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51-824: SFTS is a founding member of the Graduate Theological Union (GTU) in Berkeley , a large consortium of graduate schools and seminaries in the Bay Area. Through this membership, students have access to the Flora Lamson Hewlett Library and enjoy many opportunities to learn from and engage with religious traditions outside of the Reformed tradition. Through the Graduate Theological Union, students have access to

102-573: A bachelor's degree . Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's after about five years. Some universities use the Latin degree names, such as Artium Magister (AM) or Scientiæ Magister (SM). For example, Harvard University , Dartmouth College , the University of Chicago , MIT , the University of Pennsylvania , and Brown University use the abbreviations AM and SM for some of their master's degrees. A Master of Arts may be given in

153-504: A "historical anachronism" and argued that "unearned qualifications" should be discontinued to preserve the academic integrity of the taught MA. Further, they warned that the title gave Oxbridge graduates an unfair advantage in the job market. On 21 October 2011, the bill received its second reading, but it failed to complete its passage through Parliament before the end of the session, meaning it fell. A number of different master's degrees may be earned at Oxford and Cambridge. The most common,

204-584: A "very high research" Master of Arts might have to earn credits also at the PhD level, and they may need to complete their program in about three years of full-time candidature, e.g. at Harvard in the United States and McGill in Canada. A thesis must be a distinct contribution to knowledge. It must demonstrate ability to plan and carry out research, organize results, and defend the approach and conclusions in

255-465: A dissertation based on independent research. Taught master's programs involve one or two years of full-time study. Many can be done part-time as well. Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate master's degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an honours degree ). Nowadays, however, master's degrees are normally classified into the categories of Fail, Pass, Pass with Merit, or Pass with Distinction. This education pattern in

306-435: A previously completed three-year bachelor's program (a Bc. title). Writing a thesis (in both master's and bachelor's programs) and passing final exams are necessary to obtain the degree. It is mostly the case that the final exams cover the main study areas of the whole study program, i.e. a student is required to prove their knowledge in the subjects they attended during the two resp. three years of their study. Exams also include

357-442: A scientific discipline, common at Ivy League universities . Many universities offer Master of Arts programs, which are differentiated either as Thesis or Non-Thesis programs. Usually, the duration for a Non-Thesis option is one to two years of full-time study. The period for a Thesis option may last longer, depending also on the required level of courses and complexity of the thesis . Sometimes, qualified students who are admitted to

408-485: A scientific thesis after completing the bachelor's degree. This fourth year typically constitutes the first half of a master's programme. If not, it may be supplemented by a fifth year and a master's thesis to obtain a master's degree in the field of study. Except at Aberdeen, Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews (see below), the MA is typically a "taught" postgraduate degree, involving lectures, examination, and

459-479: A variety of four-year undergraduate integrated master's degrees such as MEng or MMath . In Canada and the United States, the Master of Arts ( Magister Artium ) and Master of Science ( Magister Scientiæ ) are the basic graduate-level degrees in most subjects and may be course-based, research-based, or, more typically, a combination of the two. Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding

510-451: Is "magister" (its abbreviation "mgr" is placed before one's name, like the title Dr). At the technical universities, a student is awarded with inżynier (engineer) after three years and then with "magister" after completing another two years of study and graduating. Such persons use titles "mgr inż". In the 1990s, the MA programs usually lasting five years were replaced by separate three-year bachelor's and two-year master's programs. The degree

561-545: Is a research degree at the University of Cambridge , where the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is the name given to the standard one-year taught degree with a unique research element, in contrast to the use of MPhil at other institutions for a research degree. Research in 2000 by the universities watchdog, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education , showed that two-thirds of employers were unaware that

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612-479: Is awarded in the arts (visual arts, literature, foreign languages, filmmaking, theatre etc.), natural sciences, mathematics, computer science fields, and economics. The completion of a research thesis is required. All master's degrees in Poland qualify for a doctorate program. In Finland, Denmark and Norway, the master's degree is a combined taught/research degree, awarded after two years of studies after completing

663-531: Is the Berkeley Journal of Religion and Theology . The journal is managed by current doctoral students, although peer-reviewers include members of the consortial doctoral faculty. All issues are available free online. Although the GTU consortium occupies many buildings throughout the Bay Area, only three buildings are owned by the GTU. The largest of the buildings is the Flora Lamson Hewlett Library , one of

714-501: Is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science . Those admitted to the degree have typically studied subjects within the scope of the humanities and social sciences , such as history , literature , languages , linguistics , public administration , political science , communication studies , law or diplomacy ; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer

765-534: Is the reason the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees are considered equivalent. In the Netherlands, the Master of Arts and the Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2002. Until that time, a single program that led to the doctorandus degree (or the ingenieur degree in the case of technical subjects) was in effect, which comprised the same course-load as the bachelor's and master's programs put together. Those who had already started

816-657: The Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley . The GTU developed joint M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in cooperation with the graduate school at the University of California Berkeley . In 1990, SFTS opened its second campus in Pasadena, which was housed in the Pasadena Presbyterian Church. Due to seminary budget cuts, the board of trustees voted to close the Pasadena campus in February 2011. However, despite

867-537: The University of California, Berkeley , and have access and borrowing privileges at the University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University libraries. Only Ph.D. students have unrestricted access to registering for UCB classes (subject to approval of course instructors). Cross-registration opportunities are also available at Dominican University of California , Holy Names University , and Mills College . Additionally, students can participate in international exchange programs. The GTU's in-house academic journal

918-472: The University of Dublin , the title of Master of Arts is conferred after a certain number of years , without further examination, to those who have graduated as Bachelor of Arts and who have the requisite years' standing as members of the university or as graduates. This happens, in England, only at the universities of Oxford , four years after completing a bachelor's degree, and Cambridge , six years after

969-434: The doctorandus program could, upon completing it, opt for the doctorandus degree, which gave the title "Doctorandus" before their name, abbreviated to 'drs.'; in the case of ingenieur, this would be 'ir.'), or else opt for a master's degree as postnominals behind their name, in accordance with the new standard ('MA' or 'MSc'). A master's degree can take one or two years to complete. The Polish equivalent of Master of Arts

1020-720: The 224th General Assembly appointed a mediator, and after a year of negotiation, COTE, SFTS, and the University of Redlands agreed to a covenant "reaffirming SFTS as a Presbyterian theological seminary related to the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)". COTE presented the covenant to the 225th General Assembly of the PCUSA in July 2022, and the Assembly, upon COTE's recommendation, approved the covenant without controversy, treating

1071-478: The Christian, Jewish, Islamic, and Hindu traditions. Other concentrations include comparative theology/ethics, philosophical theology, theology and science, and aesthetics. Religion and Practice focuses on homiletics, liturgical studies, missiology, practical theology, and religious education. The GTU also offers certificates in specialized studies. All degree seeking students at GTU may take any classes offered at

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1122-591: The Czech Republic and Slovakia follow the Bologna Process. The Czech Republic and Slovakia both award two different types of master's degrees; both award a title of Mgr. or Ing. to be used before the name. Prior to reforms for compliance with the Bologna process, a master's degree could only be obtained after five years of uninterrupted study. Under the new system, it takes only two years but requires

1173-556: The GTU consortial schools are located in the Berkeley area with the majority north of the campus in a neighborhood known as "Holy Hill" due to the cluster of GTU seminaries and centers located there. Many of the GTU's constituent seminaries were established at various locations throughout the Bay Area in the early 20th or even the late 19th centuries. Because of the foundation of the University of California, several of them relocated to Berkeley and established cooperative relationships with

1224-499: The GTU consortium, although in 2013 it merged with the University of San Diego , leaving the consortium and relocating to Oceanside, California. By 1971, the GTU was fully accredited by the Association of Theological Schools. In 1969, the GTU common library was established and the individual libraries of the seminaries were merged into one collection. In the 1970s, construction began on a Louis I. Kahn -designed building to house

1275-612: The GTU library. The main library building was completed in 1987 and was named the Flora Lamson Hewlett Library in honor of the Hewlett Foundation. The dean of the GTU is the chief academic officer. The dean also chairs the GTU's council of deans, which is composed of the academic deans of the member schools. Traditionally, deans have held the John Dillenberger Professorship in their general field of specialization. The fifth dean, Margaret Miles,

1326-473: The Graduate Theological Union and the University of California Berkeley, students can also earn a Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Students also have access to professional certificate programs in the University of Redlands School of Continuing Studies. Graduate Theological Union The Graduate Theological Union ( GTU ) is a consortium of eight private independent American theological schools and eleven centers and affiliates. Seven of

1377-454: The Master of Philosophy degree (MPhil), is a two-year research degree. To prepare to graduate as a Master of Science (MSc) or a Master of Studies (MSt) takes only one year, both courses often combining some coursework with research. A Master of Letters (MLitt) is the holder of a pure research master's degree. In comparison to the LLM at Cambridge, Oxford offers two master's degrees in law depending on

1428-584: The Oxford and Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of post-graduate achievement. In February 2011, the Labour Member of Parliament Chris Leslie sponsored a private member's bill in Parliament, the master's degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill, to "prohibit universities awarding master's degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment are met". The bill's supporters described the practice as

1479-560: The PC(USA) was unconvinced. “After six years, there is no requirement of any Presbyterians on the UR Board, and after five years the proceeds from any sale of former SFTS assets may be used as determined in the discretion of that board, who are fiduciaries for the University of Redlands and not for the former SFTS. In short, COTE is concerned that the distinguished legacy of the former SFTS could disappear after five years.”. The co-moderators of

1530-695: The Presbyterian City College and Calvary Presbyterian Church, located at what now is Union Square, and St. John's Presbyterian Church. Six years later, the seminary moved to its own building next to the City College building on Haight Street. The seminary moved in 1891 to a 14-acre (57,000 m) hilltop site in Marin County about 15 miles (24 km) north of the Golden Gate Bridge. A new charter issued in 1900 gave

1581-575: The United Kingdom is followed in India and many Commonwealth Nations . The Master of Laws (LLM) is the standard degree taught for law, but certain courses may lead to MA, MLitt, Master of Studies (MSt), and the Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) at Oxford . All of these degrees are considered substitutes to one another and are thus generally equivalent. In the ancient universities of Scotland ,

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1632-432: The academic resources available to them at the University of California at Berkeley , but are also required to include a non-GTU scholar in their exams or dissertation committees. As such, students have collaborated with UCB faculty members in the anthropology, critical theory, ethnic studies, history, philosophy, sociology, etc. departments. There are four doctoral departments, with more than 30 concentrations, encompassing

1683-557: The announced closure, the seminary continued to consider alternative opportunities to expand their programs in Southern California. In February 2019, SFTS announced its intention to become part of the University of Redlands , based in Southern California's Inland Empire region. The merger was complete on July 1, 2019, and SFTS was embedded within a new Graduate School of Theology that carried SFTS programs forward and expanded opportunities for its students. In consequence of

1734-520: The bachelor's degree. The student is required to write a scientific thesis. In Finland, this master's degree is called a filosofian maisteri (in Finnish) or filosofie magister (in Swedish), and it is abbreviated as FM or "fil.mag.". In Sweden, there is still an intermediate degree between the bachelor's ( kandidat ) and master's called magister which only requires one year of studies, including

1785-466: The breadth of religious and theological scholarship at the GTU. The Sacred Texts and Interpretation department focuses on Hebrew Bible, New Testament, Rabbinic Literature, and studies in the sacred texts of Islamic and Hindu traditions. Historical and Cultural Studies of Religions encompasses studies in history of religions, art and religion, interreligious studies, and sociology of religion. Theology and Ethics focuses on theological and ethical reflections in

1836-496: The classes and the libraries of the University of California, Berkeley and, most recently, University of Redlands. San Francisco pastor William Anderson Scott opened two Presbyterian schools in his churches in the third quarter of the 19th century, the second of which was the San Francisco Theological Seminary. In 1872, SFTS began with four professors and four students meeting for instruction at

1887-573: The covenant relationship as equivalent to an institutional relationship. The SFTS campus is now known as the University of Redlands, Marin Campus, which is also home to the UR School of Business & Society. San Francisco Theological Seminary degree programs include the Master of Divinity (M.Div.), Master of Arts (MA), and Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.). The seminary also offers graduate-level diplomas and certificate programs. In conjunction with

1938-403: The defence of a thesis before an academic board. Ing. (Engineer) degrees are usually awarded for master's degrees achieved in the natural sciences or mathematics-heavy study programmes, whereas an Mgr. (Magister) is generally awarded for master's studies in social sciences or the humanities while an MgA. (Magister of Arts) is awarded for studies in the arts. In Germany, the Master of Arts degree

1989-450: The degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two. The degree of Master of Arts traces its origins to the teaching license or Licentia docendi of the University of Paris , designed to produce "masters" who were graduate teachers of their subjects. Like all EU member states,

2040-494: The degree of Master of Arts is awarded in universities as a four-year undergraduate degree, see Master of Arts (Scotland) . The degree of Master of Arts is the first degree awarded in arts , humanities , theology , and social sciences . However, some universities in Scotland award the degree of Master of Letters (MLitt) to students in the arts , humanities , divinity , and social sciences . At Oxford , Cambridge and

2091-556: The exception of visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. The Magister Artium held either a double major degree or a combination of one major and two minors. German postgraduate Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2001. Therefore, the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees have existed side by side, since 2010; Magister Artium degrees are still awarded by some universities, as of 2020. The new Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees together also require five years of studies, which

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2142-428: The first term of study. It is also the case at the University of Dublin. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is therefore almost always appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" in the same way that it is to higher degrees, e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab), PhD (Lond)", principally so that it is clear (to those who are aware of the system) that these are nominal and unexamined degrees. The MLitt

2193-760: The incorporation of the Graduate Theological Union in 1962. In 1964, the Pacific School of Religion , St. Albert's College (now the Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology ) and Starr King School for the Ministry joined the GTU consortium. In 1966, Alma College relocated to Berkeley and was renamed the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley . In 1968, the Franciscan School of Theology moved to Berkeley from Santa Barbara and joined

2244-465: The jurisdictional background of the student. The degree of Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) is for those from a common law background, whilst the more recent Magister Juris is for those from civil law jurisdictions. More recently, Oxford and Cambridge offer the degree of Master of Business Administration. Master's degrees are generally offered without classification, although the top five percent may be deemed worthy of Distinction. Both universities also offer

2295-671: The largest theological libraries in the world, with around 529,000 volumes. The GTU draws its consortial faculty from its constituent seminaries and centers. Although faculty members are employed at their respective seminaries and centers, they commit to supervising doctoral and masters students, as well as occasionally teaching advanced GTU-wide courses. Former faculty members include Naomi Seidman , Daniel C. Matt , David Alexander , John Dillenberger , and Roy I. Sano . Master of Arts A Master of Arts ( Latin : Magister in Artibus or Artium Magister ; abbreviated MA or AM )

2346-552: The merger, the PCUSA General Assembly's Committee on Theological Education (COTE) removed SFTS from its roster of Presbyterian Seminaries, and the Presbyterian Foundation withheld payments from a portion of SFTS endowment that it held in trust, on the grounds that the seminary no longer exists as an incorporated entity. While SFTS maintained its commitment to Presbyterian 'theological education',

2397-586: The seminary power to grant degrees, and jurisdiction over the seminary was transferred from the synod to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1913. In the post World War II era under its president, Jesse Hays Baird, SFTS enjoyed unprecedented expansion, with enrollment increasing to more than 300 and new buildings rising all over the San Anselmo campus. SFTS joined in 1962 with neighboring graduate schools and academic centers in founding

2448-409: The theological schools are located in Berkeley, California . The GTU was founded in 1962 and their students can take courses at the University of California, Berkeley . Additionally, some of the GTU consortial schools are part of other California universities such as Santa Clara University (Jesuit School of Theology) and California Lutheran University (Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary). Most of

2499-717: The university. In the wake of the formation of the World Council of Churches and the Second Vatican Council , Bay Area seminaries began negotiations to form a cooperative degree program. In 1962, agreement between the Berkeley Baptist Divinity School (now Berkeley School of Theology ), Episcopalian Church Divinity School of the Pacific , Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary and San Francisco Theological Seminary enabled for

2550-743: Was called in Latin Magister Artium . This degree, which usually required five years of studies, existed in the Holy Roman Empire and its successors, including the German Empire and the Federal Republic of Germany , but not in the former East Germany , where all degree courses led to a Diplom . Traditional Magister degrees are granted in social sciences and most of the humanities ( international business , European studies and economics included), with

2601-890: Was the John Dillenberger Professor of Historical Theology while the sixth dean, Arthur Holder, was the John Dillenberger Professor of Christian Spirituality. The current dean, Uriah Y. Kim , is the John Dillenberger Professor of Biblical Studies. The GTU offers the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree and the Master of Arts (MA) degree in cooperation with its member seminaries. GTU consortial seminaries variously offer Th.M. , M.Div. , Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.), S.T.B., S.T.L., and S.T.D. degrees. The GTU also offers non-degree certificates in Interreligious Chaplaincy and Interreligious Studies . Ph.D. students are encouraged not only to take advantage of

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