Misplaced Pages

#90909

48-1183: The river rises in the western part of the Ruzizi Plain in the Uvira Territory in the South Kivu Province and joins the Ruzizi River across the Plain. As it courses through the region, the river gathers water from smaller streams and tributaries, including Luvua River in Sange , Luvimvi River in Katogota , the Luvubu River in Lubarika , the Luvungi River in Luvungi , the Luberizi River in Luberizi , and

96-777: A Belgian colonial administrator and governor of Orientale Province who extensively explored the eastern part of the Belgian Congo and fluent in multiple Bantu languages , estimates that the Bahamba ( Wahamba ) changed their eponym from Wahamba to Bafuliiru . Consequently, Bafuliiru met Bavira at the Kiliba River in combat , after which the Bafuliiru were established north of the Bavira and somewhat in Bavira country itself. They had their own paramount who did not depend on

144-504: A tributary to the expansive Ruzizi River. During the Belgian Congo period, a bridge was erected over the river to facilitate the crossing of obstacles such as rivers, valleys, or highways. However, on 17 April 2020, the bridge collapsed due to torrential rainfall in Sange and its surrounding areas. In April 2020 torrential rains and overflowing tributaries in Uvira inundated homes, including

192-652: Is a valley situated between the Mitumba mountain chain and the Ruzizi River . It serves as a natural border , separating the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from Burundi and Rwanda on the other side. The Ruzizi Plain is an integral part of the larger Western Rift Valley , which stretches across several African countries. It is traversed by the Ruzizi River, which flows from Lake Kivu through

240-403: Is an open-air none recycled water hydroponics relationship. The below described circumstances are not in perspective, have limited duration, and have a tendency to accumulate trace materials in soil that either there or elsewhere cause deoxygenation. The use of vast amounts of fertilizer may have unintended consequences for the environment by devastating rivers, waterways, and river endings through

288-580: Is characterized by a type of Aw4 tropical climate according to the Köppen Vladimir climatic classification , a bimodal rainfall regime of 600 to 900 mm and 18 to 32 °C. The maximum temperatures varied from 30.4 to 32.2◦C while the minimum temperatures ranged from 15.2 to 19.4◦C, with high daily variations (14◦C). The long rainy season commences in October and ends in February, while

336-484: Is dominant, especially for cereals (maize, rice, sugarcane ); while grain and legumes are mainly intercropped with tuber crops (cassava-groundnut, cassava-soybean) and cereals (maize, sorghum).   Arable land Arable land (from the Latin : arabilis , "able to be ploughed ") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops. Alternatively, for the purposes of agricultural statistics,

384-462: Is not arable according to the FAO definition above includes: Other non-arable land includes land that is not suitable for any agricultural use. Land that is not arable, in the sense of lacking capability or suitability for cultivation for crop production, has one or more limitations – a lack of sufficient freshwater for irrigation, stoniness, steepness, adverse climate, excessive wetness with

432-578: Is often considered the periphery of a vast area of insecurity whose major criminogenic centers are located in the middle and high plateaux of the Uvira Territory and in the Fizi Territory . The slopes of the mountains of the Hauts and Moyens Plateaux are occupied by regional and foreign armed groups. Cattle thefts , kidnappings , murders , drought and robberies have skyrocketed in the region. According to Shi historian Bishikwabo Chubaka,

480-434: Is the seawater greenhouse , which desalinates water through evaporation and condensation using solar energy as the only energy input. This technology is optimized to grow crops on desert land close to the sea. The use of artifices does not make the land arable. Rock still remains rock, and shallow – less than 6 feet (1.8 metres) – turnable soil is still not considered toilable. The use of artifice

528-416: Is unsuitable for cultivation, yet such land has value for grazing of livestock. In British Columbia, Canada, 41 percent of the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve area is unsuitable for the production of cultivated crops, but is suitable for uncultivated production of forage usable by grazing livestock. Similar examples can be found in many rangeland areas elsewhere. Land incapable of being cultivated for

SECTION 10

#1732793714091

576-558: Is vulnerable to land degradation and some types of un-arable land can be enriched to create useful land. Climate change and biodiversity loss , are driving pressure on arable land. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, in 2013, the world's arable land amounted to 1.407 billion hectares, out of a total of 4.924 billion hectares of land used for agriculture. Agricultural land that

624-971: The African Great Lakes region: the Bavira , the Bafuliiru , the Bashi , the Balega , the Babembe , the Banyindu , the Bahavu , (from South Kivu) and the Hutu , Tutsi and Batwa from neighboring Burundi and Rwanda. The region is also a major agricultural center, with crops such as coffee , maize , and beans being grown in the area. However, the Ruzizi Plain has also been plagued by conflicts and

672-572: The Belgo-Congolese Round Table recognized that all members of these populations of Rwandan origin had the opportunity to renounce their Rwandan citizenship and become Congolese citizens. The first ethnic tensions: Inter-ethnic tensions and cases of violence were reported as early as the first half of the 20th century after the Uvira Territory was divided by the settlers into three chiefdoms (according to ethnicity):

720-472: The Rugege Forest Reserve , which are known for their unique wildlife and ecosystems . In addition to its ecological importance, the Ruzizi Plain is also of significant economic and cultural importance to the people who live in the region. The area is a meeting point for many ethnic groups; the water and the fertile lands have attracted, for centuries, people coming from several regions of

768-701: The Second Congo War , the alliance with Rwanda and Uganda ended in 1998 when Laurent Désiré Kabila attempted to gain independence from his associates and excluded Tutsis from his government. As Rwanda and Uganda armies invaded the DRC for the second time, the Congolese Tutsi community (Banyamulenge, Barundi and Banyarwanda) allied with the rebellion of the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie (RCD), which controlled eastern DRC with

816-572: The colonial period , notably during the First and Second World Wars (1918-1945), Belgium organized " Mission d'Immigration des Banyaruanda (Banyarwanda Immigration Mission; MIB)". Rwanda, which became a protectorate of Belgium, was densely populated, while the Belgian Congo, a colony of Belgium, had areas with considerable low population densities. Therefore, the Belgian settlers favored

864-470: The soil type encircles the entire parts of Kiliba at Gatumba to Lake Tanganyika, and the sandy-clayey soils: cover the rest of the Plain. The overall soil density varies from 1.28 to 1.65 g/cm3. The region is related to the tectonic movements that shaped the terrestrial forms of East Africa . Soils are of vertisols and arenosols types associated with solonchaks with silty to sandy related texture. Most of these are of alluvial origin. The alluvium

912-540: The Bafuliiru communities and later known as Bazige clan. The Banyarwanda also appeared before European penetration . They left the country under Bugumba to get rid of the immoderation of King Kahindiro. They established themselves in Vira and the Fuliiru territories of Mulenge and Upper Sange . At the death of their second chief Kaila, they dispersed all over the country to settle in the most inaccessible areas. During

960-675: The Bavira Chiefdoms, Bafuliiru and Barundi (which is still the chiefdom of the Plain today). The Bafuliru revolted in 1929 against the decision to grant the chiefdom of the Plain to the Barundi and tried to force the Barundi to flee to Burundi on several occasions. A second wave of violence occurred during the Congo Crisis (1960-1965) after the Barundi and Banyamulenge supported Mobutu Sese Seko , in contrast to other communities. Tensions between Barundi/Banyamulenge and Bafuliru at

1008-505: The Bavira paramount. In the early nineteenth century, the Ruzizi Plain welcomed a substantial influx of people coming from Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda . The Barundi arrived during the first half of the 19th century under chief Kinyoni, a subchief of Burundian King Mwezi IV Gisabo from the Banyakarama Dynasty, who established himself with his adherents on the right bank of the Ruzizi River. The Barundi were absorbed into

SECTION 20

#1732793714091

1056-766: The DRC. Some communities, accused of having collaborated with the Tutsi, were targeted by the Hutu. Conversely, the Congolese Hutu, assimilated to those responsible for the genocide, suffered reprisals from the Tutsi. In 1995, the Transitional Parliament then adopted a resolution demanding the expulsion of all Rwandan and Burundian refugees and immigrants. During the First Congo War , after Mobutu provided refuge for Hutu refugees and Interahamwe ,

1104-809: The East. In November 2013, the FARDC ( Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo ), assisted by the Rapid Intervention Brigade of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), put an end to these rebellions. These movements, which were mainly supported by Tutsi communities, reinforced feelings of hatred against these communities. Inter-community tensions between

1152-586: The Runingu River in Runingu . The upper Sange valley has traditionally been occupied by Kifuliiru -speaking agriculturalists and herders who have thrived in the area, relying on the valley's resources for their sustenance and livelihoods. When Henry Morton Stanley joined David Livingstone at Ujiji to explore the mouth of the Ruzizi River , Stanley discerned that the Sange River served as

1200-567: The Ruzizi Plain was inhabited by Vira and Fuliiru agriculturalists during their migratory flows from Lwindi (currently part now Luindi Chiefdom ) in the 17th century. The Bavira would have been the first to settle in the area of the Lake coming from Lwindi around the Ulindi River in the mountainous hinterland. Kirunga, son of Kiringishe, the chief in Lwindi, arrived on a hunting party in

1248-1066: The Rwanda and Uganda armies invaded Zaire in 1996. The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent Désiré Kabila and supported by the Rwandans and the Ugandans, brutally dismantled the refugee camps and ousted Mobutu from power. At that time, the Banyamulenge occupied positions of authority in the administrative province of South Kivu and the territory of Uvira, causing considerable discontent among other communities, including Bwegera , Luberizi , Luvungi , Katala , Rubenga, Lubarika , Kakumbukumbu, Mutarule , Kagunga, Kiliba , Ndunda, Biriba, Sange , Rwenena, Kahororo , Kamanyola , Lemera , Makobola , Kasika , Kilungutwe , Kilungutwe River , Katogota , and in other areas of South and North Kivu . During

1296-743: The Sange Bridge, which collapsed under the immense pressure of the river's surge. The bridge's pillars failed after being severely eroded. The downpours also disrupted the economic and social lives of residents in Sange . Official reports indicated 24 bodies were recovered, 3,500 houses were damaged, and other significant losses were noted. According to UM News, the United Methodist Church 's official news outlet, nearly 70,000 people were left homeless. Ruzizi Plain The Ruzizi Plain ( French : Plaine de la Ruzizi )

1344-437: The accumulation of non-degradable toxins and nitrogen-bearing molecules that remove oxygen and cause non-aerobic processes to form. Examples of infertile non-arable land being turned into fertile arable land include: One of the impacts of land degradation is that it can diminish the natural capacity of the land to store and filter water leading to water scarcity . Human-induced land degradation and water scarcity are increasing

1392-457: The aim of obtaining citizenship and the right to political representation. Many armed groups, Maï Maï , which enjoyed broad support from the communities’ “natives” and the government of Kinshasa, organized themselves as the opponents of the RCD. The civilian population has been directly targeted by acts of violence, resulting in heightened feelings of hatred and insecurity. While the RCD was part of

1440-491: The amount of land that is potentially cultivable. A more concise definition appearing in the Eurostat glossary similarly refers to actual rather than potential uses: "land worked (ploughed or tilled) regularly, generally under a system of crop rotation ". In Britain, arable land has traditionally been contrasted with pasturable land such as heaths , which could be used for sheep-rearing but not as farmland . Arable land

1488-632: The arrival of these Rwandan laborers who had been transplanted because the natives had fled due to forced labor imposed on them by White farmers. The "transplanted people" were established in three main (and non-exclusive) sites in the Belgian Congo: Masisi in present-day North Kivu ; Itombwe, in present-day South Kivu; and the Vyura Mountains above Moba in Katanga . Another inflow of Banyarwanda immigrants migrated to

Sange River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-687: The census of nationals ahead of the elections. Faced with unemployment and discrimination , many young people from Rwandan communities left Uganda in 1990 to join the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) movement. Their departure reinforced the perception that they were outsiders. The situation seriously deteriorated in 1994 following the Rwandan Genocide when the entry of the RPF into Rwanda led to an exodus of Interahamwe (genocidaires) and nearly two million Rwandan Hutu refugees to

1584-436: The desert, hydroponics , fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides , reverse osmosis water processors, PET film insulation or other insulation against heat and cold, digging ditches and hills for protection against the wind, and installing greenhouses with internal light and heat for protection against the cold outside and to provide light in cloudy areas. Such modifications are often prohibitively expensive. An alternative

1632-600: The east by the plain of Imbo (Burundi), to the West by the chain of Mitumba and to the South by Lake Tanganyika. The region covers thus about 80,000 hectares with 80 kilometers in length. The Ruzizi Plain is known for its rich biodiversity , including a wide variety of plant and animal species . The area is also home to several important protected areas , including the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and

1680-573: The eastern part of the Belgian Congo at the end of the 1950s and 1960s, during the Rwandan Revolution , which abolished the monarchy and established a majority Hutu -run government. As a result, thousands of Tutsis who were members of the repressive regime, including their Umwami (King), fled to neighboring countries of Uganda, Congo, and Tanzania. While the Tutsis of Itombwe (the old ones, who came in small numbers before colonization, and

1728-405: The impracticality of drainage, excessive salts, or a combination of these, among others. Although such limitations may preclude cultivation, and some will in some cases preclude any agricultural use, large areas unsuitable for cultivation may still be agriculturally productive. For example, United States NRCS statistics indicate that about 59 percent of US non-federal pasture and unforested rangeland

1776-476: The land of Uvira which was uninhabited. He asked investiture of his father, and received the royal insignia , including the karinga drum. He was accompanied by seven clans, the heads of which were Mugaza, Mufumu, Nabaganda, Muhinga, Nabuhalu, Nalukanga and Mukono. Following the establishment of Bavira, the Bahamba clan from the Fuliiru people , along with other clans, arrived. Alfred Moeller de Laddersous ,

1824-466: The main economic activities of the population. Of the 80,000 ha that constitutes the Ruzizi Plain, 14,000 ha are occupied by approximately 45,000 farmers whose main activity is agriculture, and the remainder is covered with pastures (35,000 ha) and marshes (30,000 ha). Rice , maize , cassava , groundnuts , beans , soybeans , tomatoes and vegetables are the main crops in the area. Poorly educated people commonly practice family farming . Monoculture

1872-399: The plain and into Lake Tanganyika . It covers an area of 175,000 hectares divided between Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC. In Burundi, the plain extends to the northern sector of Imbo. It is bounded by parallels 2°36′ and 3°26′ south latitude and by meridians 29°00′ and 29°26 east longitude —an area of 1025 km2. The Congolese side is bounded to the north by the plain of Bugarama (Rwanda), to

1920-402: The production of crops can sometimes be converted to arable land. New arable land makes more food and can reduce starvation . This outcome also makes a country more self-sufficient and politically independent, because food importation is reduced. Making non-arable land arable often involves digging new irrigation canals and new wells, aqueducts, desalination plants, planting trees for shade in

1968-483: The short rainy season starts in February and ends in June. The short rainy season is followed by a four-month dry season (June to September). The vegetation of the Ruzizi Plain is dominated by grassy savannahs , consisting of grassland of medium density. Savannas alternate with a shrub and a thorny steppe. The gallery forest emerges throughout the Ruzizi Plain. The Ruzizi Plain consists of clay - sandy soils:

Sange River - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-436: The term often has a more precise definition: Arable land is the land under temporary agricultural crops (multiple-cropped areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture , land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included in this category. Data for 'Arable land' are not meant to indicate

2064-538: The time intensified. While the authorities in Kinshasa were taking the question of their citizenship into their own hands, their status as foreigners was strengthened in the eyes of other local communities. Inter-ethnic groups and raised suspicions against groups whose Congolese nationality was deemed questionable. The Burundian and Rwandan communities that were not invited to the Conference were also excluded from

2112-495: The transitional government following the Pretoria Peace Accord , its members failed to secure seats in the first elections in 2006. The RCD remained without representation in provincial and national politics. Consequently, those dissatisfied with the integration process formed the CNDP (National Congress for the Defense of the People) movement, later re-established as M23 (the March 23 Movemen t) to maintain influence in Kinshasa and protect their economic and security interests in

2160-461: The transplanted ones) distinguished themselves, from the 1970s onwards, from those coming forthwith from Rwanda under the pseudonym " Banyamulenge " (literally 'those who live in Mulenge ', the name of the peaks of Mulenge, where the Mwami of the Fuliiru had settled their predecessors), those of Katanga were called "BanyaVyura", also named after the heights on which the Belgians and the customary chiefs of Moba had allowed them to settle. In 1960,

2208-402: The two main communities of the Ruzizi Plain, the Bafuliru and the Barundi (the Banyamulenge being often assimilated to the Barundi), are still very strong. The conflicts to access power (especially customary power) and land are the most significant conflicts. The land conflict, also related to inter-community tensions, is expressed mainly through the conflict between farmers and herders (due to

2256-438: The wandering of animals ). The conflict is particularly acute between Barundi and Banyamulenge herders, in search of pasture for their cattle , and Bafuliru farmers whose fields are regularly devastated by cows . Despite the waves of violence in the area and growing mistrust among communities, dialogue , based on a non-violent approach, remains the most frequently used conflict resolution mechanism . The Ruzizi Plain

2304-584: Was brought to the Ruzizi Plain through the Ruzizi River and streams from the high mountains of the Nile Congo Watershed and the Mitumba mountains. Besides, extreme rainfall are associated with soil erosion and declined soil fertility . Consequently, planning the rainfed agriculture has become complex as irrigation facilities and appropriate water conservation practices are lacking. This discourages farmers from investing in sustainable, productive, and economically promising practices, since farming outcomes are unpredictable. Agriculture and livestock farming are

#90909