Misplaced Pages

#400599

68-524: San Policarpo may refer to : Saint Polycarp Places and jurisdictions San Policarpo all'Acquedotto Claudio , titular and parochial church in Rome, for a cardinal-priest San Policarpo, Eastern Samar Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title San Policarpo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

136-516: A scholium attributed to Apollinaris of Laodicea , Papias also related a tale on the grotesque fate of Judas Iscariot : Judas did not die by hanging but lived on, having been cut down before he choked to death. Indeed, the Acts of the Apostles makes this clear: "Falling headlong he burst open in the middle and his intestines spilled out." Papias, the disciple of John, recounts this more clearly in

204-697: A commemoration. In the Coptic Orthodox Church, his feast day is on 29 Amshir (8 March in the Gregorian calendar ). Polycarp is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 23 February. He is also honored in the Lutheran Churches on 23 February. Polycarp's soteriology is not clear; he does cite Ephesians 2:8 to say salvation is by grace rather than works, though later exhorts his readers to do good works. It

272-513: A disciple of John the Apostle , one of Jesus's disciples . In On Illustrious Men , Jerome similarly writes that Polycarp was a disciple of John the Apostle, who had ordained him as a bishop of Smyrna. Polycarp is regarded as one of three chief Apostolic Fathers , along with Clement of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch . The sole surviving work attributed to him is the Epistle of Polycarp to

340-503: A doctor using an optical instrument, so far had they sunk below the outer surface. His genitals appeared more loathsome and larger than anyone else's, and when he relieved himself there passed through it pus and worms from every part of his body, much to his shame. After much agony and punishment, they say, he finally died in his own place, and because of the stench the area is deserted and uninhabitable even now; in fact, to this day one cannot pass that place without holding one's nose, so great

408-495: A fuller summary of what Papias said here, calling the woman an adulteress. The parallel is clear to the famous Pericope Adulterae ( John 7:53–8:11 ), a problematic passage absent or relocated in many ancient Gospel manuscripts. The parallel is not exact since, in the version know to Papias, the woman "was accused of many sins", unlike the account found in the Pericope Adulterae in which her accusers simply say that she

476-401: A more steadfast witness of truth, than Valentinus , and Marcion , and the rest of the heretics .” Polycarp lived in an age after the deaths of the apostles, when a variety of interpretations of the sayings of Jesus were being preached. His role was to authenticate orthodox teachings through his connection with the apostle John: "a high value was attached to the witness Polycarp could give as to

544-464: A reliable witness to original apostolic traditions. Eusebius’ use of sources suggests that he himself did not always exercise the soundest of critical judgement, and his negative assessment of Papias was in all likelihood dictated simply by a distrust of chiliasm . Modern scholars have debated Papias' reliability. Much discussion of Papias's comments about the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of Matthew

612-466: A saint on the date of his or her death: And so we afterwards took up his bones which are more valuable than precious stones and finer than refined gold, and laid them in a suitable place; where the Lord will permit us to gather ourselves together, as we are able, in gladness and joy, and to celebrate the birth-day of his martyrdom for the commemoration of those that have already fought in the contest, and for

680-547: A spear for refusing to burn incense to the Roman emperor . On his farewell, he said: "I bless you, Father, for judging me worthy of this hour, so that in the company of the martyrs I may share the cup of Christ." The date of Polycarp's death is in dispute. Eusebius dates it to the reign of Marcus Aurelius , c. 166–167. However, a post-Eusebian addition to the Martyrdom of Polycarp , dates his death to Saturday, 23 February, in

748-406: Is an important early source on Christian oral tradition and especially on the origins of the canonical Gospels . Very little is known of Papias apart from what can be inferred from his own writings. He is described as "an ancient man who was a hearer of John and a companion of Polycarp " by Polycarp's disciple Irenaeus (c. 180). Eusebius adds that Papias was Bishop of Hierapolis around

SECTION 10

#1732764994401

816-521: Is concerned with either showing their reliability as evidence for the origins of these Gospels or with emphasizing their apologetic character in order to discredit their reliability. Yoon-Man Park cites a modern argument that Papias's tradition was formulated to vindicate the apostolicity of Mark's Gospel, but dismisses this as an unlikely apologetic route unless the Peter-Mark connection Papias described had already been accepted with general agreement by

884-402: Is not clear from the text how he views works in relation to salvation as his comments are too little to make a clear conclusion. He could have believed that works are mere results of saving grace or that they are necessary to keep salvation and that they have meritorious value, thus we cannot know if he was a monergist or a synergist . Polycarp in his letter calls Jesus the "son of God" and

952-507: The Martyrdom of Polycarp also appear to have trinitarian theology. What we know of Polycarp's eschatology is largely confined to the affirmation of the resurrection of the dead and Christ's second coming as a judge. Polycarp was perhaps a premillennialist ; Polycarp's student Irenaeus was a premillennialist along with his associate Papias, which suggests that Polycarp also held similar views. Polycarp refers to multiple books of

1020-519: The Gospel of Thomas . But the parallelism implies a meaning of things said or done , which suits the canonical Gospels well. The apparent claim that Matthew wrote in Hebrew—which in Greek could refer to either Hebrew or Aramaic —is echoed by many other ancient authorities. Modern scholars have proposed numerous explanations for this assertion, in light of the prevalent view that canonical Matthew

1088-699: The early church . Steinhauser hypothesized that there was possibly a temporary vacancy in the Philippian church. Polycarp was a Quartodeciman . According to Eusebius, Polycarp claimed that he celebrated Easter on the 14th of Nisan with John the Apostle . Polycarp appears to make heresy a more serious issue than immorality. Polycarp calls immoral people to repent but called the false teachers "firstborn of Satan." Polycarp stated, "I have served him [Christ] eighty-six years and in no way has he dealt unjustly with me." Proponents of infant baptism have argued that this quote shows Polycarp being baptized as an infant ,

1156-645: The proconsulship of Lucius Statius Quadratus , c. 155 or 156. These earlier dates better fit the tradition of his association with Ignatius and John the Evangelist. The Martyrdom of Polycarp states that Polycarp was taken on the Sabbath and killed on "the Great Sabbath ". English patristic scholar William Cave (1637–1713) believed that this was evidence that the Smyrnaeans under Polycarp observed

1224-509: The "eternal high priest" and that "to him all heavenly and earthly things were subjected, whom every breath worships, who comes as a judge of the living and the dead". He also highlighted the sinlessness of Jesus, defended the doctrine of the Incarnation and the death of Christ in the cross, and clearly opposed docetism . Polycarp outright denied the teachings of Marcion , claiming he was the firstborn of Satan . Polycarp's statements in

1292-590: The Catholic Church in Smyrna" by his contemporaries. He is among the earliest Christians whose writings survived. Jerome wrote that Polycarp was a "disciple of the apostle John and by him ordained presbyter of Smyrna". He was an elder of an important congregation that was a large contributor to the founding of the Christian Church. He is from an era whose orthodoxy is accepted alongside Catholics by

1360-499: The Evangelist , residing in nearby Ephesus , of whom Papias was a hearer; Papias frequently cited both. From the daughters of Philip , who settled in Hierapolis , Papias learned still other traditions. There is some debate about the intention of Papias' last sentence in the above quotation, "For I did not think that information from the books would profit me as much as information from a living and surviving voice." One side of

1428-428: The Evangelist, which Eusebius doubtless has in mind: The Lord used to teach about those times and say: "The days will come when vines will grow, each having ten thousand shoots, and on each shoot ten thousand branches, and on each branch ten thousand twigs, and on each twig ten thousand clusters, and in each cluster ten thousand grapes, and each grape when crushed will yield twenty-five measures of wine. And when one of

SECTION 20

#1732764994401

1496-520: The Gospel; modern scholars have explored a range of possibilities. Eusebius, after quoting Papias, goes on to say that Papias also cited 1 Peter , where Peter speaks of "my son Mark", as corroboration. Within the 2nd century, this relation of Peter to Mark's Gospel is alluded to by Justin and expanded on by Clement of Alexandria . We do not know what else Papias said about these or the other Gospels—he certainly treated John —but some see Papias as

1564-479: The Hebrew language, but each person interpreted them as best he could. How to interpret these quotations from Papias has long been a matter of controversy, as the original context for each is missing and the Greek is in several respects ambiguous and seems to employ technical rhetorical terminology. It has been questioned if Papias is even referring to the canonical Gospels bearing those names. However Eusebius, who had

1632-529: The New Testament as scripture, including: Matthew , Acts , 1 John , Philippians , Jude , 1 Peter , 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy , Romans and others. Polycarp also quotes the deuterocanonical book of Tobit ; however, from his manner of quotation it is not possible to know how much authority he afforded it. Polycarp's letter to the Philippians only mentions presbyters and deacons, which indicates

1700-524: The Philippians , a mosaic of references to the Greek Scriptures , which, along with an account of Martyrdom of Polycarp , forms part of the collection of writings called Apostolic Fathers . After the Acts of the Apostles , which describes the death of Stephen , the Martyrdom is considered one of the earliest genuine accounts of a Christian martyrdom . Charles E. Hill argues extensively that

1768-584: The age of 86." Papias of Hierapolis Papias ( Greek : Παπίας ) was a Greek Apostolic Father , Bishop of Hierapolis (modern Pamukkale , Turkey), and author who lived c. 60 – c. 130 AD He wrote the Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord ( Greek : Λογίων Κυριακῶν Ἐξήγησις ) in five books. This work, which is lost apart from brief excerpts in the works of Irenaeus of Lyons ( c.  180 ) and Eusebius of Caesarea ( c.  320 ),

1836-421: The ancient Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches, and widely also by mainstream Protestants, Church of God groups, Sabbatarians . According to Eusebius, Polycrates of Ephesus cited the example of Polycarp in defense of local practices during the quartodeciman controversy . Irenaeus, who as a young man had heard Polycarp preach, described him as "a man who was of much greater weight, and

1904-456: The apostolic past. In his letter to Florinus, a fellow student of Polycarp who had become a Roman presbyter and later lapsed into heresy, Irenaeus relates how and when he became a Christian : I could tell you the place where the blessed Polycarp sat to preach the Word of God . It is yet present to my mind with what gravity he everywhere came in and went out; what was the sanctity of his deportment,

1972-454: The argument being that if Polycarp was a servant of Christ for 86 years, he would have been a servant of Christ from infancy, suggesting infant baptism. However, Credobaptists such as Schoedel William have offered a different interpretation of the words of Polycarp, stating that the quote is ambiguous as regards to baptism, and that Polycarp can be understood as meaning by paraphrasing: "I have always served Jesus and I am not going to cease even at

2040-476: The arm on a previous occasion, was discovered and returned to the monastery on 14 July 2019. In the Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches, the feast day of Saint Polycarp is 23 February . In the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar , the feast day has the liturgical rank of obligatory memorial, but if the memorial is within the season of Lent that year, it is reduced in rank to

2108-548: The books would profit me as much as information from a living and surviving voice. Papias, then, inquired of travelers passing through Hierapolis what the surviving disciples of Jesus and the elders—those who had personally known the Twelve Apostles —were saying. One of these disciples was Aristion, probably bishop of nearby Smyrna , and another was John the Elder , usually identified (despite Eusebius' protest) with John

San Policarpo - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-575: The category of pseudepigrapha . Hans von Campenhausen is one scholar who holds the view that Polycarp is the real author. The chief sources of information concerning the life of Polycarp are The Martyrdom of Polycarp , Adversus Haereses , The Epistle to Florinus , the epistles of Ignatius , and Polycarp's own letter to the Philippians. In 1999, the Harris Fragments, a collection of 3rd- to 6th-century Coptic texts that mention Polycarp, were published. According to Irenaeus, Polycarp

2244-463: The church at Philippi was led by a plurality of "elder-bishops", which would imply a different ecclesiastical polity than what is found in Ignatius of Antioch's letters. Against this, according to Steinhauser, the letter does not offer concrete evidence that the Philippian church viewed presbyters and bishops as synonyms, though still admitting that the letter still raises questions about the polity of

2312-543: The commandments given by the Lord to the faith and proceeding from the Truth itself. And if by chance anyone who had been in attendance on the elders arrived, I made enquiries about the words of the elders—what Andrew or Peter had said, or Philip or Thomas or James or John or Matthew or any other of the Lord’s disciples, and whatever Aristion and John the Elder, the Lord’s disciples, were saying. For I did not think that information from

2380-441: The complete text and context before him, understood Papias in these passages to be referring to the canonical Gospels. The word logia ( λόγια )—which also appears in the title of Papias' work—is itself problematic. In non-Christian contexts, the usual meaning was oracles , but since the 19th century it has been interpreted as sayings , which sparked numerous theories about a lost "Sayings Gospel", now called Q , resembling

2448-467: The death of Polycarp in 164 is actually a mistake for Papylas . Another unreliable source in which Papias is said to refer to the reign of Hadrian (117–138) seems to have resulted from confusion between Papias and Quadratus of Athens . Eusebius refers to Papias only in his third book, and thus seems to date him before the opening of his fourth book in 109. Papias himself knows several New Testament books, whose dates are themselves controversial, and

2516-474: The debate holds with the longstanding opinion of 20th-century scholarship that in Papias' day written statements were held at a lower value than oral statements. The other side observes that "living voice" was a topos , an established phrase referring to personal instruction and apprenticeship, and thus Papias indicates his preference for personal instruction over isolated book learning. Despite indications that

2584-652: The expression in reference to the Purim festival, celebrated a month before Pesach, while other scholars suggest that at the time the Jewish calendar had not yet been standardized, and that this day, both Jews and Christians celebrated Pesach and a ( Quartodeciman ) Christian Passover , respectively. Polycarp occupies an important place in the history of the early Christian Church, was called "the most admirable Polycarp one of these [elect], in whose times among us he showed himself an apostolic and prophetic teacher and bishop of

2652-508: The feast on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox . Anicetus allowed Polycarp to celebrate the Eucharist in his own church, which was regarded by the Romans as a great honor. In the Martyrdom , Polycarp is recorded as saying on the day of his death: "Eighty and six years I have served Him, and He has done me no wrong." This could indicate either that he

2720-424: The form of chreiai , but had no intention of providing an ordered arrangement of the logia of the Lord. Consequently Mark did nothing wrong when he wrote down some individual items just as he related them from memory. For he made it his one concern not to omit anything he had heard or to falsify anything. The excerpt regarding Matthew says only: Therefore Matthew put the logia in an ordered arrangement in

2788-399: The fourth book of the Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord , as follows: "Judas was a terrible, walking example of ungodliness in this world, his flesh so bloated that he was not able to pass through a place where a wagon passes easily, not even his bloated head by itself. For his eyelids, they say, were so swollen that he could not see the light at all, and his eyes could not be seen, even by

San Policarpo - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-423: The genuine tradition of old apostolic doctrine" "his testimony condemning as offensive novelties the figments of the heretical teachers". Irenaeus states (iii. 3) that on Polycarp's visit to Rome, his testimony converted many disciples of Marcion and Valentinus. The Martyrdom of Polycarp is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, accounts of the veneration of the relics of a saint and the annual commemoration of

2924-399: The interpretations, everything I learned carefully in the past from the elders and noted down carefully, for the truth of which I vouch. For unlike most people I took no pleasure in those who told many different stories, but only in those who taught the truth. Nor did I take pleasure in those who reported their memory of someone else’s commandments, but only in those who reported their memory of

2992-473: The likely unattributed source of at least two later accounts of the Gospel origins. Bauckham argues that the Muratorian Canon (c. 170) has drawn from Papias; the extant fragment, however, preserves only a few final words on Mark and then speaks about Luke and John . Hill argues that Eusebius' earlier account of the origins of the four Gospels is also drawn from Papias. Eusebius concludes from

3060-469: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Policarpo&oldid=691803655 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Saint Polycarp Both Irenaeus and Tertullian say that Polycarp had been

3128-409: The majesty of his countenance; and what were his holy exhortations to the people. I seem to hear him now relate how he conversed with John and many others who had seen Jesus Christ, the words he had heard from their mouths. In particular, he heard the account of Polycarp's discussion with John and with others who had seen Jesus . Irenaeus reports that Polycarp was converted to Christianity by apostles,

3196-532: The name of Christ when put to the test by unbelievers and was protected from all harm." The account about Justus Barsabbas is followed by a one about the resurrection of the mother of a certain Manaem. This account may be connected to a verse from the longer ending of Mark : "They will pick up snakes in their hands, and if they drink any deadly thing, it will not hurt them." Eusebius had a "low esteem of Papias' intellect", but knew that Irenaeus believed Papias to be

3264-615: The only parallel he recognized, from the now-lost Gospel according to the Hebrews , which may be the version quoted by Didymus the Blind . The nearest agreement with "many sins" actually occurs in the Johannine text of Armenian codex Matenadaran 2374 (formerly Ečmiadzin 229); this codex is also remarkable for ascribing the longer ending of Mark to " Ariston the Elder ", which is often seen as somehow connected with Papias. According to

3332-519: The origins of the Gospels, one concerning Mark and then another concerning Matthew . On Mark , Papias cites John the Elder : The Elder used to say: Mark , in his capacity as Peter ’s interpreter, wrote down accurately as many things as he recalled from memory—though not in an ordered form—of the things either said or done by the Lord. For he neither heard the Lord nor accompanied him, but later, as I said, Peter, who used to give his teachings in

3400-550: The period such as 2 Baruch . On the other hand, Papias is elsewhere said to have understood mystically the Hexaemeron (six days of Creation) as referring to Christ and the Church. Eusebius concludes his account of Papias by saying that he relates "another account about a woman who was accused of many sins before the Lord, which is found in the Gospel according to the Hebrews ". Agapius of Hierapolis (10th century) offers

3468-463: The prophecy of Jesus on the martyrdom of these two brothers. Papias relates, on the authority of the daughters of Philip , an event concerning Justus Barsabbas , who according to Acts was one of two candidates proposed to join the Twelve Apostles . The summary in Eusebius tells us that he "drank a deadly poison and suffered no harm," while Philip of Side recounts that he "drank snake venom in

SECTION 50

#1732764994401

3536-413: The saints takes hold of a cluster, another cluster will cry out, "I am better, take me, bless the Lord through me." Similarly a grain of wheat will produce ten thousand heads, and every head will have ten thousand grains, and every grain ten pounds of fine flour, white and clean. And the other fruits, seeds, and grass will produce in similar proportions, and all the animals feeding on these fruits produced by

3604-566: The seventh-day Sabbath, i.e. assembled on Saturdays . J. B. Lightfoot records as a common interpretation of the expression "the Great Sabbath" to refer to Pesach or another Jewish festival. This is contradicted by the standard Jewish calendar , under which Nisan 14, the date of the Pesach, can fall no earlier than late March and hence at least a month after the traditional date of Polycarp's death 23 February. Hence, Lightfoot understood

3672-415: The so-called Gospel according to the Hebrews . Yet another is that Papias was simply mistaken. As for Mark, the difficulty has been in understanding the relationship described between Mark and Peter—whether Peter recalled from memory or Mark recalled Peter's preaching, and whether Mark translated this preaching into Greek or Latin or merely expounded on it, and if the former, publicly or just when composing

3740-404: The soil will in turn become peaceful and harmonious toward one another, and fully subject to humankind.… These things are believable to those who believe." And when Judas the traitor did not believe and asked, "How, then, will such growth be accomplished by the Lord?", the Lord said, "Those who live until those times will see." Parallels have often been noted between this account and Jewish texts of

3808-458: The teachings Irenaeus ascribes to a certain apostolic "presbyter" throughout his writings represent lost teachings of Polycarp, his teacher. Some scholars attribute the pastoral epistles — the biblical books 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy , and the Epistle to Titus — to Polycarp. Since the text of those books includes attribution to Paul, this theory regarding Polycarp's authorship place the books in

3876-407: The time of Ignatius of Antioch . In this office Papias was presumably succeeded by Abercius of Hierapolis . The name Papias was very common in the region, suggesting that he was probably a native of the area. The work of Papias is dated by a few modern scholars to about 95–110. Later dates were once argued from two references that now appear to be mistaken. One dating Papias' death to around

3944-673: The training and preparation of those that shall do so hereafter. Relics of Polycarp are under the main altar of the church of Sant'Ambrogio della Massima . The right arm of St. Polycarp had been kept at the Monastery of the Dormition of the Theotokos-Saint Polycarp, in Ampelakiotissa near Nafpaktos, Greece, for over 500 years. It was stolen on 14 March 2013 and never recovered; however, a fragment, taken from

4012-668: The two speedily came to an understanding, while as to the observance of the New Covenant Passover, each adhered to his own custom, without breaking off full communion with the other. Polycarp followed the Eastern practice of celebrating the feast on the 14th of Nisan , the day of the Jewish Passover , regardless of the day of the week on which it fell, while Anicetus followed the Western practice of celebrating

4080-493: The work of Papias was still extant in the late Middle Ages, the full text is now lost. Extracts, however, appear in a number of other writings, some of which cite a book number. MacDonald proposes the following tentative reconstruction of the five books, following a presumed Matthaean order. Papias provides the earliest extant account of who wrote the Gospels . Eusebius preserves two (possibly) verbatim excerpts from Papias on

4148-519: The writings of Papias that he was a chiliast , understanding the Millennium as a literal period in which Christ will reign on Earth, and chastises Papias for his literal interpretation of figurative passages, writing that Papias "appears to have been of very limited understanding", and felt that his misunderstanding misled Irenaeus and others. Irenaeus indeed quotes the fourth book of Papias for an otherwise-unknown saying of Jesus, recounted by John

SECTION 60

#1732764994401

4216-500: Was "caught in the act of adultery." The remarkable fact is that the story is known in some form to such an ancient witness as Papias. What is less clear is to what extent Eusebius and Agapius are reporting the words of Papias versus the form of the pericope known to them from elsewhere. A wide range of versions have come down to us, in fact. Since the passage in John is virtually unknown to the Greek patristic tradition; Eusebius has cited

4284-585: Was a companion of Papias , another "hearer of John", and a correspondent of Ignatius of Antioch. Ignatius addressed a letter to him and mentions him in his letters to the Ephesians and to the Magnesians . Polycarp's epistle to the Philippians gives us some insights to the early usage of the New Testament from the quotes used within his letter. Irenaeus regarded the memory of Polycarp as a link to

4352-477: Was composed in Greek and not translated from Semitic. One theory is that Matthew himself produced firstly a Semitic work and secondly a recension of that work in Greek. Another is that others translated Matthew into Greek rather freely. Another is that Papias simply means "Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ" as a Hebrew style of Greek. Another is that Papias refers to a distinct work now lost, perhaps a sayings collection like Q or

4420-417: Was consecrated a presbyter, and communicated with many who had seen Jesus. He writes that he had had the good fortune, when young, to know Polycarp, who was then far advanced in years. According to Irenaeus, during the time his fellow Syrian Anicetus was Bishop of Rome , Polycarp visited Rome to discuss differences in the practices of the churches of Asia and Rome. Irenaeus states that on certain things

4488-537: Was informed by John the Evangelist , Aristion , the daughters of Philip and others who had themselves heard the Twelve Apostles . He is also called a companion of the long-lived Polycarp (69–155), Agapius of Hierapolis dates one of his histories to the 12th year of Trajan 's rule (110 AD). For all these reasons, Papias is thought to have written around the turn of the 2nd century. Papias describes his way of gathering information in his preface: I shall not hesitate also to put into ordered form for you, along with

4556-491: Was the discharge from his body, and so far did it spread over the ground." Two late sources ( Philip of Side and George Hamartolus ) cite the second book of Papias as claiming that John was killed by the Jews. However, some modern scholars doubt the reliability of the two sources regarding Papias, while others argue that Papias did speak of John's martyrdom. According to the two sources, Papias presented this as fulfillment of

4624-401: Was then eighty-six years old or that he had lived eighty-six years after his conversion. Polycarp goes on to say: "How then can I blaspheme my King and Savior? You threaten me with a fire that burns for a season, and after a little while is quenched; but you are ignorant of the fire of everlasting punishment that is prepared for the wicked." Polycarp was burned at the stake and pierced with

#400599