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43-685: Suas began baking at age 14 in Brittany, France . At age 21 he became head pastry chef at Barrier, a Michelin Guide three-star restaurant in Tours, France . Several years later Suas and his wife immigrated to the United States and toured the country in a Volkswagen van , ending up in San Francisco in 1987, which was in the midst of a " bread revolution ". He soon began consulting with for

86-549: A MoDem deputy to the National Assembly (he has since joined the pro- UMP New Centre ). The French Communist Party 's support is largely concentrated in the south-west of the Côtes-d'Armor and north-west of Morbihan . The Greens and other environmentalist parties have traditionally been strong in the region, especially in urban areas such as Rennes or Quimper . The region was one of the few which voted "Yes" to

129-849: A Vreizhad taer! Chorus III Ar Vretoned 'zo tud kalet ha kreñv. N'eus pobl ken kalonek a-zindan an neñv. Gwerz trist, son dudius a ziwan enno. O! pegen kaer ez out, ma bro! Chorus IV Mard eo bet trec'het Breizh er brezelioù bras, He yezh a zo bepred ken bev ha biskoazh, He c'halon virvidik a lamm c'hoazh 'n he c'hreiz. Dihunet out bremañ, ma Breizh! 𝄆 Chorus 𝄇 1 [niː bʀɛi̯.ziz‿a ˈɡɑː.lɔ̃n kaˈʀom(b)‿ɔ̃n ɡwiːʀ vʀoː] [ˈbʀyː.ded‿eː ɑ̃n ˈaʀ.voʀ dʀeː aʀ bet tʀoː.dʀoː] [ˈdis.pɔ̃n(t) kʀɛi̯z‿aʀ ˈbʀeː.zel ɔ̃n ˈtɑː.du ken mɑːt] [a ˈskɥiː.ʎaz‿e.viː.ti o ɡwɑːt]   [o bʀɛi̯s ma bʀoː meː ɡaʀ ma bʀoː] [tʀɑː ma voː moːʀ vel myʀ‿(e)n e zʀoː] [ʀɑː ˈveː.zo diˈɡɑː.best(χ) ma bʀoː] 2 [bʀɛi̯z‿ˈduː.aʀ aʀ zen(t) koːz‿ˈduː.aʀ aʀ ˈvaʀ.zet] [nø(ː)z‿bʀoː alː

172-552: A bread exhibition in Paris, France . Soon after opening the Institute, Michel Suas also founded an equipment importer, TMB Baking, and a retail bakery, Thorough Bread and Pastry, that sells food made by professional bakers who have graduated from the school's professional training program or internship. In 2012, Suas partnered with Belinda Leong to open B.Patisserie in San Francisco. The Institute trained Armando Lacayo, owner of

215-438: A galon, karomp hon gwir vro! Brudet eo an Arvor dre ar bed tro-dro. Dispont 'kreiz ar brezel, hon tadoù ken mat, A skuilhas eviti o gwad. Chorus: O! Breizh, ma bro, me 'gar ma bro. Tra ma vo mor 'vel mur 'n he zro, Ra vezo digabestr ma bro! II Breizh, douar ar Sent Kozh, douar ar varzhed, N'eus bro all a garan kement 'barzh ar bed. Pep menez, pep traoñienn d'am c'halon zo ker, Eno 'kousk meur

258-542: A stronghold of the Roman Catholic Church , and its rates of church attendance have tended to be considerably higher than the national average. However, in recent years the influence of the church has declined. The Region of Brittany is administered by the Regional Council of Brittany . The region was a traditionally conservative and Christian democratic region, with the notable exception of

301-490: A ˈbis.kɔ̯as] [e ˈhɑː.lɔ̃n viʀˈviː.diɡ‿a lamː hɔ̯az‿(e)n e hʀɛi̯s] [diˈhyː.ned‿ud‿ˈbʀeː.mɑ̃ ma bʀɛi̯s]   I We, Bretons by heart, love our true country, Armorica , famous worldwide. Any fear in battle without, our such good fathers, For thee shed their blood. Chorus: Brittany, my country, I love my country, So long as the sea, like a wall surrounding thee, My country shall be free! II Brittany, land of old Saints, land of bards, There

344-449: A ˈɡɑː.ʀɑ̃n ˈkeː.men(d)‿baʀz‿aʀ bet] [peb‿ˈmeː.ne(s) pep ˈtʀaɔ̃.jenː dam ˈhɑː.lɔ̃n zo keːʀ] [eː.no kuzɡ‿møʀ a ˈvʀɛi̯.zat tɛːʀ]   3 [aʀ vʀeˈtoː.ned‿a zo tyt ˈkɑː.led‿a kʀẽ(ː)(v)] [nø(ː)s pop(ɬ) ken kaˈloː.neɡ‿aˈzin.dɑ̃n ɑ̃n nẽ(ː)(v)] [ɡweʀs tʀist sɔ̃n dyˈdiː.yz‿a ˈziː.wɑ̃n ˈen.no] [o ˈpeː.ɡen kɛːʀ ez‿ud‿ma bʀoː]   4 [maʀd‿eː bet ˈtʀeː.xed‿bʀɛi̯z‿eʀ bʀeˈzeː.li(.)u bʀɑːs] [e jeːz‿a zo ˈbeː.pʁet ken beːw

387-479: Is Rennes , although Nantes is considered the capital of historic Brittany and is located in Loire-Atlantique . The reunification of Brittany is supported by a majority of Loire-Atlantique and is considered a prerequisite to further autonomy of Brittany as a whole. Part of the reason Brittany was split between two present-day regions was to avoid the rivalry between Rennes and Nantes. Although Nantes

430-598: Is the anthem of Brittany . It is sung to the same tune as that of the national anthem of Wales , " Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau ", and has similar lyrics. The Cornish anthem, " Bro Goth Agan Tasow ", is also sung to the same tune. This anthem is played during major sporting events at the final of the Coupe de France between the Stade Rennais F.C. and the En Avant Guingamp , at the end of a day's broadcasting on

473-642: Is the list of communes in Brittany with a population over 15,000 inhabitants. Rennes is situated in the east of Brittany, being the capital of the region, the capital of the Ille-et-Vilaine department , as well as the most populous metropolitan area in Brittany with 700,000 inhabitants (2013). The Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel provide Brittany with an oceanic climate . Prevailing northwest winds reduce variations of temperature in

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516-739: Is the regional rail network serving Brittany in order to link the cities of Brittany to each other. OUIBUS coach services link the region with the largest cities in France at low cost. In addition there is Brittany Ferries that take passengers, vehicles and freight to the Republic of Ireland , the United Kingdom , Spain and Condor Ferries to the Channel Islands . Brittany comprises four departments: Côtes-d'Armor , Finistère , Ille-et-Vilaine , and Morbihan . The following table

559-550: Is the westernmost region of Metropolitan France . It covers about four fifths of the territory of the historic province of Brittany . It is one of two regions in Metropolitan France that do not contain any landlocked departments , the other being Corsica . Brittany is a peninsular region bordered by the English Channel to the north and the Bay of Biscay to the south, and its neighbouring regions are Normandy to

602-522: Is typically approximately 30 students at a given time: 16 in bread classes and 12-16 in pastry classes. Since 2001, the Institute has worked with the Bread Project to train low-income students for bakery careers. In 2005 the Institute was the training center for the American team that won the Coupe du Monde de la Boulangerie , a world championship for bakers held every three years at Europain,

645-585: Is warmer in summer. The backbone of Brittany is a granite ridge stretching from east to west, peaking in the Monts d'Arrée. But most of inland Brittany is farming country, a region known for its milk and butter and its early crops. As a holiday region, it is Brittany's coasts that attract the greatest number of visitors; the inland regions have attracted many second-home owners from other parts of France, and from Britain. In cultural terms, Brittany has its own language and Celtic cultural tradition that set it apart from

688-719: The Bretagne Classic , and the Route Adélie de Vitré. Gaelic games are also increasingly popular in the region, particularly Gaelic football where the region has multiple teams that compete in Gaelic Games Europe . 48°00′N 3°00′W  /  48.000°N 3.000°W  / 48.000; -3.000 Bro Gozh ma Zado%C3%B9 " Bro Gozh ma Zadoù " ( Kerneveg Breton pronunciation: [bʀoː ɡoːz‿ma ˈzɑːdu] ; French : Vieux pays de mes ancêtres ; " Old Land of My Fathers ")

731-628: The French Revolution the French provinces were dissolved and replaced with departments ; what had been Brittany became the Côtes-du-Nord (22) (renamed Côtes-d'Armor in 1990) in the north, Finistère (29) in the far west, Morbihan (56) in the south, Ille et Vilaine (35) in the east and Loire-Inférieure (44) (renamed Loire-Atlantique in 1957) in the southeast. When the modern regions were established, Loire-Inférieure (44), which includes

774-635: The Roman and Sub-Roman periods. During the migration period of the Early Middle Ages the Britons were displaced from most of what is now England by the Anglo-Saxon invasions , leading many to settle in western Armorica , present-day Brittany. As a result the modern Bretons have strong historical, cultural and linguistic ties with those areas of Great Britain which remained Brythonic into

817-1051: The Arsicault Bakery in San Francisco, which Bon Appétit magazine named America's best new bakery in 2016. In 2002, the Bread Bakers Guild of America awarded Suas its Golden Baguette in recognition of his contributions to the artisan baking industry. In 2018, Suas won the James Beard Foundation Award for Outstanding Baker, sharing the honor with his partner at B.Patisserie, Belinda Leong. Suas, Michel (April 4, 2008). Advanced Bread and Pastry . Cengage Learning. ISBN   9781418011697 . 37°39′15″N 122°23′12″W  /  37.65413°N 122.38657°W  / 37.65413; -122.38657 Brittany (administrative region) Brittany ( French : Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] ; Breton : Breizh [brɛjs] ; Gallo : Bertaèyn [bəʁtaɛɲ] )

860-568: The European constitution in the 2005 referendum , and Brittany continues, along with Alsace , to be a strongly pro-European region. The Socialist Party controls three departmental councils ( Ille-et-Vilaine , Côtes-d'Armor , and Finistère ), while the centrist MoDem controls that of Morbihan , in a coalition with the right. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 99.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 4.2% of French economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

903-524: The French kings varied over time; at various points Brittany was either subject to, aligned with or heavily influenced by the English Kings ; at others it was de facto independent. Following the Breton defeat at the hands of the French army in 1488, the duchy was forced into a dynastic union with the French crown in 1491; in 1547 it was formally incorporated as a province of France . Following

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946-522: The North Atlantic, are rugged and rocky, with sandy coves and beaches. The south coast, facing onto the Bay of Biscay, is flatter, much milder, and has a number of large sandy beaches. There are also many inlets on the south coast, such as La Trinité sur Mer, which in the past have been ports and commercial harbours, but today are more popular with yachtsmen and a dwindling fishing industry. The sea here

989-453: The Orient; but its shipping and shipbuilding industries have largely declined, and like other ports on the south coast of Brittany, is better known today for its yachting and yacht-building industry. It is also the venue for Brittany's annual Interceltiques music and culture festival . Despite its limited size, Brittany is quite a diverse region; the north and west coasts, open to the force of

1032-733: The Welsh and Bretons) in 1903, at a Congress of the Union Régionaliste Bretonne held in Lesneven , Brittany (France). Maurice Duhamel adapted it for piano, and it was first recorded by Pathé in 1910. In November 2021, it became the official anthem of Brittany with a new arrangement by Frédérique Lory played by the Orchestre National de Bretagne (National Orchestra of Brittany) in partnership with Comité Bro Gozh ma Zadoù and Coop Breizh. I Ni, Breizhiz

1075-690: The administrative capital of the Duchy, remaining the seat of its Chambre des comptes until the 1490s, and also the seat of its Parlement until 1553 and then again between 1675 and 1689. Although there were previous plans to create regions out of the departments, like the Clémentel plan (1919) or the Vichy regionalisation programme (1941), these plans had no effect or else were abolished in 1945. The current French regions date from 1956 and were created by gathering departments together. In Brittany, this led to

1118-466: The capital of historic Brittany and is located in Loire-Atlantique . The region of Brittany was created in 1941 from four of the five departments constituting the territory of traditional Brittany . The other is Loire-Atlantique , which is included in the region of Pays de la Loire , whose capital, Nantes , was a historical capital of the Duchy of Brittany . The capital of the administrative region

1161-653: The city's new artisan bakeries. Acme Bread was his first client, and La Brea Bakery was his second, followed by many others throughout the United States including Metropolis, Grace Baking, Boudin Bakery , and Thomas Keller 's restaurants. In 1996 Suas opened the Institute in South San Francisco. The San Francisco Baking Institute (SFBI) offers short workshops (2-5 day seminars on specific topics) as well as an 18-week full-time and 24-week part-time Bread & Pastry Professional Training Program. Enrollment

1204-453: The creation of the new region of Brittany, which included only four out of the five historical Breton departments. The term région was officially created by the Law of Decentralisation (2 March 1982), which also gave regions their legal status. The first direct elections for regional representatives took place on 16 March 1986. Brittany, located in the west-north-west corner of France, is one of

1247-423: The department of Côtes-d'Armor , a longtime stronghold of the political left. However, the whole of Brittany has recently been moving towards the left, in 2004 electing Jean-Yves Le Drian as its first Socialist regional president, and in the 2007 presidential election voting for Socialist Ségolène Royal . The centrist candidate François Bayrou also polled relatively highly in the region and Fougères elected

1290-405: The historic capital Nantes, became part of Pays de la Loire , while the other four departments became part of the Brittany region. The capital city of the modern Brittany region is Rennes, located in the central eastern part of the region; most of the major lines of communication between Brittany and Paris pass through Rennes, which is a large industrial and university city. Other important cities in

1333-538: The historic provinces of France. The most Atlantic of France's regions, Brittany is noted for its Celtic heritage, which sets it apart from the rest of France. It enjoys a mild climate somewhat warmer though not necessarily drier than the climate of the Cornish peninsula in south-west Britain. The name "Brittany" derives from the Britons , an Insular Celtic (Brythonic) people who inhabited most of Great Britain during

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1376-416: The local radio station Bretagne 5, as well as cultural events. The Breton lyrics are the creation of François Jaffrennou (Taldir) in 1897, and the music was that composed by James James , of Pontypridd , Wales, for "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau". The new song was first published in 1898 and circulated as "Henvelidigez" ("Adaptation"). It was chosen as the national anthem (and a song to celebrate friendship between

1419-456: The modern era: Wales and Cornwall . Initially divided into several small petty kingdoms , Brittany as a united political entity emerged in the 9th century as the Kingdom of Brittany . In the early 10th century the kingdom was devastated by Norse raids and occupation and from the mid-10th century became a vassal state of France as the Duchy of Brittany . The level of control exerted by

1462-411: The northeast and Pays de la Loire to the southeast. " Bro Gozh ma Zadoù " is the anthem of Brittany. It is sung to the same tune as that of the national anthem of Wales , " Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau ", and has similar words. As a region of France, Brittany has a Regional Council , which was most recently elected in 2021 . The capital of the administrative region is Rennes , although Nantes is considered

1505-617: The provincial States of Brittany, a legislative body which had originally met every two years in a different city of Brittany, that had met in Rennes only between 1728 and 1789, although not in the years 1730, 1758, and 1760. Despite that, the Chambre des comptes had remained in Nantes until 1789. However, from 1381 until the end of the fifteenth century Vannes ( Gwened in Breton) had served as

1548-596: The region are Brest , one of the two most important French naval ports, Saint-Malo , an imposing walled city on the north coast, and Vannes , the capital of the Morbihan , with an attractive old town centre. Quimper , the capital of the Finistère , and Saint-Brieuc , the capital of the Côtes-d'Armor , are less important. Lorient , in the Morbihan, was once a major shipping port trading with – as its name suggests –

1591-535: The region. The climate is drier in southern sections. The extreme northwest has up to 10 days with temperatures above 25 °C, while southeastern Brittany can have up to 50. Three Breton clubs play in Ligue 1 , the top tier of French football: Stade Rennais , Stade Brestois , and FC Lorient . Another historical club, En Avant Guingamp , plays in Ligue 2 , and Vannes OC plays in the third tier Championnat National . In rugby union , RC Vannes currently plays in

1634-401: The rest of France. The Breton language , though not much used in everyday life, and not understood by most of the modern population, has made a comeback in recent years, and is taught in many schools. Celtic traditions are reflected in Breton folk music, its Celtic festivals, and its prehistoric monuments. The name of Brittany derives from settlers from Great Britain , who fled the island in

1677-631: The second level, Pro D2 . The Brest Albatros Hockey is a Brest ice hockey club that plays in FFHG Division 1 . The Cesson Rennes Métropole Handball plays in LNH Division 1 . The Brest Bretagne Handball plays in French Women's Handball Championship . The Rennes Volley 35 plays in Ligue B . The Fortuneo–Vital Concept cycling pro team participate every year at the Tour de France ,

1720-503: The traditional language is Gallo , an Oïl language , which has also received regional recognition and is in the process of being revived. The French administration now allows for some Breton or Gallo to be used by the region and its communes, in road signs and names of towns and cities, alongside the official French language version. The two regional languages are also taught in some schools, and many folklore associations and clubs are trying to revive them. Brittany has historically been

1763-566: The wake of the Anglo-Saxon invasions of England between the fifth and seventh centuries. Unlike the rest of France and Brittany, Lower Brittany (roughly, west of a boundary from Saint Brieuc to Vannes ) has maintained a distinctly Celtic language , Breton , which is related to Cornish and Welsh . It was the dominant language in Lower, or western, Brittany until the mid-20th century. It has been granted regional language status and revival efforts are underway. In Upper, or eastern, Brittany ,

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1806-619: Was 26,700 euros or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 100% of the EU average. There are several airports in Brittany ( Rennes , Brest , Lorient ...) serving destinations in Europe . TGV train services link the region with cities such as Paris in 1h27m due to the LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire , Lyon , Lille and the largest French cities. TER Bretagne

1849-465: Was the principal capital of the Duchy of Brittany until the sixteenth century, Rennes had been the seat of the Duchy's supreme court of justice between 1560 and 1789. Rennes had also been the administrative capital of the Intendant of Brittany between 1689 and 1789, and Intendances were the most important administrative units of the kingdom of France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As for

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