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92-528: Community college education in San Diego can be traced to 1914 when the board of education of the San Diego City Schools authorized postsecondary classes for the youth of San Diego. Classes opened that fall at San Diego High School with four faculty members and 35 students, establishing San Diego City College. In 1921, City College moved from the high school to share facilities with

184-441: A quorum must be present before any business may be conducted. Usually, a meeting which is held without notice having been given is still valid if all of the directors attend, but it has been held that a failure to give notice may negate resolutions passed at a meeting, because the persuasive oratory of a minority of directors might have persuaded the majority to change their minds and vote otherwise. In most common law countries,

276-473: A stock corporation , non-executive directors are elected by the shareholders , and the board has ultimate responsibility for the management of the corporation. In nations with codetermination (such as Germany and Sweden), the workers of a corporation elect a set fraction of the board's members. The board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership,

368-473: A Bachelor of Science Degree), Computer and Information Systems, Building Construction Technology, Culinary Arts, Child Development, and multiple other career or transfer fields. Geographically the largest campus property within the District, the 120-acre San Diego Miramar College originally opened as a training facility for San Diego's law enforcement personnel and firefighters in 1969. It has grown into one of

460-444: A bachelor's degree in health information management. The College of Continuing Education's Educational Cultural Complex (ECC) also offers classes leading to associate degrees and certificates. The College of Continuing Education campuses offer adults noncredit vocational, basic skills, life skills, and enrichment classes at sites throughout the city. A number of special programs are unique to the city, including KSDS-FM all-jazz radio ,

552-442: A board is not a career unto itself. For major corporations, the board members are usually professionals or leaders in their field. In the case of outside directors, they are often senior leaders of other organizations. Nevertheless, board members often receive remunerations amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars per year since they often sit on the boards of several companies. Inside directors are usually not paid for sitting on

644-527: A board of directors vary depending on the nature and type of business entity and the laws applying to the entity (see types of business entity ). For example, the nature of the business entity may be one that is traded on a public market (public company), not traded on a public market (a private, limited or closely held company), owned by family members (a family business), or exempt from income taxes (a non-profit, not for profit, or tax-exempt entity). There are numerous types of business entities available throughout

736-405: A board of directors vary widely across organizations and may include provisions that are applicable to corporations, in which the "shareholders" are the members of the organization. A difference may be that the membership elects the officers of the organization, such as the president and the secretary, and the officers become members of the board in addition to the directors and retain those duties on

828-515: A board, but the duty is instead considered part of their larger job description. Outside directors are usually paid for their services. These remunerations vary between corporations, but usually consist of a yearly or monthly salary, additional compensation for each meeting attended, stock options, and various other benefits. such as travel, hotel and meal expenses for the board meetings. Tiffany & Co. , for example, pays directors an annual retainer of $ 46,500, an additional annual retainer of $ 2,500 if

920-517: A country. In the United States, for example, each state operates its own educational system, and the governance structure of school boards can differ widely. Some states have elected school boards, while others may have appointed boards or a combination of both. Additionally, there are variations in the powers bestowed upon these boards, ranging from significant decision-making authority to advisory roles. In contrast, countries like Finland have

1012-447: A firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way. Outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. For example, for a company that serves a domestic market only, the presence of CEOs from global multinational corporations as outside directors can help to provide insights on export and import opportunities and international trade options. One of

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1104-473: A generous " golden parachute " which also acts as a deterrent to removal. A 2010 study examined how corporate shareholders voted in director elections in the United States. It found that directors received fewer votes from shareholders when their companies performed poorly, had excess CEO compensation, or had poor shareholder protection. Also, directors received fewer votes when they did not regularly attend board meetings or received negative recommendations from

1196-451: A journey through the history of boards of education, exploring their evolution, functions, and the nuanced ways they operate across diverse school systems and nations. The roots of school boards can be traced back to the 19th century when the expansion of formal education systems necessitated organized oversight. The establishment of local and regional boards emerged as a response to the growing complexities of educational administration. In

1288-468: A more centralized educational system with less emphasis on local school boards. The national education agency plays a more direct role in setting policies, developing curricula, and ensuring consistency across the country. The Finnish approach reflects a different cultural and administrative philosophy, where trust in educators and a focus on professional development are central tenets. In Asian countries like Japan and South Korea, school boards may exist at

1380-518: A position on the board. Shareholder nominations can only occur at the general meeting itself or through the prohibitively expensive process of mailing out ballots separately; in May 2009 the SEC proposed a new rule allowing shareholders meeting certain criteria to add nominees to the proxy statement. In practice for publicly traded companies, the managers ( inside directors ) who are purportedly accountable to

1472-416: A proxy advisory firm. The study also shows that companies often improve their corporate governance by removing poison pills or classified boards and by reducing excessive CEO pay after their directors receive low shareholder support. Board accountability to shareholders is a recurring issue. In September 2010, The New York Times noted that several directors who had overseen companies which had failed in

1564-439: A relatively small number of individuals have significant influence over many important entities. This situation can have important corporate, social, economic, and legal consequences, and has been the subject of significant research. The process for running a board, sometimes called the board process , includes the selection of board members, the setting of clear board objectives, the dissemination of documents or board package to

1656-438: A resolution of the remaining directors (in some countries they may only do so "with cause"; in others the power is unrestricted). Some jurisdictions also permit the board of directors to appoint directors, either to fill a vacancy which arises on resignation or death, or as an addition to the existing directors. In practice, it can be quite difficult to remove a director by a resolution in general meeting. In many legal systems,

1748-519: A rotating basis, representing each of the three colleges. The sitting student trustee has an advisory vote on the Board. Shared governance activities involve faculty, students and staff in the development of solutions to key policy and budget issues. The five trustees are elected in even-numbered years to four-year terms by the voters of San Diego. Trustee candidates first run in district-only elections. The top two vote-getters in each district run citywide in

1840-419: A sense of shared responsibility and foster a deeper connection between the community and the educational system. Board of Trustees A board of directors is an executive committee that supervises the activities of a business , a nonprofit organization , or a government agency . The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government regulations (including

1932-415: A single-tier board, while the chairman of the management board is reckoned as the company's CEO or managing director . These two roles are always held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board and allows for clear lines of authority. The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in

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2024-420: A variety of participatory governance groups. For policies and regulations that affect academic and professional matters, the board relies primarily on the academic senates ; on matters defined as within the scope of bargaining interests, the Board follows the requirements of negotiations. For administrative matters, the Board relies primarily on the recommendations of staff with input from various constituencies in

2116-414: Is dividend and how much it is, stock options distributed to employees, and the hiring/firing and compensation of upper management . Theoretically, the control of a company is divided between two bodies: the board of directors, and the shareholders in general meeting . In practice, the amount of power exercised by the board varies with the type of company. In small private companies, the directors and

2208-406: Is also an additional statutory body for audit purposes. The OECD Principles are intended to be sufficiently general to apply to whatever board structure is charged with the functions of governing the enterprise and monitoring management. The development of a separate board of directors to manage/govern/oversee a company has occurred incrementally and indefinitely over legal history. Until the end of

2300-408: Is associated with rigorous monitoring and improved corporate governance. In some European and Asian countries, there are two separate boards, an executive board (or management board) for day-to-day business and a supervisory board (elected by the shareholders and employees) for supervising the executive board. In these countries, the chairman of the supervisory board is equivalent to the chairman of

2392-413: Is considered to be comparatively weak due to the limited time they can dedicate to this task. Overconfident directors are found to pay higher premiums in corporate acquisitions and make worse takeover choices. Locally rooted directors tend to be overrepresented and lack international experience, which can lead to lower valuations, especially in internationally oriented firms. Directors' military experience

2484-401: Is one whose board is self-appointed, rather than being accountable to a base of members through elections; or in which the powers of the membership are extremely limited. In membership organizations , such as a society made up of members of a certain profession or one advocating a certain cause, a board of directors may have the responsibility of running the organization in between meetings of

2576-408: Is that in large public companies it is upper management and not boards that wield practical power, because boards delegate nearly all of their power to the top executive employees, adopting their recommendations almost without fail. As a practical matter, executives even choose the directors, with shareholders normally following management recommendations and voting for them. In most cases, serving on

2668-459: Is that the board tends to have more de facto power. Most shareholders do not attend shareholder meetings, but rather cast proxy votes via mail, phone, or internet, thus allowing the board to vote for them. However, proxy votes are not a total delegation of the voting power, as the board must vote the proxy shares as directed by their owner even when it contradicts the board's views. In addition, many shareholders vote to accept all recommendations of

2760-427: Is the board of directors or board of trustees of a school, local school district or an equivalent institution. The elected council determines the educational policy in a small regional area, such as a city , county , state , or province . Frequently, a board of directors power with a larger institution, such as a higher government's department of education. The name of such board is also often used to refer to

2852-446: The chairman (often now called the "chair" or "chairperson"), who holds whatever title is specified in the by-laws or articles of association . However, in membership organizations, the members elect the president of the organization and the president becomes the board chair, unless the by-laws say otherwise. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board. Several specific terms categorize directors by

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2944-400: The 2007–2008 financial crisis had found new positions as directors. The SEC sometimes imposes a ban (a "D&O bar") on serving on a board as part of its fraud cases, and one of these was upheld in 2013. The exercise by the board of directors of its powers usually occurs in board meetings. Most legal systems require sufficient notice to be given to all directors of these meetings, and that

3036-943: The I-15 corridor, Miramar opened as a training facility for San Diego's law enforcement personnel and firefighters in 1969. Today, Miramar College offers over 120 certificates, associate degrees, and comprehensive 4-year university transfer programs and is home to the Southern California Biotechnology Center, the Advanced Transportation and Energy Center, and the San Diego Regional Public Safety Institute which provides training for nearly all law enforcement officers and firefighters within San Diego County and also trains EMTs and offers

3128-731: The State Normal School , the four-year teachers' college which, in 1898, became San Diego State University . For 25 years, the Junior College program remained at San Diego State University. During this period, in 1938, the San Diego Vocational Junior College was established to offer training in technical-vocational skills to post high school students. The following year, the San Diego Evening Junior College

3220-416: The executive board . Typical duties of boards of directors include: The legal responsibilities of boards and board members vary with the nature of the organization, and between jurisdictions. For companies with shares publicly listed for negotiation , these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous and complex than for those of other types. Typically, the board chooses one of its members to be

3312-511: The 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting (of all shareholders) was the supreme organ of a company, and that the board of directors merely acted as an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting. However, by 1906, the English Court of Appeal had made it clear in the decision of Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34 that

3404-613: The CEO and their direct reports (other C-level officers, division/subsidiary heads). Board structures and procedures vary both within and among OECD countries. Some countries have two-tier boards that separate the supervisory function and the management function into different bodies. Such systems typically have a "supervisory board" composed of nonexecutive board members and a "management board" composed entirely of executives. Other countries have "unitary" boards, which bring together executive and non-executive board members. In some countries there

3496-404: The CEO position in some organizations). Executive directors often have a specified area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources, or production. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, and does not represent any of its stakeholders. A typical example is a director who is president of

3588-614: The Center for Competitive and Applied Technologies, and the Workplace Learning Resource Center. Located in downtown San Diego as the first community college in the city and the third in California, City College sits on 60 acres and offers over 100 majors to more than 20,000 students. Besides general education, transfer and AA/AS degree programs, some of the disciplines available at City are: As one of

3680-517: The Chancellor. The President is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the total College/Continuing Education program and provides leadership and coordination for the college/Continuing Education community. The Presidents and Chancellor provide overall leadership and authority on all of the functional areas. Each President maintains a Cabinet composed of three Vice Presidents overseeing Instruction, Administrative Services and Student Services and

3772-543: The Colleges/Continuing Education, five Vice Chancellors overseeing the District's departments of Business and Technology Services, Educational Services, Human Resources and Administrative Services, Facilities Management, and the Director of Communications and Public Relations. The President is the institutional chief executive officer of the college/Continuing Education. The President reports to

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3864-687: The Dean of each School of each College including the Dean of Student Affairs and the Dean of Student Development and Matriculation . San Diego Community College District consists of three credit colleges, San Diego City College, Mesa College, and Miramar College, as well as seven campuses of San Diego College of Continuing Education. All institutions serve approximately 80,000 students. The three credit colleges offer associate degrees and certificates in occupational programs that prepare students for entry-level jobs, and arts and sciences programs that transfer to four-year colleges and universities. Mesa College offers

3956-455: The District administrative departments that support campus and overall operations. The administrative departments include Business Services, Facilities Management, Human Resources , Instructional Services and Student Services. Functions that are the responsibility of the District administrative departments are intended to provide for efficiency and continuity of services and programs. Compliance and functions that are statutorily required are also

4048-896: The District's Continuing Education division of seven major campuses throughout San Diego. As required by the voters of San Diego in 1972, San Diego Community College District is to provide education for all high school graduates and adults 18 years of age and older in the service region. This charge includes providing adult basic education , including GED/High School Diploma, through sophomore-level college degree programs , with both academic and vocational curricula . San Diego Community Colleges offer over 130 individual disciplines with over 300 academic programs that lead to associate degrees or Certificates of Performance. Academics are held within individual schools at each college which in turn are divided into separate departments holding their areas of study and instruction. Board of education A board of education , school committee or school board

4140-698: The San Diego Regional Public Safety Institute, which comprises the San Diego Law Enforcement Academy and the Fire Technology & EMT program. San Diego College of Continuing Education is made up of seven unique campuses located throughout San Diego. Propositions S & N-funded projects for Continuing Education included the construction of six new campus facilities - Mid-City Campus, North City Campus, West City Campus, Continuing Education Mesa College Campus, Continuing Education Miramar College Campus, César E. Chávez Campus, and

4232-547: The U.S., the directors which are available to vote on are largely selected by either the board as a whole or a nominating committee . Although in 2002 the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ required that nominating committees consist of independent directors as a condition of listing, nomination committees have historically received input from management in their selections even when the CEO does not have

4324-529: The US are the National Association of Corporate Directors , McKinsey and The Board Group. A board of directors conducts its meetings according to the rules and procedures contained in its governing documents. These procedures may allow the board to conduct its business by conference call or other electronic means. They may also specify how a quorum is to be determined. The responsibilities of

4416-544: The United States, for instance, the concept gained prominence in the mid-1800s, reflecting a commitment to providing accessible and quality education. These early boards were often community-driven, reflecting the values and priorities of the local populace. As educational systems evolved, so did the roles and structures of boards of education. The 20th century witnessed the refinement of their functions, with an increasing emphasis on standardized curricula, teacher accreditation, and equitable resource distribution. In other parts of

4508-410: The arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a watchful eye on the inside directors and on the way the organization is run. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate "insider dealing" between inside directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization. Outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and

4600-470: The board members, the collaborative creation of an agenda for the meeting, the creation and follow-up of assigned action items , and the assessment of the board process through standardized assessments of board members, owners, and CEOs. The science of this process has been slow to develop due to the secretive nature of the way most companies run their boards, however some standardization is beginning to develop. Some who are pushing for this standardization in

4692-492: The board of directors have historically played a major role in selecting and nominating the directors who are voted on by the shareholders, in which case more "gray outsider directors" (independent directors with conflicts of interest ) are nominated and elected. In countries with co-determination , a fixed fraction of the board is elected by the corporation's workers. Directors may also leave office by resignation or death. In some legal systems, directors may also be removed by

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4784-454: The board rather than try to get involved in management, since each shareholder's power, as well as interest and information is so small. Larger institutional investors also grant the board proxies. The large number of shareholders also makes it hard for them to organize. However, there have been moves recently to try to increase shareholder activism among both institutional investors and individuals with small shareholdings. A contrasting view

4876-405: The board. The directors may also be classified as officers in this situation. There may also be ex-officio members of the board, or persons who are members due to another position that they hold. These ex-officio members have all the same rights as the other board members. Members of the board may be removed before their term is complete. Details on how they can be removed are usually provided in

4968-456: The board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective and present little risk of conflict of interest. On the other hand, they might lack familiarity with the specific issues connected to the organization's governance, and they might not know about the industry or sector in which the organization is operating. Individual directors often serve on more than one board. This practice results in an interlocking directorate , where

5060-459: The bylaws. If the bylaws do not contain such details, the section on disciplinary procedures in Robert's Rules of Order may be used. In a publicly held company , directors are elected to represent and are legally obligated as fiduciaries to represent owners of the company—the shareholders /stockholders. In this capacity they establish policies and make decisions on issues such as whether there

5152-477: The classroom, and preparing students for a rapidly changing global landscape. The role of boards is expanding beyond traditional functions as they navigate the complexities of the digital age. Innovations in educational governance also emerge as boards adapt to contemporary challenges. Some educational systems experiment with participatory models, involving parents, teachers, and community members in decision-making processes. This collaborative approach aims to create

5244-465: The development and review process. The general public may comment at public Board meetings on any policy consideration before the Board. The Chancellor is the District's Chief Executive Officer and is responsible for carrying out the policies approved by the board of trustees and for providing overall leadership for the District. The Chancellor maintains a Cabinet composed by the Presidents of

5336-436: The director has a right to receive special notice of any resolution to remove them; the company must often supply a copy of the proposal to the director, who is usually entitled to be heard by the meeting. The director may require the company to circulate any representations that they wish to make. Furthermore, the director's contract of service will usually entitle them to compensation if they are removed, and may often include

5428-487: The director is also a chairperson of a committee, a per-meeting-attended fee of $ 2,000 for meetings attended in person, a $ 500 fee for each meeting attended via telephone, in addition to stock options and retirement benefits. Academic research has identified different types of board directors. Their characteristics and experiences shape their role and performance. For instance, directors with multiple mandates are often referred to as busy directors. Their monitoring performance

5520-478: The division of powers between the board and the shareholders in general meaning depended on the construction of the articles of association and that, where the powers of management were vested in the board, the general meeting could not interfere with their lawful exercise. The articles were held to constitute a contract by which the members had agreed that "the directors and the directors alone shall manage." The new approach did not secure immediate approval, but it

5612-456: The fastest-growing colleges in the county. Propositions S & N-funded projects for Miramar College include eight new instructional and career training facilities, five major renovations, parking facilities, public safety enhancements, numerous infrastructure projects and new campus support and operational facilities. These ave included facilities to support the Southern California Biotechnology Center, Advanced Transportation and Energy Center, and

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5704-487: The final authority of the president , who reports to the chancellor . The board of trustees is the final level of authority for all functions within the District. The board of trustees is responsible for establishing policies that govern all activities related to conducting the business of the district, the Colleges, and Continuing Education. Development and review of policies and procedures are collegial efforts involving

5796-558: The framework within which schools operate, shaping the educational experiences of students. Resource allocation is another critical aspect of a Board's role. Boards of education are responsible for approving budgets, determining funding priorities, and ensuring that financial resources are distributed equitably among schools. This function is central to addressing issues of educational equity, ensuring that all students have access to essential resources regardless of their socio-economic background. Oversight of educational institutions involves

5888-412: The general body of shareholders can control the exercise of powers by the articles in the directors is by altering the articles, or, if opportunity arises under the articles, by refusing to re-elect the directors of whose actions they disapprove. They cannot themselves usurp the powers which by the articles are vested in the directors any more than the directors can usurp the powers vested by the articles in

5980-483: The general body of shareholders. It has been remarked that this development in the law was somewhat surprising at the time, as the relevant provisions in Table A (as it was then) seemed to contradict this approach rather than to endorse it. In most legal systems, the appointment and removal of directors is voted upon by the shareholders in general meeting or through a proxy statement . For publicly traded companies in

6072-543: The general education college courses needed by students in the rapidly growing northern area of the city, as well as new transfer and vocational programs. In November 1972, the voters approved separating San Diego Community College District from the San Diego Unified School District . The first election of community college district trustees was held in November 1973. The year 1976 brought

6164-473: The general election. Each college of the SDCCD, including Continuing Education, is headed by a president and three vice presidents overseeing instruction, administrative services, and student services, respectively. Each academic school department is headed by a dean. San Diego Community College District has five major operational components: City College, Mesa College, Miramar College, Continuing Education, and

6256-426: The hands of one person. There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government, which tends to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service . In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee (operating committee or executive council), composed of

6348-432: The hiring and evaluation of school administrators, addressing concerns related to teacher performance, and monitoring the overall effectiveness of the educational system. Boards act as a bridge between the community and the schools, representing the interests and values of the constituents they serve. The structure and functionality of boards of education vary significantly across nations and even within different regions of

6440-546: The identification and nomination of directors (that shareholders vote for or against) are often done by the board itself, leading to a high degree of self-perpetuation. In a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, and its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include board of directors and advisors , board of governors , board of managers , board of regents , board of trustees , and board of visitors . It may also be called

6532-400: The jurisdiction's corporate law ) and the organization's own constitution and by-laws . These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and may be subordinate to, the organization's full membership, which usually elect the members of the board. In

6624-570: The largest and most successful of California's 112 community colleges, and as the largest college in San Diego Community College District, Mesa College opened in 1964 and it now serves over 24,000 students on a campus of 104 acres offering more than 150 programs of instruction. Among its unique programs available on campus are: Located on 120 acres in the Mira Mesa / Scripps Ranch suburban area of San Diego along

6716-411: The local level, but their functions and powers are often influenced by national policies. The emphasis on a strong central government role in education reflects the cultural values and historical contexts of these nations. Boards of education face numerous challenges in their efforts to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of education. One common challenge is the balancing act between local autonomy and

6808-418: The membership, especially if the membership meets infrequently, such as only at an annual general meeting . The amount of powers and authority delegated to the board depend on the bylaws and rules of the particular organization. Some organizations place matters exclusively in the board's control while in others, the general membership retains full power and the board can only make recommendations. The setup of

6900-1375: The nation, San Diego Community College District became second-largest community college district in California. All campuses have received extensive expansion and renovations in the last 20 years: Propositions S and N-funded projects for the 60-acre City College have included six new instructional and career training facilities, eight major renovations, and new parking, public safety, and infrastructure projects. These have included facilities or major renovations to support in-demand programs including Nursing, Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and dozens more. A new Cyber Defense and Analysis Baccalaureate Program will launch as early as fall of 2024. The projects have provided for updated infrastructure, safety upgrades and improvements to support ADA compliance, and extensive hardscape and landscape to create numerous outdoor learning and gathering spaces. At Mesa College, Propositions S & N-funded projects have included six new academic and career training facilities, two campus support facilities, five major renovation projects, and numerous infrastructure, parking, and public safety projects. These have included state-of-the-art facilities to support in-demand career training and academic programs, including Health Information Management (which offers

6992-402: The need for standardized practices. Striking the right balance ensures that educational policies align with the unique needs of communities while maintaining a level of consistency in educational standards. Globalization and technological advancements bring forth new challenges and opportunities. School boards must grapple with issues related to digital literacy, the integration of technology in

7084-577: The new Skills Center at the Educational Cultural Complex (ECC). The bond program also provided for a complete seismic retrofit for the Centre City Campus. As SDCCD's bond program is ending, no future construction or renovation projects are planned for the 2023–2024 school year. San Diego Community College District is governed by a five-member, locally elected board of trustees and three student members serving on

7176-542: The only open water lifeguard degree in the world. Miramar has the only entry-level biotechnology program in San Diego County. Miramar boasts unique career training in the following: San Diego College of Continuing Education was the first and remains the only community college continuing education institution in California to meet the standards for independent accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. The College of Continuing Education

7268-601: The opening of a unique district campus, the Educational Cultural Complex, dedicated to offering both college and continuing education classes to the multicultural population surrounding its Ocean View Boulevard site. In 1979-80 the administration of the Evening College program was merged with those of the day college programs at San Diego City, San Diego Mesa, and San Diego Miramar Colleges. With both credit colleges and College of Continuing Education programs, as well as extensive educational programs at military bases across

7360-429: The organization. Inside directors represent the interests of the entity's stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Typical inside directors are: An inside director who is employed as a manager or executive of the organization is sometimes referred to as an executive director (not to be confused with the title executive director sometimes used for

7452-457: The powers of the board are vested in the board as a whole, and not in the individual directors. However, in instances an individual director may still bind the company by their acts by virtue of their ostensible authority (see also: the rule in Turquand's Case ). Because directors exercise control and management over the organization, but organizations are (in theory) run for the benefit of

7544-454: The presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. Corporations often appoint a former senior executive and ex-board member as honorary president , a position that does not carry any executive authority and represents recognition of the person's corporate governorship and performance. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder , or someone similarly connected to

7636-499: The responsibility of various District operations. The provision of educational programs, student support services, staff development, direct campus operations, and various ancillary functions are the responsibility of each College and Continuing Education. All administrative departments and operations in the District Office are under the final authority of the Chancellor and the college/Continuing Education operations are under

7728-601: The school system under such board's control. The government department that administered education in the United Kingdom before the foundation of the Ministry of education was formerly called the Board of education . Boards of education serve as crucial pillars in the architecture of educational systems worldwide, shaping policies, guiding institutions, and influencing the future of generations. This essay embarks on

7820-468: The shareholders are normally the same people, and thus there is no real division of power. In large public companies , the board tends to exercise more of a supervisory role, and individual responsibility and management tends to be delegated downward to individual professional executives (such as a finance director or a marketing director) who deal with particular areas of the company's affairs. Another feature of boards of directors in large public companies

7912-465: The world such as a corporation, limited liability company, cooperative, business trust, partnership, private limited company, and public limited company. Much of what has been written about boards of directors relates to boards of directors of business entities actively traded on public markets. More recently, however, material is becoming available for boards of private and closely held businesses including family businesses. A board-only organization

8004-544: The world, such as Europe and Asia, variations in the historical development of boards of education reflect unique cultural, social, and political contexts. School boards are multifaceted in the way that they function, encompassing policy formulation, resource allocation, oversight of educational institutions, and representation of community interests. One primary function is the establishment and review of educational policies that guide curriculum development, assessment strategies, and teaching methodologies. These policies serve as

8096-978: Was also one of the first in California to establish a Joint High School Diploma partnership with the local school district, and was also among the first continuing education programs in California to serve 100,000 students per academic year. Today, the College of Continuing Education consists of seven campuses and 56 partnered locations throughout the city where instruction may be offered in collaboration with schools, community service providers, and other institutions. Instruction offered at Continuing Education includes: San Diego Community College District conducts open enrollment in all of its three community colleges and seven Continuing Education campuses. City College, Mesa College, and Miramar College as public two-year community colleges administered by San Diego Community College District offer credit programs leading to degrees , transfer, employment , and skills improvement along with

8188-561: Was endorsed by the House of Lords in Quin & Axtens v Salmon [1909] AC 442 and has since received general acceptance. Under English law, successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that, unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles, the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them. The modern doctrine

8280-518: Was expressed in John Shaw & Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113 by Greer LJ as follows: A company is an entity distinct alike from its shareholders and its directors. Some of its powers may, according to its articles, be exercised by directors, certain other powers may be reserved for the shareholders in general meeting. If powers of management are vested in the directors, they and they alone can exercise these powers. The only way in which

8372-507: Was opened to 1,800 students. Five years later, in 1969, San Diego Miramar College opened on 140 acres in what was then undeveloped land north of the Miramar Naval Air Station , now known as Mira Mesa . Unlike City and Mesa Colleges which offered a wide range of general education classes, Miramar College began by concentrating on law enforcement and fire science training. It has since broadened its curriculum to include

8464-514: Was set up to provide college classes in the evening for adults who were unable to attend classes during the day. In 1946, City College moved back to San Diego High School and reorganized into three branches: San Diego Vocational High School, San Diego College Arts and Sciences, and San Diego Evening Junior College. City College continued to grow during the 1950s and 60s as land was acquired to allow expansion through various blocks of today's northeast downtown San Diego. In 1964, San Diego Mesa College

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