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54-522: Sandon Dock was a dock on the River Mersey , England , and part of the Port of Liverpool . Situated in the northern dock system, it was east of Sandon Half Tide Dock , to which it was once connected. It was designed by Jesse Hartley and opened in 1851. Originally the dock basin was considerably larger and consisted of six graving docks to the north. Sandon and Canada Dock Goods railway station

108-518: A time temperature indicator on certain fresh chilled seafood products. Because fresh fish is highly perishable, it must be eaten promptly or discarded; it can be kept for only a short time. In many countries, fresh fish are filleted and displayed for sale on a bed of crushed ice or refrigerated . Fresh fish is most commonly found near bodies of water, but the advent of refrigerated train and truck transportation has made fresh fish more widely available inland. Long term preservation of fish

162-546: A 2014 study published in PLOS One found that 15% of MSC certified Patagonian toothfish originated from uncertified and mercury polluted fisheries. These fishery-stock substitutions had 100% more mercury than their genuine counterparts, "vastly exceeding" limits in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. Research into population trends of various species of seafood is pointing to a global collapse of seafood species by 2048. Such

216-406: A 40,000-year-old anatomically modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish. Archaeology features such as shell middens , discarded fish bones, and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival and consumed in significant quantities. During this period, most people lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on

270-596: A collapse would occur due to pollution and overfishing , threatening oceanic ecosystems, according to some researchers. A major international scientific study released in November 2006 in the journal Science found that about one-third of all fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed (with a collapse being defined as a decline to less than 10% of their maximum observed abundance), and that if current trends continue all fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty years. In July 2009, Boris Worm of Dalhousie University ,

324-433: A distinct smell. It also exists in freshwater species, but becomes more numerous in the cells of an animal the deeper it lives, so fish from the deeper parts of the ocean have a stronger taste than species that live in shallow water. Eggs from seaweed contain sex pheromones called dictyopterenes, which are meant to attract the sperm. These pheromones are also found in edible seaweeds, which contributes to their aroma. There

378-518: A dock is an enclosed area of water used for loading, unloading, building or repairing ships . Such a dock may be created by building enclosing harbour walls into an existing natural water space, or by excavation within what would otherwise be dry land. There are specific types of dock structures where the water level is controlled: Where the water level is not controlled berths may be: A dockyard (or shipyard) consists of one or more docks, usually with other structures. In American English , dock

432-572: A dockyard (also known as a shipyard ) where the loading, unloading, building, or repairing of ships occurs. The earliest known docks were those discovered in Wadi al-Jarf , an ancient Egyptian harbor , of Pharaoh Khufu , dating from c.2500 BC located on the Red Sea coast. Archaeologists also discovered anchors and storage jars near the site. A dock from Lothal in India dates from 2400 BC and

486-456: A few selected fish species, among women of childbearing age. Avoidance of modest fish consumption due to confusion regarding risks and benefits could result in thousands of excess CHD [congenital heart disease] deaths annually and suboptimal neurodevelopment in children." Due to the wide array of options in the seafood marketplace, seafood is far more susceptible to mislabeling than terrestrial food. There are more than 1,700 species of seafood in

540-481: A healthy and balanced diet. The UK National Health Service gives similar advice, recommending at least 2 portions (about 10 oz) of fish weekly. The Chinese National Health Commission recommends slightly more, advising 10–20 oz of fish weekly. There are numerous factors to consider when evaluating health hazards in seafood. These concerns include marine toxins, microbes, foodborne illness , radionuclide contamination , and man-made pollutants. Shellfish are among

594-410: A highly toxic organic compound of mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and microplastics. Species of fish that are high on the food chain , such as shark , swordfish , king mackerel , albacore tuna , and tilefish contain higher concentrations of these bioaccumulates. This is because bioaccumulates are stored in the muscle tissues of fish, and when a predatory fish eats another fish, it assumes

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648-425: A list of fish prices. The cheapest was skaren (probably parrotfish ) whereas Atlantic bluefin tuna was three times as expensive. Common salt water fish were yellowfin tuna , red mullet , ray , swordfish , or sturgeon , a delicacy that was eaten salted. Lake Copais itself was famous in all of Greece for its eels , celebrated by the hero of The Acharnians . Other freshwater fish were pike fish , carp , and

702-462: A pastime. Fishing scenes are rarely represented in ancient Greek culture, a reflection of the low social status of fishing. However, Oppian of Corycus , a Greek author wrote a major treatise on sea fishing, the Halieulica or Halieutika , composed between 177 and 180. This is the earliest such work to have survived to the modern day. The consumption of fish varied by the wealth and location of

756-526: A post-resurrection scene, Jesus tells his disciples where they can catch fish, before cooking breakfast for them to eat. Pescatarianism was widespread in the early Christian Church , among both the clergy and laity. In ancient and medieval times, the Catholic Church forbade the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products during Lent . Thomas Aquinas argued that these "afford greater pleasure as food [than fish], and greater nourishment to

810-606: A trade advocacy group representing the United States seafood industry, disagree. They claim that currently observed declines in fish populations are due to natural fluctuations and that enhanced technologies will eventually alleviate whatever impact humanity is having on oceanic life. For the most part Islamic dietary laws allow the eating of seafood, though the Hanbali forbid eels, the Shafi forbid frogs and crocodiles, and

864-502: Is accomplished in a variety of ways. The oldest and still most widely used techniques are drying and salting . Desiccation (complete drying) is commonly used to preserve fish such as cod . Partial drying and salting are popular for the preservation of fish like herring and mackerel . Fish such as salmon , tuna , and herring are cooked and canned . Most fish are filleted before canning, but some small fish (e.g. sardines ) are only decapitated and gutted before canning. Seafood

918-467: Is also commonly used to refer to wooden or metal structures that extend into the ocean from beaches and are used, for the most part, to accommodate fishing in the ocean without using a boat. In American English , the term for the water area between piers is slip . In the cottage country of Canada and the United States , a dock is a wooden platform built over water, with one end secured to

972-412: Is broad scientific consensus that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) found in seafood are beneficial to neurodevelopment and cognition, especially at young ages. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has described fish as "nature's super food." Seafood consumption is associated with improved neurologic development during pregnancy and early childhood and

1026-697: Is consumed all over the world; it provides the world's prime source of high-quality protein : 14–16% of the animal protein consumed worldwide; over one billion people rely on seafood as their primary source of animal protein. Fish is among the most common food allergens . Since 1960, annual global seafood consumption has more than doubled to over 20 kg per capita. Among the top consumers are Korea (78.5 kg per head), Norway (66.6 kg) and Portugal (61.5 kg). The UK Food Standards Agency recommends that at least two portions of seafood should be consumed each week, one of which should be oil-rich. There are over 100 different types of seafood available around

1080-511: Is cooked. Delivery of live fish without water is also being explored. While some seafood restaurants keep live fish in aquaria for display purposes or cultural beliefs, the majority of live fish are kept for dining customers. The live food fish trade in Hong Kong , for example, is estimated to have driven imports of live food fish to more than 15,000 tonnes in 2000. Worldwide sales that year were estimated at US$ 400 million, according to

1134-423: Is essential for healthy skin and muscles as well as fertility. Casanova reputedly ate 50 oysters a day. Over 33,000 species of fish and many more marine invertebrate species have been identified. Bromophenols, which are produced by marine algae, give marine animals an odor and taste that is absent from freshwater fish and invertebrates. Also, a chemical substance called dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) that

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1188-450: Is found in red and green algae is transferred into animals in the marine food chain. When broken down, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is produced, and is often released during food preparation when fresh fish and shellfish are heated. In small quantities it creates a specific smell one associates with the ocean, but in larger quantities gives the impression of rotten seaweed and old fish. Another molecule known as TMAO occurs in fishes and gives them

1242-677: Is more tenuously linked to reduced mortality from coronary heart disease . Fish consumption has been associated with a decreased risk of dementia , lung cancer and stroke . A 2020 umbrella review concluded that fish consumption reduces all-cause mortality, cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke and other outcomes. The review suggested that two to four servings per week is generally safe. However, two other recent umbrella reviews have found no statistically significant associations between fish consumption and cancer risks and have cautioned researchers when it comes to interpreting reported associations between fish consumption and cancer risks because

1296-520: Is often inaccurate or unavailable. While ciguatera is relatively widespread compared to other seafood-related health hazards (up to 50,000 people suffer from ciguatera every year), mortality is very low. Scombroid food poisoning , is also a seafood illness. It is typically caused by eating fish high in histamine from being stored or processed improperly. Fish and shellfish have a natural tendency to concentrate inorganic and organic toxins and pollutants in their bodies, including methylmercury ,

1350-599: Is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln -burnt bricks. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary . The engineers built a trapezoidal structure, with north–south arms of average 21.8 metres (71.5 ft), and east–west arms of 37 metres (121 ft). In British English ,

1404-460: Is technically synonymous with pier or wharf —any human-made structure in the water intended for people to be on. However, in modern use, pier is generally used to refer to structures originally intended for industrial use, such as seafood processing or shipping , and more recently for cruise ships , and dock is used for almost everything else, often with a qualifier, such as ferry dock , swimming dock, ore dock and others. However, pier

1458-651: The FAO to collect and compile fishery statistics. The production figures have been extracted from the FAO FishStat database, and include both capture from wild fisheries and aquaculture production. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Fish is a highly perishable product: the "fishy" smell of dead fish is due to the breakdown of amino acids into biogenic amines and ammonia . Live food fish are often transported in tanks at high expense for an international market that prefers its seafood killed immediately before it

1512-762: The Hanafi forbid bottom feeders such as shellfish and carp . The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels. In the Old Testament, the Mosaic Covenant allowed the Israelites to eat Finfish , but shellfish and eels were an abomination and not allowed. In the New Testament , Luke's gospel reports Jesus' eating of a fish after his resurrection , and in John 21 , also

1566-680: The Paleolithic . Findings in a sea cave at Pinnacle Point in South Africa indicate Homo sapiens (modern humans) harvested marine life as early as 165,000 years ago, while the Neanderthals , an extinct human species contemporary with early Homo sapiens , appear to have been eating seafood at sites along the Mediterranean coast beginning around the same time. Isotopic analysis of the skeletal remains of Tianyuan man ,

1620-458: The 1950s in Minamata , Japan . Wastewater from a nearby chemical factory released methylmercury that accumulated in fish which were consumed by humans. Severe mercury poisoning is now known as Minamata disease . The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster and 1947 - 1991 Marshall Islands nuclear bomb testing led to dangerous radionuclide contamination of local sea life which, in

1674-577: The United States' consumer marketplace, 80 - 90% of which are imported and less than 1% of which are tested for fraud. However, more recent research into seafood imports and consumption patterns among consumers in the United States suggests that 35%-38% of seafood products are of domestic origin. consumption suggests Estimates of mislabelled seafood in the United States range from 33% in general up to 86% for particular species. Byzantine supply chains , frequent bycatch, brand naming, species substitution, and inaccurate ecolabels all contribute to confusion for

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1728-534: The World Resources Institute. If the cool chain has not been adhered to correctly, food products generally decay and become harmful before the validity date printed on the package. As the potential harm for a consumer when eating rotten fish is much larger than for example with dairy products, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has introduced regulation in the USA requiring the use of

1782-836: The author of the November 2006 study in Science , co-authored an update on the state of the world's fisheries with one of the original study's critics, Ray Hilborn of the University of Washington at Seattle. The new study found that through good fisheries management techniques even depleted fish stocks can be revived and made commercially viable again. An analysis published in August 2020 indicates that seafood could theoretically increase sustainably by 36–74% by 2050 compared to current yields and that whether or not these production potentials are realised sustainably depends on several factors "such as policy reforms, technological innovation, and

1836-546: The beginning of the Imperial era, however, this custom suddenly came to an end, which is why mullus in the feast of Trimalchio (see the Satyricon ) could be shown as a characteristic of the parvenu , who bores his guests with an unfashionable display of dying fish. In medieval times, seafood was less prestigious than other animal meats, and was often seen as merely an alternative to meat on fast days. Still, seafood

1890-687: The coast of the UK. Oil-rich fish such as mackerel or herring are rich in long chain Omega-3 oils. These oils are found in every cell of the human body, and are required for human biological functions such as brain functionality. Whitefish such as haddock and cod are very low in fat and calories which, combined with oily fish rich in Omega-3 such as mackerel , sardines , fresh tuna , salmon and trout , can help to protect against coronary heart disease , as well as helping to develop strong bones and teeth. Shellfish are particularly rich in zinc , which

1944-401: The consumer. A 2013 study by Oceana found that one third of seafood sampled from the United States was incorrectly labeled. Snapper and tuna were particularly susceptible to mislabelling, and seafood substitution was the most common type of fraud. Another type of mislabelling is short-weighting, where practices such as overglasing or soaking can misleadingly increase the apparent weight of

1998-500: The dried fish with a mallet before soaking it in water. A wide range of mollusks (including oysters , mussels and scallops ) were eaten by coastal and river-dwelling populations, and freshwater crayfish were seen as a desirable alternative to meat during fish days. Compared to meat, fish was much more expensive for inland populations, especially in Central Europe, and therefore not an option for most. Modern knowledge of

2052-445: The entire body burden of bioaccumulates in the consumed fish. Thus species that are high on the food chain amass body burdens of bioaccumulates that can be ten times higher than the species they consume. This process is called biomagnification . Man-made disasters can cause localized hazards in seafood which may spread widely via piscine food chains. The first occurrence of widespread mercury poisoning in humans occurred this way in

2106-404: The extent of future shifts in demand". The FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 report estimates that in 2003, of the main fish stocks or groups of resources for which assessment information is available, "approximately one-quarter were overexploited , depleted or recovering from depletion (16%, 7% and 1% respectively) and needed rebuilding." The National Fisheries Institute ,

2160-696: The fish. For supermarket shoppers, many seafood products are unrecognisable fillets . Without sophisticated DNA testing , there is no foolproof method to identify a fish species without their head, skin, and fins. This creates easy opportunities to substitute cheap products for expensive ones, a form of economic fraud. Beyond financial concerns, significant health risks arise from hidden pollutants and marine toxins in an already fraught marketplace. Seafood fraud has led to widespread keriorrhea due to mislabeled escolar, mercury poisoning from products marketed as safe for pregnant women, and hospitalisation and neurological damage due to mislabeled pufferfish . For example,

2214-489: The household. In the Greek islands and on the coast, fresh fish and seafood ( squid , octopus , and shellfish ) were common. They were eaten locally but more often transported inland. Sardines and anchovies were regular fare for the citizens of Athens. They were sometimes sold fresh, but more frequently salted. A stele of the late 3rd century BCE from the small Boeotian city of Akraiphia , on Lake Copais , provides us with

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2268-579: The human body, so that from their consumption there results in a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust". In the United States, the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays during Lent has popularised the Friday fish fry , and parishes often sponsor a fish fry during Lent. In predominantly Roman Catholic areas, restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to

2322-478: The latter case, remained as of 2008. A widely cited study in JAMA which synthesized government and MEDLINE reports, and meta-analyses to evaluate risks from methylmercury, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls to cardiovascular health and links between fish consumption and neurologic outcomes concluded that: "The benefits of modest fish consumption (1-2 servings/wk) outweigh the risks among adults and, excepting

2376-465: The less appreciated catfish . Pictorial evidence of Roman fishing comes from mosaics . At a certain time, the goatfish was considered the epitome of luxury, above all because its scales exhibit a bright red colour when it dies out of water. For this reason, these fish were occasionally allowed to die slowly at the table. There even was a recipe where this would take place in Garo , in the sauce . At

2430-413: The liver, roe, head, and intestines of reef fish . It is the most common disease associated with seafood consumption and poses the greatest risk to consumers. The population of plankton that produces these toxins varies significantly over time and location, as seen in red tides. Evaluating the risk of ciguatera in any given fish requires specific knowledge of its origin and life history, information that

2484-489: The more common food allergens . Most of these dangers can be mitigated or avoided with accurate knowledge of when and where seafood is caught. However, consumers have limited access to relevant and actionable information in this regard and the seafood industry's systemic problems with mislabelling make decisions about what is safe even more fraught. Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is an illness resulting from consuming toxins produced by dinoflagellates which bioaccumulate in

2538-512: The move. However, early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied), such as those at Lepenski Vir , were almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food. The ancient river Nile was full of fish; fresh and dried fish were a staple food for much of the population. The Egyptians had implements and methods for fishing and these are illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings, and papyrus documents. Some representations hint at fishing being pursued as

2592-582: The quality of evidence is very low. The parts of fish containing essential fats and micronutrients, often cited as primary health benefits of eating seafood, are frequently discarded in the developed world . Micronutrients including calcium, potassium, selenium, zinc, and iodine are found in their highest concentrations in the head, intestines, bones, and scales. Government recommendations promote moderate consumption of fish. The US Food and Drug Administration recommends moderate (4 oz for children and 8–12 oz for adults, weekly) consumption of fish as part of

2646-498: The reproductive cycles of aquatic species has led to the development of hatcheries and improved techniques of fish farming and aquaculture . A better understanding of the hazards of eating raw and undercooked fish and shellfish has led to improved preservation methods and processing. The following table is based on the ISSCAAP classification (International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants) used by

2700-477: The shore. The platform is used for the boarding and offloading of small boats. Seafood Seafood is the culinary name for food that comes from any form of sea life , prominently including fish and shellfish . Shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g., bivalve molluscs such as clams , oysters , and mussels ). The harvesting, processing, and consuming of seafoods are ancient practices with archaeological evidence dating back well into

2754-406: Was closed before May 1896. When Sandon Half Tide Dock was created at the turn of the 20th century, the remaining area was enclosed as Sandon Dock. After trade decreased, the dock became derelict and was then converted to use as a fish farm. The dock was filled in 1989, with the site redeveloped as a sewage treatment plant and pumping station . Dock (maritime) "Dock" may also refer to

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2808-487: Was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt . Modern oceanographers have observed that the ancient Harappans must have possessed great knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever-shifting course of the Sabarmati , as well as exemplary hydrography and maritime engineering . This is the earliest known dock found in the world equipped to berth and service ships. It

2862-736: Was situated adjacent to the dock, and opened by the Midland Railway in 1873. The goods station could be accessed via the Huskisson Goods Tunnel , which was opened by the Cheshire Lines Committee in 1882 and closed in 1969. The goods station continued being used until 21 July 1969, and was later demolished. Sandon Dock railway station , between the dock and the goods station, was opened by the Liverpool Overhead Railway in 1893 and

2916-493: Was the mainstay of many coastal populations. Kippers made from herring caught in the North Sea could be found in markets as far away as Constantinople . While large quantities of fish were eaten fresh, a large proportion was salted, dried, and, to a lesser extent, smoked. Stockfish - cod that was split down the middle, fixed to a pole, and dried - was very common, though preparation could be time-consuming, and meant beating

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