Timothy or Timothy of Ephesus ( Greek : Τιμόθεος , Timótheos , meaning "honouring God" or "honoured by God" ) was an early Christian evangelist and the first Christian bishop of Ephesus , who tradition relates died around the year AD 97.
61-654: San Timoteo is Spanish and Italian for Saint Timothy . It may refer to: San Timoteo, Rome , church in Rome, Italy San Timoteo Badlands , California San Timoteo Canyon , California San Timoteo Creek , California San Timoteo Formation , geologic formation in California San Timoteo, Venezuela [ es ] , capital of Zulia state, Venezuela See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing San Timoteo Topics referred to by
122-744: A memorial on 26 January, the day after the Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul . From the 13th century until 1969 the feast of Timothy (alone) was on 24 January, the day before that of the Conversion of Saint Paul. Along with Titus and Silas , Timothy is commemorated by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 26 January. Timothy's feast is kept by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod on 24 January. Timothy
183-429: A "spirit of timidity" and not to "be ashamed to testify about our Lord". He also entreats Timothy to come to him before winter, and to bring Mark with him. Paul clearly anticipates his being put to death and realities beyond in his valedictory found in 2 Timothy 4:6–8. He exhorts his spiritual "son" Timothy to all diligence and steadfastness in the face of false teachings, with advice about combating them with reference to
244-444: A Jewish property should be excommunicated . The violation of Jewish women by gentile men was so frequent that the rabbis declared that a woman raped by a gentile should not be divorced from her husband, as Torah says: "The Torah outlawed the issue of a gentile as that of a beast." A gentile midwife was not to be employed for fear of the poisoning of the baby. The gentiles should be dealt with caution in cases of using them as witness in
305-645: A criminal or civil suit. The gentile does not honor his promises like that of a Jew. The laws of the Torah were not to be revealed to the gentiles, for the knowledge of these laws might give gentiles an advantage in dealing with Jews. Shimon ben Lakish wrote that "A gentile who observes Sabbath deserves death". Under rabbinic law , a modern-day gentile is only required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah , but Jews are required to observe Mosaic law . During periods of decreased animosity between Jews and gentiles, some of
366-477: A gentile court are not valid for Jews. Rabbi Akiva believed that Israel's monotheism is far superior to the ever-changing beliefs of the gentiles. Jose the Galilean criticizes Israel for inconsistency compared to the faithfulness of the gentiles to their ancestral beliefs. He believed the good deeds of the gentiles will be rewarded as well. Rav Ashi believed that a Jew who sells a gentile property adjacent to
427-522: A people or nation." The development of the word to principally mean "non-Jew" in English is entwined with the history of Bible translations from Hebrew and Greek into Latin and English. Its meaning has also been shaped by Rabbinical Jewish thought and Christian theology . "Gentile" derives from Latin gentilis , which itself derives from the Latin gens , meaning clan or tribe. Gens derives from
488-465: A person crippled from birth, leading many of the inhabitants to accept his teaching. When he returned a few years later with Silas, Timothy was already a respected member of the Christian congregation, as were his grandmother Lois and his mother Eunice , both Jews. In 2 Timothy 1:5, his mother and grandmother are noted as eminent for their piety and faith. Timothy is said to have been acquainted with
549-517: A relationship with Israel and moving up to those closest to a relationship with Israel, seem to be: (1) the Amalekites; (2) the seven Canaanite nations; (3) the nations of the world; (4) the Samaritans; (5) slaves; (6) resident aliens; (7) proselytes." The Hebrew Bible does not show much concern for non-Israelites except insofar as they interact with the people of Israel. Nonetheless, because
610-406: A theoretical level, gentiles are discussed because, in order to define the people of Israel and its symbols and institutions, it was necessary to define who lay outside that group. Some Tannaim show a positive attitude towards the gentiles. Joshua ben Hananiah believed that there are righteous men amongst the gentiles who will enter the world to come. He believed that except for the descendants of
671-503: Is a word that today usually means someone who is not Jewish. Other groups that claim Israelite heritage , notably Mormons , have historically used the term gentile to describe outsiders. More rarely, the term is used as a synonym for heathen , pagan . As a term used to describe non-members of a religious/ethnic group, gentile is sometimes compared to other words used to describe the "outgroup" in other cultures (see List of terms for ethnic out-groups ). In some translations of
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#1732780819565732-610: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Saint Timothy Timothy was from the Lycaonian city of Lystra or of Derbe in Asia Minor , born of a Jewish mother who had become a Christian believer, and a Greek father. The Apostle Paul met him during his second missionary journey and he became Paul's companion and missionary partner along with Silas . The New Testament indicates that Timothy traveled with Paul
793-612: Is honored on the calendars of the Church of England and the Episcopal Church (with Titus ) on 26 January . In the 4th century, the relics of Timothy were transferred from Ephesus to Constantinople and placed in the Church of the Holy Apostles near the tombs of Andrew and Luke. Later on in the 13th century, the relics seem to have been taken to Italy by a count returning from the crusades, and buried around 1239 in
854-402: Is the good and evil inclination. The soul of the gentiles comes from the three shells: wind, cloud and fire, all of them evil. Moses de León , presumed author of the main kabbalistic work Sefer Ha-Zohar , agrees with this assumption: You know that all of the gentiles (goyim) and all of their matters are in the category of the impure... you must know and discern that the gentiles come from
915-746: Is why Gentiles were created. These remarks by Yosef were sharply criticized by many Jewish organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and American Jewish Committee . Those who hold these views do not necessarily support any sort of harm to non-Jews. Rav Ovadia Yosef, himself, condemned those who vandalized Arab property, as did the vast majority of Orthodox leaders. Many Orthodox schools have expressed more humanistic views. Rav Aharon Lichtenstein, Rosh Yeshivah of Gush, for example, strongly opposed what he saw as racist attitudes among certain segments of Religious Zionism. Jewish philosopher and professor Menachem Kellner criticizes
976-532: The Amaleks , the rest of the gentiles will adopt monotheism and the righteous among them will escape Gehenna . Other rabbinical writings show more hostility towards gentiles which needs to be understood in the context of frequent persecution of the Jews in this period. The most famous and extreme of the anti-gentile teachers is Simeon bar Yochai . He is often quoted by antisemites in his sayings: "The best among
1037-650: The Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis , meaning birth or production. The original meaning of "clan" or "family" was extended in post-Augustan Latin to acquire the wider meaning of belonging to a distinct nation or ethnicity. Later still, the word came to refer to other nations, 'not a Roman citizen'. In Saint Jerome 's Latin version of the Bible, the Vulgate , gentilis was used along with gentes , to translate Greek and Hebrew words with similar meanings when
1098-579: The Quran , gentile is used to translate an Arabic word that refers to non-Jews and/or people not versed in or not able to read scripture. The English word gentile derives from the Latin word gentilis , meaning "of or belonging to the same people or nation" (from Latin gēns 'clan, tribe, people, family'). Archaic and specialist uses of the word gentile in English (particularly in linguistics) still carry this meaning of "relating to
1159-923: The Termoli Cathedral . The remains were rediscovered in 1945, during restoration work. Timothy is invoked against stomach and intestinal disorders. There are two letters to Timothy attributed to Paul the Apostle , the First Epistle to Timothy and the Second Epistle to Timothy . These – along with the Epistle to Titus – are called the Pastoral Epistles , and are considered pseudepigraphic by some modern scholars, including Bart Ehrman , Raymond Collins , and David E. Aune . The author of this epistle writes to Timothy concerning
1220-517: The kabbalists on whether gentiles access the mystical knowledge ( Daat ). Isaac Luria , prominent kabbalist, wrote: Israel possesses the three levels of soul, nefesh, ruah, neshamah,—from holiness... the gentiles possess only the level of nefesh from the feminine side of the shells... for the souls of the nations (gentiles), come from the Qlippoth , are called evil and not good' since they are created without knowledge (Daat). The animal soul of man
1281-660: The Apostle, who was also his mentor. He is addressed as the recipient of the First and Second Epistles to Timothy. While included in the Pauline epistles of the New Testament , First and Second Timothy are considered by many biblical scholars to be pseudoepigraphical and not written by Paul . Timothy was a native of Lystra or of Derbe in Lycaonia ( Anatolia ). When Paul and Barnabas first visited Lystra, Paul healed
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#17327808195651342-504: The Gentiles deserves to be killed", "The most pious woman is addicted to sorcery" and "The best of snakes ought to have its head crushed". Such extreme views can be explained by the sage's life experience: he witnessed his teacher being tortured to death, and became a fugitive after speaking out against Roman oppression. Later commentators have limited this teaching to idolators and only at times of war. Eliezer ben Hurcanus writes that
1403-569: The God of Israel is a universal God, there must be some relationship between gentiles and God. Accordingly, Novak observes, gentiles as well as Israelites are enjoined in the book of Psalms to "ascribe to the Lord glory and strength" ( Psalms 96:7 ). Christine E. Hayes states that gentiles in the Hebrew Bible were generally gerim (resident aliens). They were not necessarily converts, whether in
1464-599: The Greek word ethnos is used for peoples or nations in general, and is typically translated by the word "people", as in John 11:50. ("Nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not.") The translation "gentiles" is used in some instances, as in Matthew 10:5–6 to indicate non-Israelite peoples: These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not into
1525-518: The Jews whom they would be evangelizing. According to John William McGarvey : “Yet we see him in the case before us, circumcising Timothy with his own hand, and this ‘on account of certain Jews who were in those quarters.’” This did not compromise the decision made at the Council of Jerusalem , that gentile believers were not required to be circumcised. Timothy became St Paul's disciple, and later his constant companion and co-worker in preaching. In
1586-519: The KJV restricts the translation to "gentile" when the text is specifically referring to non-Jewish people. For example, the only use of the word in Genesis is in chapter 10, verse 5, referring to the peopling of the world by descendants of Japheth , "By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations." In the New Testament ,
1647-611: The LDS Church, since members regard themselves as regathered Israelites. The LDS Church's website states this about the meaning of gentile in Scripture (including the Book of Mormon), "As used in the scriptures, gentiles has several meanings. Sometimes it designates people of non-Israelite lineage, sometimes people of non-Jewish lineage, and sometimes nations that are without the gospel, even though there may be some Israelite blood among
1708-553: The Philippians about Timothy, "I have no one like him." When Paul was in prison and awaiting martyrdom, he summoned his faithful friend Timothy for a last farewell. That Timothy was jailed at least once during the period of the writing of the New Testament is implied by the writer of Hebrews mentioning Timothy's release at the end of the epistle. Although not stated in the New Testament, other sources have records of
1769-729: The Romans . According to Acts 20:3–6, Timothy was with Paul in Macedonia just before Passover in 58; he left the city before Paul, going ahead of him to await Paul in Troas . "That is the last mention of Timothy in Acts", Raymond Brown notes. In the year 64, Paul left Timothy at Ephesus, to govern that church. His relationship with Paul was close. Timothy's name appears as the co-author on 2 Corinthians , Philippians , Colossians , 1 Thessalonians , 2 Thessalonians , and Philemon . Paul wrote to
1830-467: The Scriptures since childhood. In 1 Corinthians 16:10, there is a suggestion that he was by nature reserved and timid: "When Timothy comes, see that you put him at ease among you, for he is doing the work of the Lord". Timothy's father was a Greek Gentile . Thus Timothy had not been circumcised and Paul now ensured that this was done, according to Acts 16:1-3, to ensure Timothy's acceptability to
1891-481: The academic David Novak wrote, with limited exceptions, "The Bible can be seen as one long discussion of what differentiates Israel from all the other peoples of the world." The Hebrew Bible does not have a word which directly corresponds to the modern concept of a gentile (see etymology above). Instead, the Bible views different groups of gentiles in different ways. Novak states that, "The biblical categories of Gentiles, beginning with those farthest removed from
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1952-609: The apostle's death. The apocryphal Acts of Timothy states that in the year 97 AD, the 80-year-old bishop tried to halt a procession in honor of the goddess Diana by preaching the Gospel . The angry pagans beat him, dragged him through the streets, and stoned him to death . Timothy is venerated as an apostle, saint, and martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church , with his feast day on 22 January. The General Roman Calendar venerates Timothy together with Titus by
2013-446: The assumption of some Orthodox Jews that there is an "ontological divide between Jews and Gentiles", which he believes is contrary to what the Torah teaches. Some Kabbalistic writings suggest a distinction between the souls of the gentiles and the souls of the Jews. These writings describe three levels, elements, or qualities of soul: Other descriptions of the soul add two more levels Chaya and Yechida. There has been debate among
2074-451: The centuries after the Old and New Testament were written – created an increasingly clear binary opposition between "Jew" and "non-Jew". The Hebrew word "goy" went through a change in meaning which parallels the journey of "gentilis/gentile" – both words moving from meaning "nation" to "non-Jew" today. The word "Goy" is now also used in English, principally by Jewish people – see goy . In 2006,
2135-515: The circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Ghost. For they heard them speak with tongues, and magnify God. Then answered Peter, Can any man forbid water, that these should not be baptized, which have received the Holy Ghost as well as we? Within a few centuries, some Christians used the word "gentiles" to mean non-Christians. The alternative pagani
2196-561: The community's continued faith, reporting back that it was in good shape. Timothy next appears in Acts during Paul's stay in Ephesus (54–57), and in late A. D. 56 or early 57 Paul sent him forth to Macedonia with the aim that he would eventually arrive at Corinth. Timothy arrived at Corinth just after Paul's letter 1 Corinthians reached that city. Timothy was with Paul in Corinth during the winter of 57–58 when Paul dispatched his Letter to
2257-417: The difference in the first case is one of essential quality. Similar anti-gentile remarks have been expressed by the late chief Sephardi Rabbi Ovadia Yosef , in which he stated in a sermon in 2010 that "The sole purpose of Gentiles is to serve Jews". He said that gentiles served a divine purpose: "Why are Gentiles needed? They will work, they will plow, they will reap. We will sit like an effendi and eat. That
2318-589: The fifth century, after being rejected by both orthodox Judaism and orthodox Christianity. With the ministry of Paul the Apostle the gospel began to be spread among the non-Jewish subjects of the Roman empire. A question existed among the disciples whether receiving the Holy Spirit through proselytization would be restricted to Israelites or whether it would include the gentiles as in Acts 10:34–47 : And they of
2379-513: The inclusion of non-Jews and the applicability of the Law of Moses , including circumcision . Over a few centuries, this led to a split between Jewish Christians , who followed Jesus but also Mosaic Law, and Pauline Christianity (also known as Gentile Christianity) which abandoned Mosaic Law and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Jewish Christian beliefs died out around
2440-512: The laws of the Temple, capital laws or others. Even one who is not an erudite Torah scholar is obligated to recognize this simple fact; it cannot be erased or obscured ... One who carefully studies the sources cited previously will realize the abysmal difference between the concepts "Jew" and "Gentile" -- and consequently, he will understand why Halacha differentiates between them. Bar-Chayim further quotes Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935), founder of
2501-411: The level of holiness, their soul remains trapped in the unholy world of the impure Qlippoth. However, other Kabbalists like Abraham Abulafia believed that higher levels of soul are to some extent accessible to gentiles. The Greek ethnos where translated as "gentile" in the context of early Christianity implies non-Israelite. In the years after the ministry of Jesus , there were questions over
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2562-671: The like are classified merely as gentiles, goyim or nokrim " "The rabbis... had one term for all non-Israelites, whether idolaters or farmers, liars or trustworthy, Greek or Roman." However, the attitudes of the Rabbis to gentiles were not simple or uniform. Porton argues that the Mishnah-Tosefta discusses gentiles for two quite different reasons: firstly, practically, to guide the relations between Israelites and gentiles who were living alongside each other in Palestine. Secondly, at
2623-591: The main kabbalistic text of hasidic movement, the Tanya (or Likkutei Amarim). Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi , the founder of the Chabad hasidic dynasty, claims that Jews like gentiles possess a vital animal soul, but the animal soul of the Jew comes from the fourth husk (Qlippoth nogah), while the animal soul of the gentiles comes from the three lower impure husks (Qlippoth Tumaot). Thus nothing gentiles do can elevate them to
2684-413: The mind of every gentile is always intent upon idolatry . He believed that gentiles only perform animal sacrifice to make a name for themselves. He further believed that gentiles have no share in the world to come . Eleazar of Modi'im wrote that Jews, when guilty of the same sin as gentiles, will not enter hell whereas the gentiles will. Eleazar ben Azariah believed that the rulings performed by
2745-491: The modern or rabbinic sense, but were still given many rights and privileges. They were also allowed to keep their distinct ethnic identities. But after Ezra-Nehemiah , many Israelites believed there was an impermeable ritual and genealogical boundary between themselves and gentiles. However, other scholars argue that the boundary is rooted in religious factors. Saul Oylan argues that gentiles automatically became Israelite when they lived in one of their tribal territories, which
2806-756: The modern sense were the Biblical Hebrew word nokhri ( נכרי – often otherwise translated as 'stranger') and for the New Testament Greek word éthnē ( ἔθνη ). The first English translators followed this approach, using the word "gentile" to refer to the non-Israelite nations (and principally using the word "nation(s)" to translate goy/goyim in other contexts). See the "Christianity" section . These developments in Bible translation practice were related to developments in Jewish Rabbinical and Christian thinking which – in
2867-596: The occasion of a visit to Ephesus which they made together. Then, under Nerva , Timothy suffers a martyr's death during a pagan festival. Timothy "attempts to put an end to the wild and violent goings-on but himself falls victim to the orgies." The Acts of Timothy contain almost as much material about John the Evangelist , who was also a resident of Ephesus as they do about Timothy. [REDACTED] Media related to Saint Timothy at Wikimedia Commons Gentile Gentile ( / ˈ dʒ ɛ n t aɪ l / )
2928-417: The organization of the church and Timothy's own leadership within the body. Major themes include the use of The Law , warnings against false doctrine such as Encratism , instructions for prayer, roles of women in the church, qualifications for leaders of the church, and the treatment of widows, elders, masters, youth, and church members in general. According to the letter, Paul urges Timothy not to have
2989-413: The people. This latter usage is especially characteristic of the word as used in the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants." Thus, in such usage, Jewish people may be gentiles because they are not members of the LDS Church. Beyond this Scriptural usage, gentile was widely used by Mormons in day-to-day life in the nineteenth century, with such usage declining through the twentieth century. As with
3050-538: The rabbinic laws against fellowship and fraternization were relaxed; for example, Maimonides was the personal physician of Saladin . Even though most contemporary rabbinic schools are not as hostile to Gentiles as Medieval rabbinic schools were , some Orthodox rabbinic schools hold extremely xenophobic views. For example, scholars from the Zionist HaRav Kook yeshiva are schooled in the doctrine that Jews and gentiles have different kinds of souls. One of
3111-513: The rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah , from approximately 10–220 CE. It was this rabbinic literature of the first centuries CE that developed the concept of the gentile as we understand it today - as "any individual who is not a Jew, erasing all ethnic and social differences among different others". "Mishnah-Tosefta makes no clear distinction among the various types of non-Israelites. Romans, Greeks, Syrians, Egyptians, and
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#17327808195653172-419: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title San Timoteo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Timoteo&oldid=1178446081 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3233-523: The side of impurity, for the souls of the gentiles derive from the side of impurity The following passage in the Zohar reaffirms this idea: Said Rabbi Hiyya: If this is true (that neshamah is acquired through following the Torah) is it so that gentiles have no neshamah, only the living nefesh? Rabbi Yohannan said: That is correct. The view that gentiles only possess bestial souls was more popularized by
3294-474: The teachings of the past, and to patience under persecution, and to a faithful discharge of all the duties of his office, with all the solemnity of one who was about to appear before the Judge of the quick and the dead (God). The Acts of Timothy (Acta Timothei) is a work of New Testament apocrypha, most likely from the 5th century. The Acts tell how Paul had consecrated Timothy as bishop during Nero 's reign on
3355-404: The text referred to the non-Israelite peoples. The most important of such Hebrew words was goy ( גוי , plural, goyim ), a term with the broad meaning of "people" or "nation" which was sometimes used to refer to Israelites, but with the plural form goyim tending to be used in the Bible to refer to non-Israelite nations. Other words translated in some contexts to mean "gentile/s" in
3416-630: The way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not: But go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. Altogether, the word is used 123 times in the King James Version of the Bible, and 168 times in the New Revised Standard Version. In the terminology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the word "gentile" can be used to refer to people who are not members of
3477-656: The year 52, Paul and Silas took Timothy along with them on their journey to Macedonia . Augustine extols his zeal and disinterestedness in immediately forsaking his country, his house, and his parents, to follow the apostle, to share in his poverty and sufferings. Timothy may have been subject to ill health or "frequent ailments", and Paul encouraged him to "use a little wine for your stomach's sake". When Paul went on to Athens, Silas and Timothy stayed for some time at Beroea and Thessalonica before joining Paul at Corinth . 1 Thessalonians 3:1–6 suggests that from Corinth, Paul sent Timothy back to Thessalonika to enquire about
3538-469: The yeshiva and the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine : The difference between the Jewish soul, in all its independence, inner desires, longings, character and standing, and the soul of all the Gentiles, on all of their levels, is greater and deeper than the difference between the soul of a man and the soul of an animal, for the difference in the latter case is one of quantity, while
3599-419: The yeshiva's scholars, David Bar-Hayim , published a paper in 1989 in which he explained the doctrine, entitled "Yisrael Nikraim Adam" (Israel Gentiles Man). In his conclusion, Bar-Hayim writes: There is no escaping the facts: the Torah of Israel makes a clear distinction between a Jew, who is defined as "Man," and a Gentile. This distinction is expressed in a long list of Halachic laws, be they monetary laws,
3660-485: Was believed to reflect 'early practices' ( Ezekiel 47:21–23 ). Troy W. Martin believes Jewishness is defined by adherence to covenantal circumcision, regardless of ancestry ( Genesis 17:9–14 ). Thus, even an uncircumcised Jew could be a gentile despite his biological descent from Abraham. He believes this view was extended to the New Testament , where membership in God's chosen people was based on religious adherence rather than ancestry ( Galatians 3:28 ). Tannaim were
3721-599: Was felt to be less elegant. In the King James Version , "gentile" is only one of several words used to translate goy or goyim . It is translated as "nation" 374 times, "heathen" 143 times, "gentiles" 30 times, and "people" 11 times. Some of these verses, such as Genesis 12:2 ("I will make of thee a great nation") and Genesis 25:23 ("Two nations are in thy womb") refer to Israelites or descendants of Abraham . Other verses, such as Isaiah 2:4 and Deuteronomy 11:23 are generic references to any nation. Typically,
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