822) the governor-general of Novorossiya and Bessarabia , and Nikolayev by a military governor. In 1920, while being under the Bolshevik rule, the governorate's territory, 70,600 km (27,259 sq mi), was divided to form the newer Odessa Governorate . The Kherson Governorate was renamed Mykolaiv Governorate in 1921, and in 1922 – merged with

90-452: A governor of an oblast or a krai . The Russian Empire had nine governorates in modern-day Ukrainian territories: Chernigov , Kharkov , Kherson , Kiev , Podolia , Poltava , Volhynia , Yekaterinoslav , and Taurida . Additional lands annexed from Poland in 1815 were organized into the Kholm governorate in 1912. After the events of 1917, which led to the declaration of independence of

120-597: A most valuable and plentiful archive of extremely accurate reproductions of archaeological and ethnographical objects. Therefore, it is not an overstatement to assert that, without Dudin's materials, then many of the decisive results in Central Asian research would not have been made. Dudin's numerous collections are to be found in many museums in Russia, Siberia and Ukraine. Kherson Governorate Kherson Governorate , known until 1803 as Nikolayev Governorate ,

150-525: A word borrowed from Latin gubernator , in turn from Greek kyvernítis ( Greek : κυβερνήτης ). Selected governorates were united under an assigned governor-general such as the Grand Duchy of Finland , Congress Poland , Russian Turkestan and others. There were also military governors such as Kronstadt , Vladivostok and others. Aside from governorates, other types of divisions were oblasts (region) and okrugs (district). This subdivision type

180-860: The Ukrainian People's Republic , these governorates became subdivisions, which also annexed Ukrainian-inhabited parts of Mogilev , Kursk , Voronezh and Minsk governorates in 1918. By the end of the Soviet–Ukrainian War in 1920, the Bolsheviks had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into 12 governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922 upon the Soviet Union 's founding, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925. The West Ukrainian People's Republic in former Austro-Hungarian Empire territory

210-660: The Ethnographical Department of the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg (now an independent museum). The dedication in an issue of the museum's bulletin to his memory reads: Dudin was the first collector of material for the Ethnographical Department and also donated a large number of artefacts from his own collections, especially in its early days. Between 1900 and 1909, he aimed at making a collections of archaeological, ethnographical and photographic records of

240-630: The Kherson Governorate had a population of 2,733,612, including 1,400,981 men and 1,332,631 women. The majority of the population indicated Little Russian to be their mother tongue, with significant Russian , Jewish , Romanian , and German speaking minorities. 46°38′00″N 32°36′00″E  /  46.6333°N 32.6000°E  / 46.6333; 32.6000 Guberniya A governorate ( Russian : губе́рния , romanized :  gubérniya , pre-1918 spelling : губе́рнія , IPA: [ɡʊˈbʲernʲɪjə] )

270-541: The Odessa Governorate. In 1925, the Odessa Governorate was abolished, and its territory was divided into six okruhas : Kherson, Kryvyi Rih, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Pershotravneve, and Zinoviivske. In 1932, much of this territory was incorporated into the new Odesa Oblast , now an administrative division of the modern Ukrainian nation, which was divided to form the Mykolaiv Oblast . Until 1858, a third of

300-592: The Samarkand region between 1900 and 1902. On Oldenburg's expedition to Dunhuang , Dudin took about 2,000 photographs, sketches and paintings. Many of these materials, classified by Dudin himself, have been published by the Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. As well as acting as photographer on the expeditions, Dudin also researched and published on the architectural remains and art of Central Asia. In 1902, Dudin founded

330-710: The Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes, especially during the 1918–1929 period. Because of the Soviet Union's electrification program under the GOELRO plan , Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts , using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights". Eventually, in 1929,

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360-464: The east, Taurida Governorate to the southeast, Black Sea to the south, and Bessarabia Governorate to the west. It roughly corresponds to what is now most of Mykolaiv , Kirovohrad and Odesa Oblasts in Ukraine and some parts of Kherson and Dnipropetrovsk Oblasts . The economy of the governorate was mainly based on agriculture. During the grain harvest, thousands of agricultural laborers from

390-458: The end of his life. At the same time, however, he worked in many other organisations connected to the museum and was a member of several expeditions – such as that led by Vasily Bartold in 1893 and by Sergey Oldenburg to Turfan in 1909-10 and Dunhuang in 1914–15. He was expedition leader of others (to Ukraine in 1894; to Samarkand in 1895; to Kazakhstan in 1899; and again to Samarkand in 1905 and 1908). From 1914 until his death in 1929, he

420-596: The local museum) and to study photography. In 1891, he joined the Orkhon expedition led by Vasily Radloff and after his work there he was pardoned and allowed to return to St. Petersburg. There he became a student in the Academy of Arts in the class of the painter Ilya Repin , graduating in 1898. Before this, in 1893, he had started a job in the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum in which he remained until

450-468: The parts of the Empire found work in the area. The industrial part of the economy, consisting primarily of flour milling, distilling, metalworking industry, iron mining, beet-sugar processing, and brick industry, was underdeveloped. The governorate bordered Bessarabia Governorate to the west, with Kiev and Poltava Governorates to the north, to the east could be found Yekaterinoslav Governorate , and in

480-595: The peoples of Central Asia, including the Turks, Uzbeks and Kirghiz. In the same volume Bartold said of Dudin: In general ... S. M. [Dudin] was prepared to fulfill his task [his expedition work], even more so than myself. When I prepared my expedition account, I not only used his photographs, rubbings, drafts and other materials, but also repeated descriptions of many relics from his own records which were placed by him at my full disposal. This even included descriptions of relics seen by us both. The main object of S. M.'s thoughts

510-530: The population ( military settlers, admiralty settlements, foreign colonists, etc. ) was subject to martial law. The gubernia had a population of about 245,000 in 1812; 893,000 in 1851; 1,330,000 in 1863; 2,027,000 in 1885; 2,733,600 in 1897 ; and 3,744,600 in 1914. In the 1850s it consisted of Ukrainians ( 68–75 % ), Romanians ( 8–11 % ), Russians ( 3–7 % ), Jews ( 6 % ), Germans ( 4 % ), Bulgarians ( 2 % ), Poles , Greeks , and Gypsies . In 1914, Ukrainians composed only 53% of

540-603: The population, while Russians made up 22% and Jews – 12%. Urban dwellers made up 10 to 20 percent of the population until the 1850s, after which the proportion of urban dwellers increased, to about 30% in 1897. Migration within the Russian Empire mainly accounted for the area's population growth, with 46% of the population born outside of the governorate in 1897. According to the Russian Empire Census on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897,

570-572: The southward direction was located Taurida Governorate . From 1809, the governorate consisted of five uyezds : Khersonsky Uyezd , Aleksandriysky Uyezd , Ovidiopol , Tiraspolsky Uyezd , and Yelisavetgradsky Uyezd . The city of Odessa carried a special status. In 1825, Odessky Uyezd and in 1834, Ananyevsky Uyezd were added into the territorial division of the Kherson Governorate. A seventh uyezd – Bobrynets, existed from 1828 to 1865. The cities of Odessa and Nikolayev (in 1803–1861) and their surrounding vicinity were governed separately: Odessa by

600-424: The studio for over a year after finishing his formal education and receiving his degree. And Oldenburg wrote: Samuil Martynovich Dudin holds a particular place in the history of Central Asian research. He was a perspective artist, attentive observer, archaeologist and ethnographer ... His large collections joined our museum's exhibition material and, at the same time, with his pen, pencil, brush and camera he created

630-403: The subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast, okrug , and raion . Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution, although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land. In post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine, the term Guberniya is considered obsolete, yet the word gubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to

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660-492: The term governorate general ( генерал-губернаторство , general-gubernatorstvo ) was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed. The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor. Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates. By the ukase of the Russian Senate of December 31, 1796, the office of governorate general

690-517: Was a keeper in the museum's Department of Antiquities of the Orient and Western Turkestan. He produced a great amount of material from each expedition – photographs of the finds and sketches of ethnographical and archaeological objects. This material is now in the collections of many St. Petersburg museums, but is still only partially published. The photographs are especially interesting. Of particular importance are his photographs of Central Asia taken in

720-554: Was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire . After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, governorates remained as subdivisions in the Byelorussian , Russian and Ukrainian Soviet republics, and in the Soviet Union from its formation in 1922 until 1929. The term is also translated as government or province . A governorate was headed by a governor ( губернатор , gubernator ),

750-613: Was also applied to subdivisions of the Kingdom of Poland ("Russian Poland") and the Grand Duchy of Finland . After the February Revolution , the Russian Provisional Government renamed governors into governorate commissars . The October Revolution left the subdivision in place, but the governing apparatus was replaced by governorate soviets ( губернский совет ). Actual subdivisions of

780-478: Was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Russian Empire , with its capital in Kherson . It encompassed 71,936 square kilometres (27,775 sq mi) in area and had a population of 2,733,612 inhabitants. At the time of the census in 1897, it bordered Podolia Governorate to the northwest, Kiev Governorate to the north, Poltava Governorate to the northeast, Yekaterinoslav Governorate to

810-463: Was based on population size, and the term guberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin: namestnichestvo ( наместничество ), sometimes translated as "viceroyalty", other times as " vicegerency ". The term guberniya , however, still remained in use. These viceroyalties were governed by namestniki ( наместник ) (literal translation: "deputy") or " governors general " ( генерал-губернатор , general-gubernator ). Correspondingly,

840-532: Was created by the edict ( ukase ) of Peter the Great on December 18, 1708 "On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them", which divided Russia into eight governorates . In 1719, governorates were further subdivided into provinces ( Russian : провинции , romanized :  provintsii ). Later the number of governorates was increased to 23 . By the reform of 1775, subdivision into governorates and further into uezds ( Russian : уезды ),

870-486: Was demoted to the previous level of governorate, and Russia was again divided into governorates, which were subdivided into uezds, further subdivided into volosts ( волость ); nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The governorate ( Russian : губе́рния , Polish : gubernia , Swedish : län , Finnish : lääni ) system

900-642: Was really the art. In his opinion, acceptance of a painter's work for the Itinerant Exhibition must be the first step on the path to fame, and he did not rate the ruling school of the Russian Academy of Arts. When the 'Itinerant School' became prominent in the Academy he became a student of the famous studio of Ilya Repin. I remember that Academician W. W. Radlov was delighted with S. M.'s actions in choosing to continue of his own free will at

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