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40-536: It is located in the east of the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia. At 2,918,500 hectares, it spans the provinces of Ángel Sandoval , Germán Busch , Chiquitos and Velasco , in the municipalities of San Matías , Puerto Suárez , Puerto Quijarro , San José de Chiquitos and San Rafael . It borders Brazil to the east. It is the second largest protected area in Bolivia. During the installation of

80-635: A gas pipeline through the ANMI, a large trove of Pre-Columbian artefacts were found, dating from the years 1000 to 1500. There are rock paintings near Laguna Gaiba, to the north of the road from El Carmen to Puerto Suarez, and to the north of the area of Navidad y Las Petas. The indigenous people of this area are the Ayoreo and Chiquitano . The area was first protected under Supreme Decree 24124 on 21 September 1995 as Area de Inmovilización-Reserva Biológica San Matías (a Santa Cruz Department designation), with

120-449: A resonating chamber - a unique feature among mammals. An adult lowland paca weighs between 6 and 12 kilograms (13 and 26 lb). Each litter has one young lowland paca, sometimes two. They usually have one to three young a year with a gestation period of about 115–120 days. Pacas are sexually mature at about 1 year. A paca usually lives up to 13 years. The lowland paca can carry leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis . The lowland paca

160-459: A shortage of the fuel after a lack of investment reduced output. The processing plants would be built in Santa Cruz and each would produce about 200 tons of liquefied petroleum gas a day. The plants would help turn a deficit of gas into a “surplus”. In July 2004, the people voted in a nationwide referendum to allow for regulated exportation of the gas. The department also hosts El Mutún ,

200-554: A size of 900,000 ha. On 31 July 1997 Supreme Decree 24734 renamed, reorganised and enlarged the Natural Area, growing it to its modern girth. During the massive wildfires across Bolivia in 2021, this ANMI was the most impacted of all protected areas; 697,929 hectares had burned by 2021. 916,486 hectares burned in the San Matías Municipality. Sixteen main (natural) floral associations have been identified in

240-600: Is a very good climber and it searches for fruit in the trees. The lowland paca can be considered an important seed distributor, since its diet includes leaves, stems, roots, tubers, nuts, seeds, herbs and fruit, especially avocados , mangos and zapotes , as well as coco macaque , balata , wild chataigne, hog plum , pomerac and guava . Introduced species such as jack-fruit and buri are also eaten. It sometimes stores food. Lowland paca also have necrophagy behavior, consuming carcasses of decomposing animals, possibly to supply protein demands of their diet. The lowland paca

280-426: Is a village in the east of the ANMI, Santo Corazón , where tourists can meet Ayoreo and Chiquitano people. 17°34′S 58°45′W  /  17.567°S 58.750°W  / -17.567; -58.750 Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) Santa Cruz ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˌsanta ˈkɾus] ) is the largest of the nine constituent departments of Bolivia , occupying about one-third (33.74%) of

320-633: Is also known as the gibnut in Belize , where it is prized as a game animal , labba in Guyana , lapa in Venezuela, and lappe on the island of Trinidad . Although lowland pacas are not in danger of being extinct, local extinctions have occurred due to habitat destruction . There is much confusion in the nomenclature of this and related species; see agouti . In particular, the popular term agouti or common agouti normally refers to species of

360-897: Is called paca in most of its range, but tepezcuintle (original Aztec language name) in most of Mexico and Central America, tepesquintle in Guatemala, guardatinaja in Nicaragua , pisquinte in northern Costa Rica, jaleb in the Yucatán peninsula, conejo pintado in Panama , guanta in Ecuador , majás or picuro in Peru , jochi pintado in Bolivia , and boruga , tinajo , or guartinaja in Colombia . It

400-422: Is considered an agricultural pest for yam , cassava , sugar cane , maize and other food crops. Its meat is highly prized. It is plentiful in protected habitats, and hence not in danger of extinction, but overall its numbers have been much reduced because of hunting and habitat destruction . It is easily bred and raised in farms, although the taste is said to be inferior (perhaps unpleasant) when farmed. Some of

440-428: Is increasing rapidly in the Santa Cruz area, where weather allows for two crops a year. In recent years, the discovery of natural gas in the department has led to plans for the development of a regional natural gas industry that is likely to boost the local economy. Bolivia's energy minister said two proposed liquefied petroleum gas plants may allow the country to boost supplies to Brazil and Argentina by 2010, easing

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480-441: Is mostly nocturnal and solitary and does not vocalize very much. It lives in forested habitats near water, preferably smaller rivers, and dig simple burrows about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) below the surface, usually with more than one exit. It can also sometimes live in burrows created by other animals. The lowland paca is a good swimmer and usually heads for the water to escape danger, as it can stay under water for several minutes. It also

520-568: Is one of the Bolivian departments with the least indigenous population, and the one with the greatest mestizo and Creole identity. The first settlers of Santa Cruz were mainly Spaniards that accompanied Ñuflo de Chávez, as well as Guarani , and some Flemings , Portuguese , Germans and Italians working for the Spanish crown. Among the first settlers there were also Sephardic Jews recently converted to Christianity who were persecuted by

560-403: Is said to be a scenic route. There are daily flights from Santa Cruz to Puerto Suárez, and there are three much closer villages with airstrips for small planes in the area: Rincón del Tigre , Santo Corazón and San Fernando. There is also a train which departs daily from Santa Cruz to Puerto Quijarro, passing through San José de Chiquitos, Robore, El Carmen Rivero Torrez and Puerto Suárez. There

600-401: Is the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra . The department is one of the wealthiest departments in Bolivia, with huge reserves of natural gas. Besides, it has experienced the highest increase of economic growth during the last 50 years in Bolivia and South America. According to the current Constitution , the highest authority in the department lies with the governor . The former figure of prefect

640-436: Is warm and tropical most of the year. Winters are short and last only 2–3 months but can get very cold very suddenly. "Surazos" (southerly winds that blow in from Argentina) can drop the temperature by as much as 30 degrees overnight. This extreme cold lasts only a few days at a time and the beautiful, sub-tropical Santa Cruz is pleasant throughout most of the year. Here the climate varies by geographical zone: temperate to cold in

680-593: The Inquisition in Spain. Santa Cruz has a multicultural population: 57% are Mestizos with both Indigenous Amazonian and European ascendants, 30% are Natives ( Chiquitano , Chane , Ayoreo , as well as Quechua and Aymara internal migrants from other departments.) and 13% are Whites of European descent , of whom about a quarter are so-called "Russian" Mennonites (see Mennonites in Bolivia ) of German tradition, language and descent. At 416 meters above sea level, it

720-531: The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature as the lowland paca's genus. The word paca comes from a word in the Tupi language that designates the animal but also means 'awaken, alert'. Tepezcuintle is of Nahuatl origin, meaning 'mountain-dog', from tepetl , 'mountain' + itzquintli , 'dog'. The lowland paca has coarse fur without underfur, dark brown to black on

760-411: The pejichi or giant armadillo ( Priodontes maximus ) and the tatú armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus . There are eight species present which are included in the 2009 Libro Rojo de la Fauna Silvestre de Bolivia . Two are endangered , the bat Lonchorhina aurita and the giant otter, and the other six are considered vulnerable : marsh deer, pampas deer, jaguar, tapir, maned wolf, giant armadillo and

800-493: The ANMI San Matías is harvested for its hides according to a sustainable culling program, in collaboration with WWF Bolivia, claimed to be the first of its type in Bolivia. The animals are often hunted by locals for use in traditional cuisine. The large catfish Zungaro jahu occurs here. 128 fish species were registered in the ANMI as of 2018. There were 155 properties in the park when the first management plan for

840-425: The ANMI. There are also anthropogenic habitats and open water. The paraba azul ( Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus , the hyacinthine macaw) is considered an emblematic symbol of the region. Most of the Bolivian population of this large parrot is thought to be found in this Natural Area, although they likely range northward. They can most often be seen in the cattle ranches in the ANMI. There is an annual macaw festival in

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880-412: The area was complied, the majority were cattle ranches, with an estimated 100,000 head of cattle in the ANMI. There are nine forestry concessions within the park, one is in the centre. Approximately 6,000 people reside within the ANMI, of which the majority are under 15. These live in 17 communities, and the majority are of Ayoreo and Chiquitano ethnicity. There are numerous towns of a few thousand people in

920-403: The armadillo Tolypeutes matacus ( tatú bola ). Typical reptiles found here are the yacaré or caiman Caiman yacare , the tortoises Geochelone carbonaria and G. denticulata , the sicurí (anaconda) Eunectes notaeus , Boa constrictor and the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus . 42 amphibian and 49 reptile species were registered in the ANMI as of 2018. The yacaré population in

960-402: The buffer zone around the ANMI. The director is Marcel Caballero, a biologist, as of 2018. The dry season (June to November) is the best time for tourism, as the land is not flooded and the roads stable. It can be reached from Santa Cruz by road, air or boat. The road runs through the towns of San José de Chiquitos, Roboré , El Carmen and Puerto Suárez. The road from Roboré to San Matías

1000-451: The country's territory. With an area of 370,621 km (143,098 sq mi), it is slightly smaller than Japan or the US state of Montana . It is located in the eastern part of the country, sharing borders in the north and east with Brazil and with Paraguay in the south. In the 2024 census, it reported a population of 3,115,386 , making it the most populated department. The capital

1040-468: The distinct genus Dasyprocta (such as the Central American agouti , Dasyprocta punctata ). Sometimes the word agouti is also used for a polyphyletic grouping uniting the families Cuniculidae and Dasyproctidae , which, besides the pacas and common agoutis, includes also the acouchis ( Myoprocta ). Cuniculus is the appropriate genus name instead of Agouti based on a 1998 ruling of

1080-513: The eagle Buteogallus urubitinga . 310 species of bird were registered in the ANMI as of 2018. The reserve has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of many bird species. Typical mammals of the ANMI San Matías are the giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis , marsh deer or ciervo de los pantanos ( Blastocerus dichotomus ), pampas deer ( Ozotoceros bezoarticus ), manechi or black howler monkey ( Alouatta caraya ) and

1120-620: The flat Llanos Chiquitanos areas and beyond these the Serranías Chiquitanas ranges. In the far east the departments have small parts of the huge Pantanal wetland. The rivers of Santa Cruz are part of any of two basins: the Amazon Basin (north) and the Plate Basin (south). The main rivers in the northern basin are river Iténez , making the border with Brazil, Río Grande , river Piraí and river Itonomas . In

1160-516: The later stages of the Chaco war between Paraguay and Bolivia, as the Paraguayan army approached Santa Cruz department, local nationalists backed by a Paraguay-based independence movement sought to create a separate independent state in Santa Cruz department. A referendum on autonomy was held in Santa Cruz department in 2008 . Eastern departments in Bolivia, including Santa Cruz, have majority of

1200-410: The natural gas reserves. Bolivian president Evo Morales was planning to introduce legislation to tackle the poverty in the country using tax revenues from richer departments like Santa Cruz. Additionally, Morales's attempts to change the constitution were opposed by the opposition governors who run five of Bolivia's nine regions. 85.6 percent voted in favour of autonomy. The Bolivian government considered

1240-466: The peccaries pecarí ( Tayassu pecari ) and taitetú ( T. tajacu ). Other of 90 species which have been reported as present are tigres or jaguars ( Panthera onca ), ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ), the maned wolf or borochi ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ), tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ), huaso ( Mazama americana ) and urina ( M. gouazoubira ) deer, jochi calucha or agouti ( Dasyprocta punctata ), jochi pintado or paca ( Cuniculus paca ),

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1280-629: The previous Departmental Council (Consejo Departamental). It is a state legislature with limited legislation powers, being able to make laws in certain subjects in exclusivity and in some others in concurrence with the state legislative branch. The department covers a vast expanse of territory in eastern Bolivia, much of it rainforests , extending from the Andes to the border with Brazil . The department's economy depends largely on agriculture , with sugar , cotton , soybeans and rice being grown. The amount of land cultivated by modern farming techniques

1320-453: The referendum illegal. 18°25′05″S 62°20′42″W  /  18.418°S 62.345°W  / -18.418; -62.345 Cuniculus paca Mus paca Linnaeus, 1766 The lowland paca ( Cuniculus paca ), also known as the spotted paca , is a large rodent found in tropical and sub-tropical America , from east-central Mexico to northern Argentina , and has been introduced to Cuba and Algeria . The animal

1360-594: The southern basin, the main rivers are river Paraguay and its tributaries, including river Negro . The main lakes are lake Mandioré , Uberaba, lake La Gaiba , Laguna de Marfil , Concepción and lake San Jorge . The rivers by length within Santa Cruz: 8 out of 48 km of the Paraguay not part of the Brazilian border. The main lakes by their area within the department: The department of Santa Cruz

1400-467: The total world reserves of iron ore: 800 billion tons of crude ore containing more than 230 billion tons of iron. Santa Cruz Department is the largest of the Bolivian departments and covers a wide and diverse area. In the west lies a series of temperate Sub-Andean ranges and valleys while to the north and south lies two different lowlands areas; the Beni and Chaco lowlands respectively. To the northeast lies

1440-407: The upper body and white or yellowish on the underbelly. It usually has three to five rows of white spots along its sides, against a dark grey background. It has thick strong legs, with four digits in the forefeet and five in the hind feet (the first and fifth are reduced); the nails function as hooves. The tail is short and hairless. The zygomatic arch is expanded laterally and dorsally and is used as

1480-429: The village of San Fernando on 6 August. The population is likely increasing, as the range is expanding and there are more sightings. Besides the hyacinthine macaw, other birds found here are the piyo ( Rhea americana ), the stork Jabiru mycteria , a curassow called pava mutún ( Mitu tuberosa ), Paroaria coronata (a cardinal), Chloroceryle amazona (a kingfisher), the harpy eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) and

1520-399: The western sierras and warm to hot and humid as one descends into the extensive plains. The department of Santa Cruz regularly experiences devastating forest fires, often started by landowners who want to burn forests to create new agricultural land. This practice puts a great strain on the rich biodiversity of the country. The Department of Santa Cruz is divided into 15 provinces. During

1560-873: The world's second largest iron ore reserve (after Carajás in Brazil) and largest magnesium deposits are also located there. Located in the Germán Busch Province in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia, near Puerto Suárez, El Mutún extends across the border into Brazil, where it is called the Serrania de Jacadigo. Also known as the "Serrania Mutún", it has an area of about 75 square kilometers. Its estimated reserves are about 40.205 billion tons of iron ore of 50% iron, mainly in hematite and magnetite form, and in lesser quantities in siderite and manganese minerals. This can be compared with an estimate of

1600-520: Was appointed by the President of the Republic till 2005, when the prefect for the first time was elected by popular vote to serve for a five-year term. In 2010 the first governor was elected according to the implementation of autonomy after a struggle for almost a decade by the people of Santa Cruz. Santa Cruz also has a Departmental Assembly (Asamblea Departamental), which derives but differs from

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