Misplaced Pages

#398601

130-641: For fiscal year 2022, UCSF was the second highest recipient of National Institutes of Health (NIH) research funding and awards amongst all U.S. organizations, with $ 823.7 million in funding across 1,510 awards. The school is affiliated with the UCSF Medical Center . The UCSF School of Medicine has seven major sites throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and is composed of 28 academic departments, eight organized research units, and five interdisciplinary research centers. The main site

260-683: A J.D. from the University of California, Hastings College of the Law in 1958, after which he worked as an attorney and was involved in the civil rights movement . He was elected to the California Assembly in 1964, during which he became popular in San Francisco and became known as one of the country's most powerful state legislators. As a legislator, Brown earned a reputation as a supporter of civil rights of gays and lesbians and

390-498: A "resurrection" and that he would bring the "risk-taking leadership" the city needed. Brown placed first in the first round of voting, but because no candidate received 50% of the vote, he faced incumbent Frank Jordan in the December runoff. Brown gained the support of Supervisor Roberta Achtenberg , who had placed third in the first round of voting. He campaigned on working to address poverty and problems with Muni. He called Jordan

520-750: A Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School . This marked the beginning of a partnership with universities. In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act , and was given $ 750,000 to construct two NIH buildings at the Old Naval Observatory campus. In 1937, NIH absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it

650-414: A campaign. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Brown was one of a few African-Americans practicing law in San Francisco when he opened his own business. He practiced criminal defense law, representing pimps, prostitutes and other clients that more prominent attorneys would not represent. One early case was to defend Mario Savio on his first civil disobedience arrest. He quickly became involved in

780-471: A certain percentage (2.8% in 2014) must be granted to small businesses under the SBIR/STTR program. As of 2011 , the extramural funding consisted of about 50,000 grants to more than 325,000 researchers at more than 3000 institutions. By 2018 , this rate of granting remained reasonably steady, at 47,000 grants to 2,700 organizations. In FY 2010 , NIH spent US$ 10.7bn (not including temporary funding from

910-508: A clinical trial, except for the most critically ill, as determined by the NIH Director. Over the last century, the responsibility to allocate funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to the individual ICs and Congress increasingly set apart funding for particular causes. In the 1970s, Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research, and in the 1980s there was

1040-468: A diverse research portfolio in order to capitalize on major discoveries in a variety of fields such as cell biology, genetics, physics, engineering, and computer science. Fourth, address public health needs according to the disease burden (e.g., prevalence and mortality). And fifth, construct and support the scientific infrastructure (e.g., well-equipped laboratories and safe research facilities) necessary to conduct research. Advisory committee members advise

1170-403: A morning radio show with comedian Will Durst on a local San Francisco Air America Radio affiliate. He also does a weekly podcast . Brown established The Willie L. Brown Jr. Institute on Politics & Public Service, an unaffiliated nonprofit organization at San Francisco State University . It trains students for careers in municipal, county and regional governments. The center will be one of

1300-610: A new stadium in the China Basin after previous stadium measures had failed on the ballot. The stadium was approved by San Francisco voters in June 1997 and opened in 2000. Due to vacancies on the Board of Supervisors before 2000, Brown was able to appoint eight of the board's 11 members. Due to a change in San Francisco's election laws that took effect in 2000, the board changed from at-large to district-based elections, and all seats on

1430-401: A parking garage on Vallejo Street desired by North Beach and Chinatown merchants, he circumvented neighborhood opponents of the garage by ordering demolition of the site's existing structure to commence on a Friday night and be done by Monday morning, when the group was certain to try to obtain a restraining order. "It was with the demolition permit I outsmarted them", Brown said, claiming that as

SECTION 10

#1732782866399

1560-573: A part of the UC medical department. The University gained more independence in the 1960s when it started to be seen as a campus in its own right instead of as the medical center of the UC system. The four departments were renamed as "School of ..." and the UCSF Graduate Division was founded in 1961. In 1964 the institution obtained full administrative independence under the name University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, becoming

1690-601: A rate similar to inflation since the 1970s, research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s, but has remained relatively stagnant since then. By the 1990s, the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research and launched the Human Genome Project . The NIH Office of the Director is the central office responsible for setting policy for NIH, and for planning, managing, and coordinating

1820-573: A reputation for knowing what was occurring in the state legislature at all times. In 1992, he gave $ 1.18 million to the Democratic Party to help with voter registration and several campaigns, some of which was from contributions from tobacco companies and insurance companies. As Speaker, he worked to defeat the Three Strikes Law . Critics have claimed Brown did not do enough to raise the legislature's ethical standards or to protect

1950-455: A reputation in the Assembly for his ability to manage people. Republican State Senator Ken Maddy of Fresno noted Brown's ability to "size up the situation and create, sometimes on the spot, a winning strategy." According to Hobson, "He was a brilliant daycare operator. ... He knew exactly how to hold the hand of his Assembly members. He dominated California politics like no other politician in

2080-506: A second straight budget with a $ 100 million surplus. He helped oversee the settling of a two-day garbage strike in April 1997. During Brown's tenure, San Francisco's budget increased to $ 5.2 billion and the city added 4,000 new employees. Brown tried to develop a plan for universal health care , but there wasn't enough in the budget to do so. He put in long days as mayor, scheduling days of solid meetings and, at times, conducting two meetings at

2210-400: A series of audit reports revealing that throughout the fiscal years 2000–2010, institutes under the aegis of the NIH did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes, in awarding federal contracts to commercial partners, committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress. The NIH

2340-523: A significant amount allocated for AIDS/HIV research. Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. During the 1980s, President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research, only to see Congress partly restore funding. The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation's response to the AIDS epidemic; while AIDS

2470-508: A slim Republican majority. Near the end of his final term, he decided to run for mayor of San Francisco. During Brown's tenure as mayor of San Francisco, the city's budget was expanded, and real estate development, public works, city beautification, and other city projects saw a significant increase. Brown presided over the " dot-com " era at a time when San Francisco's economy was rapidly expanding. His administration included more Asian-Americans, women, Latinos, gays and African Americans than

2600-482: A supporter of the civil rights of gays and lesbians. During the 1970s, Brown continued to expand his legal practice, including the representation of several major real estate developers. He won the Speakership in 1980. Brown was California's first Black American speaker of the Assembly, and served in the office from 1981 to 1995. In 1990, he helped negotiate an end to a 64-day budget standoff. In 1994, Brown gained

2730-520: A young age from his grandmother. He graduated from Mineola Colored High School , which he later described as substandard, and left for San Francisco in August 1951 at the age of 17 to live with his uncle. Although Brown did not meet the qualifications for San Francisco State College , a professor at the school facilitated his admission on probation. Brown adjusted to college studies by working especially hard to catch up in his first semester. He joined

SECTION 20

#1732782866399

2860-602: Is a research center studying obstetrics , gynecology , and reproductive science at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine and the San Francisco General Hospital . Its focus includes research, clinical care, policy development, and training on issues affecting sexual health. This includes resources and advocacy to advance reproductive autonomy, including access to contraception and abortion services, and access to care during pregnancy and childbirth. The Center's founding director

2990-896: Is at the Parnassus Heights campus, which is home to the UCSF Medical Center and the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute . The UCSF Medical Center at Mission Bay opened in 2015 and is home to the UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital , UCSF Betty Irene Moore Women's Hospital and the UCSF Bakar Cancer Hospital . The school has a satellite campus, UCSF Fresno which provides doctors to Community Regional Medical Center in Fresno, California . The school

3120-613: Is available to the general public whereas the individual-level data is accessible to researchers. According to the City Journal NIH denies access to such attributes as intelligence, education and health on the grounds that studying their genetic basis would be stigmatizing. The NIH partnered with Moderna in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic to develop a vaccine. The final phase of testing began on July 27 with up to 30,000 volunteers assigned to one of two groups—one receiving

3250-612: Is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers that conduct and coordinate biomedical research. These are: In addition, the National Center for Research Resources operated from April 13, 1962, to December 23, 2011. The Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) is an entity formerly within the Office of the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services , which was created by Congress in

3380-443: Is determined by the scientist. The total number of applicants has increased substantially, from about 60,000 investigators who had applied during the period from 1999 to 2003 to slightly less than 90,000 in who had applied during the period from 2011 to 2015. Due to this, the "cumulative investigator rate", that is, the likelihood that unique investigators are funded over a 5-year window, has declined from 43% to 31%. R01 grants are

3510-602: Is requesting $ 2.5 billion for 2024. Source: Willie Brown (politician) Willie Lewis Brown Jr. (born March 20, 1934) is an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party , he served as mayor of San Francisco from 1996 to 2004 as the first African American to hold the office. Born in Mineola, Texas , where he graduated from high school, Brown moved to San Francisco in 1951. He graduated from San Francisco State University in 1955 and earned

3640-491: Is responsible for many scientific accomplishments, including the discovery of fluoride to prevent tooth decay , the use of lithium to manage bipolar disorder , and the creation of vaccines against hepatitis , Haemophilus influenzae (HIB), and human papillomavirus (HPV). In 2019, the NIH was ranked number two in the world, behind Harvard University , for biomedical sciences in the Nature Index , which measured

3770-597: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) on clinical research , US$ 7.4bn on genetics -related research, US$ 6.0bn on prevention research, US$ 5.8bn on cancer, and US$ 5.7bn on biotechnology . In 2008 a Congressional mandate called for investigators funded by the NIH to submit an electronic version of their final manuscripts to the National Library of Medicine 's research repository, PubMed Central (PMC), no later than 12 months after

3900-563: The Civil Rights Movement , leading a well-orchestrated sit-in to protest housing discrimination after a local real estate office refused to work with him because of his race. Brown began his first run for the California State Assembly in 1962 by having local African American ministers pass around a hat, collecting $ 700. He lost the election by 600 votes before winning a second election in 1964. Brown

4030-509: The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 . Modeled after DARPA , HSARPA , IARPA , and ARPA-E , it is intended to pursue unconventional research projects through methods not typically used by federal agencies or private sector companies. Secretary Xavier Becerra delegated ARPA-H to the NIH on May 24, 2022. It received $ 1 billion in appropriations in 2022, and $ 1.5 billion in 2023, and as of June 2023 it

UCSF School of Medicine - Misplaced Pages Continue

4160-520: The Housing Authority . He helped established an AFL-CIO housing trust to build affordable housing and worked to increase the city's share of federal and state grants. He oversaw declining crime rates and improvements in the city's economy, finances, and credit ratings during his first term. Brown was known for his shrewd and strategic use of the planning process's details to affect and facilitate development projects on his watch. In regard to

4290-514: The Regents of the University of California , and the school became "The Medical Department of the University of California." Initially, the three Affiliated Colleges were located at different sites around San Francisco, but near the end of the 19th century, interest in bringing them together grew. To make this possible, San Francisco Mayor Adolph Sutro donated 13 acres in Parnassus Heights at

4420-787: The Smith Cardiovascular Research Building , the UCSF Medical Center at Mission Bay , and the Benioff Children's Hospital in 2010, the Sandler Neuroscience Center in 2012, and Mission Hall and the Baker Cancer Hospital in 2013. In 2012, the school opened the UCSF Anatomy learning center. The Children's Hospital was named after Mark Benioff , who donated $ 100 million toward the new facility. In 2015,

4550-759: The Washington metropolitan area , with other primary facilities in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina and smaller satellite facilities located around the United States. The NIH conducts its own scientific research through the NIH Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program. As of 2013 ,

4680-692: The Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident. Under political pressure, the NIH withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020. On February 13, 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a new group of individuals assigned to research pain. This committee is composed of researchers from different organizations and will focus to "coordinate pain research activities across

4810-568: The mRNA-1273 vaccine and the other receiving salt water injections—and continued until there had been approximately 100 cases of COVID-19 among the participants. In 2021, the NIH contributed $ 4,395,399 towards the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) program. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic , NIH-funded EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to

4940-481: The "Peer Pressure" Bus Patrol program, which paid former gang members and troubled youth to patrol Muni buses. He claimed the program helped reduce crime. He fired Muni chief Phil Adams and replaced him with his chief of staff Emilio Cruz. In 1998, Brown was mayor during the summer of the Muni meltdown as Muni implemented the new ATC system and he promised riders there would be better times ahead. A voter-approved initiative

5070-464: The "inept bumbler" and criticized his leadership. Jordan criticized Brown for his relations with special interests during his time in the State Assembly. Brown easily defeated Jordan. Brown's inaugural celebration included an open invitation party with 10,000 attendees and local restaurants providing 10,000 meals to the homeless. President Bill Clinton called Brown to congratulate him, and

5200-601: The 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital. When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention. The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation. Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions,

5330-474: The 2003 film Hulk as the mayor of San Francisco. He appeared as himself, alongside Geraldo Rivera , in an episode of Nash Bridges . Brown was criticized in 1996 for his comments that 49ers backup quarterback Elvis Grbac was "an embarrassment to humankind." He was criticized in 1997 for responding to Golden State Warriors player Latrell Sprewell choking his coach P. J. Carlesimo by saying, "his boss may have needed choking." In 1998, Brown contacted

UCSF School of Medicine - Misplaced Pages Continue

5460-577: The 21 drugs with the highest therapeutic impact on society introduced between 1965 and 1992, public funding was "instrumental" for 15. As of 2011 NIH-supported research helped to discover 153 new FDA-approved drugs, vaccines, and new indications for drugs in the 40 years prior. One study found NIH funding aided either directly or indirectly in developing the drugs or drug targets for all of the 210 FDA-approved drugs from 2010 to 2016. In 2015, Pierre Azoulay et al. estimated $ 10 million invested in research generated two to three new patents. Since its inception,

5590-771: The Assembly Ways and Means Committee. In 1972, he delivered a speech at the Democratic National Convention . He lost his bid for the speakership in 1972. In 1975, Brown authored and lobbied the successful passing of the Consenting Adult Sex Bill that legalized homosexuality in California, thus earning the strong and lasting support of San Francisco's gay community . Similarly, he voted against AB 607, which banned same-sex marriage in 1977, further building his reputation as

5720-410: The Assembly's tenure system for leadership appointments combined to give Brown nearly complete control over the California legislature by the time he became Assembly Speaker. According to The New York Times , Brown became one of the country's most powerful state legislators. He nicknamed himself the "Ayatollah of the Assembly". Brown was extremely popular in San Francisco, but less so in the rest of

5850-1036: The California Prevention Training Center for HIV/AIDS and STD care and prevention, the New Generation Health Center for youth in San Francisco. Bixby has also supported international clinics, including the Family AIDS Care & Education Services in Kisumu County, Kenya , in partnership with the Kenya Medical Research Institute , and the Clinical Trials Research Center at the University of Zimbabwe , both researching treatment and prevention of HIV-related illness and women’s health. A sister center on Population and Reproductive Health,

5980-826: The Center for Cancer Research, Office of Scientific Operations, Management Operations Support Branch, the division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and the division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is located in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina . Other ICs have satellite locations in addition to operations at the main campus. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases maintains its Rocky Mountain Labs in Hamilton, Montana , with an emphasis on BSL3 and BSL4 laboratory work. NIDDK operates

6110-772: The Director. NIH submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget. Many adjustments and appeals occur between NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President's final budget. The President then sends NIH's budget request to Congress in February for

6240-491: The Equal Benefits Ordinance, which required city contractors to give their employees domestic partner benefits. In 1998, he wrote President Clinton a letter urging him to halt a federal lawsuit aimed at closing medical marijuana clubs. One of Brown's central campaign promises was his "100-Day Plan for Muni ", in which he said he would fix the city's municipal bus system in that many days. Brown supported

6370-482: The IRP had 1,200 principal investigators and more than 4,000 postdoctoral fellows in basic, translational, and clinical research, being the largest biomedical research institution in the world, while, as of 2003, the extramural arm provided 28% of biomedical research funding spent annually in the U.S., or about US$ 26.4 billion. The NIH comprises 27 separate institutes and centers of different biomedical disciplines and

6500-633: The Japanese television cooking competition Iron Chef , suggesting San Franciscan Chef Ron Siegel to battle one of the Iron Chefs. Brown appeared on the telecast himself. Brown remained neutral in the 2008 presidential campaign. He has worked as a radio talk show host and a pundit on local and national political television shows and is seen as attempting to build credibility by abstaining from endorsing candidates for office. "I've never been high on endorsements," Brown said. "When you get one, all it does

6630-556: The Mission Bay campus saw the grand opening of the new UCSF Medical Center at Mission Bay, a 289-bed integrated hospital complex dedicated to serving children, women and cancer patients. The school started the new Bridges curriculum in 2016 with the class of 2020. The School of Medicine has 2,498 full-time faculty. There have been six Nobel Prize winners over the past six decades, and among its 2018 faculty members are: The Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, founded in 1999,

SECTION 50

#1732782866399

6760-560: The NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community. NIH Toolbox assessments are based, where possible, on Item Response Theory and adapted for testing by computer. NIH sponsors the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), a repository of information produced by studies investigating the interaction of genotype and phenotype. The information includes phenotypes, molecular assay data, analyses and documents. Summary-level data

6890-461: The NIH budget doubled. For a time, funding essentially remained flat, and for seven years following the financial crisis, the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation. In 1999 Congress increased the NIH's budget by $ 2.3 billion to $ 17.2 billion in 2000. In 2009 Congress again increased the NIH budget to $ 31 billion in 2010. In 2017 and 2018, Congress passed laws with bipartisan support that substantially increasing appropriations for NIH, which

7020-437: The NIH but may apply for funding. Throughout the history of the NIH, the amount of funding received has increased, but the proportion to each IC remains relatively constant. The individual ICs then decide who will receive the grant money and how much will be allotted. Policy changes on who receives funding significantly affect researchers. For example, the NIH has recently attempted to approve more first-time NIH R01 applicants or

7150-420: The NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. From then on, the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards. In 1967, the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease, cancer, and strokes . That same year, the NIH director lobbied

7280-429: The NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research, and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities. While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at

7410-670: The NIH intramural research program has been a source of many pivotal scientific and medical discoveries. Some of these include: In September 2006, the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state-of-the-art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies. Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed. In September 2012,

7540-453: The NIH would take the balance of each study design into consideration when awarding grants. The announcement also stated that this rule would probably not apply when studying sex-specific diseases (for example, ovarian or testicular cancer). One of the goals of the NIH is to "expand the base in medical and associated sciences in order to ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research." Taxpayer dollars funding NIH are from

7670-423: The National Institute for General Medical Science awarded funding to 30% of applicants. NIH employs five broad decision criteria in its funding policy. First, ensure the highest quality of scientific research by employing an arduous peer review process. Second, seize opportunities that have the greatest potential to yield new knowledge and that will lead to better prevention and treatment of disease. Third, maintain

7800-439: The Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch in Phoenix, Arizona . As of 2017, 153 scientists receiving financial support from the NIH have been awarded a Nobel Prize and 195 have been awarded a Lasker Award . NIH devotes 10% of its funding to research within its own facilities (intramural research), and gives >80% of its funding in research grants to extramural (outside) researchers. Of this extramural funding,

7930-425: The Pill , studying and promoting access to contraceptive health care for women; and PRONTO International and the Safe Motherhood Program, developing care strategies and training to optimize care during childbirth . Obstetrics and gynecology residencies include a two-year fellowship in Family Planning , and the Kenneth J. Ryan residency program in the United States and Canada. Training and clinical centers include

SECTION 60

#1732782866399

8060-513: The ROTC and joined the California Army National Guard 's 126th Medical Battalion, where he was trained as a dental hygienist . Brown earned a bachelor's degree in political science from San Francisco State in 1955. Brown attended University of California, Hastings College of the Law , where he also worked as a janitor. He later said that his decision to attend law school was primarily to avoid being drafted. He befriended future San Francisco mayor George Moscone , for whom Brown later managed

8190-519: The White House for increased federal funding in order to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people. An advisory committee was formed to oversee the further development of the NIH and its research programs. By 1971 cancer research was in full force and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act , initiating a National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, National Cancer Advisory Board, and 15 new research, training, and demonstration centers. Funding for

8320-413: The Young Democrats and became friends with John L. Burton . Brown originally wanted to be a math instructor but campus politics changed his ambitions. He became active in his church and the San Francisco NAACP . Brown worked as a doorman, janitor and shoe salesman to pay for college. He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He also joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) but later quit

8450-492: The administrations of his predecessors. Brown was reelected in 1999 , but term limits prevented him from running for a third term, and he was succeeded by his political protégé Gavin Newsom . San Francisco Chronicle called Brown "one of San Francisco's most notable mayors", adding that he had "celebrity beyond the city's boundaries." He retired from politics after leaving the office in 2004, published an autobiography, and continued to fundraise and advise politicians. Brown

8580-487: The attacks. He immediately ordered the city to close schools and courts, concerned over the potential for additional terrorist attacks. In addition, he recommended to representatives of other possible targets in San Francisco, including the Bank of America Tower and Transamerica Pyramid , that they also close. In February 2003, Brown's appointed police chief, Earl Sanders , and several top San Francisco Police Department officials were arrested for conspiring to obstruct

8710-406: The base of Mount Parnassus (now known as Mount Sutro ). The new site, overlooking Golden Gate Park , opened in the fall of 1898, with the construction of the new Affiliated Colleges buildings. The school's first female student, Lucy Wanzer , graduated in 1876, after having to appeal to the UC Board of Regents to gain admission in 1873. In 1915, the Hahnemann Medical College of the Pacific became

8840-557: The bay to reduce flight delays. Allegations of political patronage followed Brown from the state legislature through his mayoralty. Former Los Angeles County GOP assemblyman Paul Horcher , who voted in 1994 to keep Brown as speaker, was reassigned to a position with a six-figure salary as head of San Francisco's solid waste management program. Brian Setencich was also appointed to a position by Brown. Both were hired as special assistants after losing their Assembly seats because they supported Brown. Former San Francisco supervisor Bill Maher

8970-401: The board were up for election. The voters elected a new group of supervisors that ran on changing the city's development policy. Voters also passed a measure that weakened the mayor's control over the Planning Commission and Board of Appeals. The new majority limited Brown's power over the Elections Department, the Police Commission, and extending San Francisco International Airport's runways into

9100-439: The careers of other politicians. Brown noted that the difference between Harris and other politicians he had helped was that "Harris is the only one who, after I helped her, sent word that I would be indicted if I 'so much as jaywalked' while she was D.A. That's politics for ya." After leaving the mayor's office, Brown considered running for the State Senate but ultimately declined. From January through September 2006, he hosted

9230-493: The city payroll. Brown's romantic relationship with Alameda County deputy district attorney Kamala Harris preceded his appointment of Harris to two California state commissions in the mid-1990s. The San Francisco Chronicle called the Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board and the California Medical Assistance Commission patronage positions. When the appointments became a political issue in Harris's 2003 race for District Attorney, she responded: "Whether you agree or disagree with

9360-479: The city's expense as a whole. Supporters point to the many development projects completed or planned under his watch, including the restoration of City Hall and historic waterfront buildings; the setting in motion of one of the city's largest ever mixed-use development projects in Mission Bay , and the development of a second campus for the University of California, San Francisco . In contrast, critics objected to

9490-407: The city's relations with Critical Mass had changed. On the 10th anniversary of Critical Mass on September 27, 2002, the city officially closed down four blocks to automobile traffic for the annual Car-Free Day Street Fair. Brown said of the event, "I'm delighted. A new tradition has been born in our city." As mayor, Brown was criticized for aggregating power and favoring certain business interests at

9620-522: The congratulations were broadcast to the crowd. He delivered his inaugural address without notes and led the orchestra in "The Stars and Stripes Forever". He arrived at the event in a horse-drawn carriage. In 1996, more than two-thirds of San Franciscans approved of Brown's job performance. As mayor, he made several appearances on national talk shows. Brown called for expansions to the San Francisco budget to provide for new employees and programs. In 1999, he proposed hiring 1,392 new city workers and proposed

9750-418: The construction of many live-work loft buildings in formerly working-class neighborhoods that they believed led to gentrification and displacement of residents and light industry . Under Brown, City Hall was restored from damages sustained during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . He insisted on restoring the light courts and having the dome gilded with more than $ 400,000 in real gold . The Embarcadero

9880-498: The consummate politician that when an actor playing a party politician in 1990's The Godfather Part III did not understand director Francis Ford Coppola 's instruction to model his character after Brown, Coppola fired the actor and hired Brown himself to play the role. Brown later appeared in 2000's Just One Night as a judge. He also played himself in two Disney films, George of the Jungle and The Princess Diaries , and in

10010-541: The critics rushed toward court, "someone shouted out to them that the building had disappeared over the weekend. They've never recovered from that little maneuver." During his mayoralty, Brown hoped to build a new stadium for the San Francisco 49ers and worked with them to create a plan. No new facility was built for the team during his tenure. Brown worked with the San Francisco Giants to build

10140-480: The eighth Chancellor in 1998. He oversaw one of UCSF's major transition and growth periods, including the expanding Mission Bay development and philanthropic support recruitment. During his tenure, he unveiled the first comprehensive, campus-wide, strategic plan to promote diversity and foster a supportive work environment. During this time, UCSF also adopted a new mission: advancing health worldwide ™. The 2010s saw increased construction and expansion at Mission Bay, with

10270-579: The end of Brown's mayoralty. In retirement, Brown continued to participate in fundraising for and advising other politicians. In late 2012, Brown became the regulatory lawyer for Wingz , a ride-sharing service. In that capacity, he represented the company before the California Public Utilities Commission , which was creating new regulations to legalize the ability of transportation network companies to operate ridesharing services in California. As mayor, Brown

10400-569: The environment. During his time in Sacramento, he estimates he raised close to $ 75 million to help elect and reelect state Democrats. Brown led efforts in the Assembly for state universities to divest from South Africa and to increase AIDS research funding. He helped obtain state funds for San Francisco, including funding for public health and mental health funds. Brown held up the 1992 state budget for 63 days until Governor Pete Wilson added another $ 1.1 billion for public schools. Brown had

10530-654: The faculty of Cooper Medical College chose to suspend operations and join the new school. In 1873 the college affiliated with the University of California . Together with the School of Dentistry, they became UCSF 's first two “Affiliated Colleges” and were followed by the College of Dentistry in 1881 and the UC Training School for Nurses in 1907. The University of California was founded in 1868, and by 1870 Toland Medical School began negotiating an affiliation with

10660-522: The federal government with the goals of stimulating pain research collaboration… and providing an important avenue for public involvement" ("Members of new", 2012). With a committee such as this research will not be conducted by each individual organization or person but instead a collaborating group which will increase the information available. With this hopefully more pain management will be available including techniques for those with arthritis. In 2020 Beth Darnall , American scientist and pain psychologist,

10790-520: The first to focus on local government in the country. Brown gave its library a collection of his artifacts, videotapes and legislative papers from his 40 years in public office. He is also planning to mentor students, teach a course on leadership, and recruit guest speakers. On February 5, 2008, Simon & Schuster released Brown's hardcover autobiography, Basic Brown: My Life and Our Times , with collaborator P. J. Corkery. The book release coincided with California's Democratic presidential primary on

10920-705: The history of the state". From 1975 to 1978, Brown supported the Peoples Temple , led by Jim Jones , while it was being investigated for alleged criminal wrongdoing. Brown attended the Temple perhaps a dozen times and served as master of ceremonies at a testimonial dinner for Jones where he said in his introduction, "[l]et me present to you a combination of Martin King, Angela Davis, Albert Einstein ... Chairman Mao." In 1995, Brown ran for mayor of San Francisco . In his announcement speech, he said San Francisco needed

11050-430: The initiative, and raised just under $ 1 million to defeat it. The California legislature challenged the law, but the courts upheld it. California Proposition 140 also cut the legislature's staff budget by 30 percent, causing Brown to reduce legislative staff by at least 600. Under current California term-limits law, no speaker of the California State Assembly is able to have a longer tenure than Brown's. Brown gained

11180-489: The institute on policy and procedures affecting the external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered by the Institute for funding. In 2014, it was announced that the NIH is directing scientists to perform their experiments with both female and male animals, or cells derived from females as well as males if they are studying cell cultures, and that

11310-680: The largest contributors to papers published in a subset of leading journals from 2015 to 2018. In 1887, a laboratory for the study of bacteria, the Hygienic Laboratory , was established within the Marine Hospital Service , which at the time was expanding its functions beyond the system of Marine Hospitals into quarantine and research programs. It was initially located at the New York Marine Hospital on Staten Island . In 1891, it moved to

11440-530: The most common funding mechanism and include investigator-initiated projects. The roughly 27,000 to 29,000 R01 applications had a funding success of 17-19% during 2012 though 2014. Similarly, the 13,000 to 14,000 R21 applications had a funding success of 13-14% during the same period. In FY 2016, the total number of grant applications received by the NIH was 54,220, with approximately 19% being awarded funding. Institutes have varying funding rates. The National Cancer Institute awarded funding to 12% of applicants, while

11570-577: The new public university. Meanwhile, some faculty of Toland Medical College elected to reopen the Medical Department of the University of the Pacific, which would later become Stanford University School of Medicine . Negotiations between Toland and UC were complicated by Toland's demand that the medical school continue to bear his name, an issue on which he finally conceded. In March 1873, the trustees of Toland Medical College transferred it to

11700-466: The next fiscal year's allocations. The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall, Congress usually appropriates funding. This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds. When a government shutdown occurs, the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials , but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in

11830-475: The next year helped improve Muni services. Brown increased Muni's budget by tens of millions of dollars over his tenure. He later said he made a mistake in overpromising with his 100-Day Plan. Brown helped mediate a settlement to the 1997 BART strike. During his first term as mayor, Brown quietly favored the demolition and abolition of the Transbay Terminal to accommodate the redevelopment of

11960-631: The ninth campus in the University of California system and the only one devoted exclusively to the health sciences. A pivotal moment in UCSF history was the deal between Vice-Chancellor Bruce Spaulding and San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown for the development of the Mission Bay campus in 1999. Renowned scientist J. Michael Bishop , recipient of both the Lasker Award and Nobel Prize in Medicine (together with UCSF professor Harold Varmus ), became

12090-539: The official date of publication. The NIH Public Access Policy was the first public access mandate for a U.S. public funding agency. In 2000, the Joint Economic Committee of Congress reported NIH research, which was funded at $ 16 billion a year in 2000, that some econometric studies had given a rate of return of 25 to 40 percent per year by reducing the economic cost of illness in the US. It found that of

12220-465: The police investigation into an incident involving off-duty officers popularly called " Fajitagate ". Brown ended San Francisco's policy of punishing people for feeding the homeless. San Francisco continued to enforce its policy regarding the conduct of the homeless in public places. In 1998, Brown supported forcibly removing homeless people from Golden Gate Park and police crackdowns on the homeless for drunkenness, urinating, defecating, or sleeping on

12350-654: The programs and activities of all NIH components. The NIH Director plays an active role in shaping the agency's activities and outlook. The Director is responsible for providing leadership to the Institutes and Centers by identifying needs and opportunities, especially in efforts involving multiple Institutes. Within the Director's Office is the Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives with 12 divisions including: The Agency Intramural Research Integrity Officer "is directly responsible for overseeing

12480-468: The research grant applications of young scientists. To encourage the participation of young scientists, the application process has been shortened and made easier. In addition, first-time applicants are being offered more funding for their research grants than those who have received grants in the past. In 2011 and 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General published

12610-572: The resolution of all research misconduct allegations involving intramural research , and for promoting research integrity within the NIH Office of Intramural Research (OIR)." There is a Division of Extramural Activities, which has its own Director. The Office of Ethics has its own Director, as does the Office of Global Research. Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda, Maryland , and Rockville, Maryland , and

12740-465: The rides, calling them "a terrible demonstration of intolerance" and "an incredible display of arrogance." After arrests were made when a Critical Mass event became violent, Brown said, "I think we ought to confiscate their bicycles" and "a little jail time" would teach Critical Mass riders a lesson. On the night of the July 25, 1997, ride, 115 riders were arrested for unlawful assembly , jailed, and had their bicycles confiscated. By 2002, Brown and

12870-558: The same day. On July 20, 2008, Brown began writing a column for the San Francisco Chronicle , a move that drew the ire of some Chronicle staff members and ethicists for the failure to disclose multiple conflicts of interest. In 2009, Brown was defending general construction contractor Monica Ung of Alamo, California . Accused of flouting labor laws and defrauding immigrant construction workers of their wages from laboring on Oakland municipal construction projects, Ung

13000-469: The same time. Brown opened City Hall on Saturdays to answer questions. He would later claim of his mayorship that he helped restore the city's spirit and pride. Brown's opponents in his 1999 mayoral reelection campaign were former mayor Jordan and Clint Reilly . They criticized Brown for spending the city's $ 1 billion in budget growth without addressing its major problems and creating an environment of corruption and patronage at City Hall. Tom Ammiano

13130-605: The sidewalk. Brown introduced job training programs and a $ 11 million drug treatment program. San Francisco, the country's 13th-largest city at the time, had the nation's third-largest homeless population, at a peak of 16,000. In November 1997, Brown requested nighttime helicopter searches in Golden Gate Park. His administration spent hundreds of millions of dollars creating new shelters, supportive housing, and drug treatment centers to address homelessness, but these measures did not end homelessness. In 1996, Brown approved

13260-750: The site for market-rate housing. Centrally located at First and Mission Streets near the Financial District and South Beach , the terminal originally served as the San Francisco terminus for the electric commuter trains of the East Bay Electric Lines , the Key System of streetcars and the Sacramento Northern railroads which ran on the lower deck of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge . Since

13390-409: The state. Nevertheless, he wielded great control over statewide legislative affairs and political appointments, making it difficult for his conservative opponents to thwart his power. Partially to remove Brown from his leadership position, a state constitutional amendment initiative was proposed and passed by the electorate in 1990, imposing term limits on state legislators. Brown became the focus of

13520-695: The surrounding communities. The Bayview Campus in Baltimore , Maryland houses the research programs of the National Institute on Aging , National Institute on Drug Abuse , and National Human Genome Research Institute with nearly 1,000 scientists and support staff. The Frederick National Laboratory in Frederick, MD and the nearby Riverside Research Park, houses many components of the National Cancer Institute , including

13650-532: The system, I did the work". Brown's relationship with Harris gained renewed attention in early 2019 after she had become a U.S. senator and ran for president. Brown addressed the questions by publishing a piece in the San Francisco Chronicle titled "Sure, I dated Kamala Harris. So what?" He wrote that he may have "influenced" her career by appointing her to boards and supporting her run for District Attorney, but added that he had also influenced

13780-533: The taxpayers, making them the primary beneficiaries of advances in research. Thus, the general public is a key stakeholder in the decisions resulting from the NIH funding policy. However, some in the general public do not feel their interests are being represented, and individuals have formed patient advocacy groups to represent their own interests. Important stakeholders of the NIH funding policy include researchers and scientists. Extramural researchers differ from intramural researchers in that they are not employed by

13910-601: The terminal is being planned for redevelopment as a regionwide mass transit hub maintaining the current bus services, but with a new tunnel that would extend the Caltrain commuter rail line from its current terminus at Fourth and Townsend Streets to the site. Since 1992, cyclists riding in San Francisco's monthly Critical Mass bicycle rides had used the "corking" technique at street intersections to block rush-hour cross-traffic. In 1997, Brown approved San Francisco Police Department Chief Fred Lau 's plan to crack down on

14040-508: The termination of streetcar service in 1958, the terminal has seen continuous service as a major bus facility for East Bay commuters; AC Transit buses transport riders from the terminal directly into neighborhoods throughout the inner East Bay. The terminal also serves passengers traveling to San Mateo County and the North Bay aboard SamTrans and Golden Gate Transit buses respectively, and to tourists arriving by bus motorcoach . Today,

14170-733: The top floor of the Butler Building in Washington, D.C. In 1904, it moved again to a new campus at the Old Naval Observatory , which grew to include five major buildings. In 1901, the Division of Scientific Research was formed, which included the Hygienic Laboratory as well as other research offices of the Marine Hospital Service. In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the Public Health Service (PHS). In 1922, PHS established

14300-597: The vote of a few Republicans to maintain the Speakership when the Democrats lost control of the Assembly to the Republicans led by Jim Brulte . Brown regained control in 1995 by making a deal with Republican defectors Doris Allen and Brian Setencich , both of whom were elected speaker by the Democratic minority. Brown's long service in the Assembly and political connections, his strong negotiation skills, and

14430-573: Was Claire Brindis ; as of 2021 it is led by Jody Steinauer . It includes over 200 medical, research, and other staff across the university, and runs a series of residencies and clinical care programs. The Bixby Center's programs include research programs, fellowships and residencies, and training and clinical centers. Research programs include Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health , studying how policies and public discussion shape people's sexual and reproductive lives; Beyond

14560-670: Was 37.3 billion dollars annually in FY2018. Researchers at universities or other institutions outside of NIH can apply for research project grants (RPGs) from the NIH. There are numerous funding mechanisms for different project types (e.g., basic research, clinical research, etc.) and career stages (e.g., early career, postdoc fellowships, etc.). The NIH regularly issues "requests for applications" (RFAs), e.g., on specific programmatic priorities or timely medical problems (such as Zika virus research in early 2016). In addition, researchers can apply for "investigator-initiated grants" whose subject

14690-501: Was a late write-in candidate and faced Brown in the runoff election. Brown won reelection by a 20-point margin. Most major developers and business interests supported him. Ammiano campaigned on a promise that he would raise the hourly minimum wage to $ 11 and scrutinize corporate business taxes. Brown repeatedly claimed that Ammiano would raise taxes. President Clinton recorded a telephone message on Brown's behalf. Brown's campaign spent $ 3.1 million to Ammiano's $ 300,000. The 1999 mayoral race

14820-482: Was a sting operation concerning a fake fish company attempting to bribe Brown; he was not charged with a crime. The FBI further investigated Brown from 1998 to 2003 over his appointees at the Airport Commission for potential conflicts of interests. Brown's friend, contributor, and former law client Charlie Walker was given a share of city contracts. Walker had previously thrown several parties for Brown and

14950-473: Was able to manage colleagues and maintain party discipline. He served as the speaker of the California State Assembly from 1980 to 1995. His long tenure and powerful position were used as a focal point of the California ballot proposition limiting the terms of state legislators that passed in 1990. During the last of his three allowed post-initiative terms, Brown maintained control of the Assembly despite

15080-405: Was also hired as a special assistant after campaigning for Brown in his first mayoral race. Brown is also accused of favoritism to Carolyn Carpeneti, a philanthropic fundraiser with whom he had a child. In 1998 Brown arranged for Carpeneti to obtain a rent-free office in the city-owned Bill Graham Civic Auditorium . Between then and 2003, a period that included the birth of their daughter, Carpeneti

15210-690: Was among his biggest fundraisers. He had served jail time in 1984 for violating laws concerning minority contracting. The FBI investigated Walker. The FBI also investigated Brown's approval of expansion of Sutro Tower and SFO. Scott Company, with one prominent Brown backer, was accused of using a phony minority front company to secure an airport construction project. Robert Nurisso was sentenced to house arrest. During Brown's administration, there were two convictions of city officials tied to Brown. Brown reassigned Parking and Traffic chief Bill Maher to an airport job when his critics claimed Maher should have been fired. Brown also put his former girlfriend Wendy Linka on

15340-410: Was an appearance of favoritism and conflicts of interest in the awarding of city contracts and development deals, a perception that large contracts had an undue influence on City Hall, and patronage with the hiring of campaign workers, contributors, legislative colleagues, and friends to government positions. The Federal Bureau of Investigation investigated Brown when he was speaker. One investigation

15470-455: Was appointed as scientific member of the group. To allocate funds, the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress. This process begins with institute and center (IC) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields. IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects, new research proposals, and new initiatives from

15600-803: Was arraigned on dozens of felony fraud charges on August 24, 2009, in Alameda County Superior Court. Brown's decision to defend Ung angered many in the East Bay's labor community. In September 2013, the western span of the Bay Bridge was officially named for Brown. In early 2015, he was named to the board of directors of the San Francisco-based biopharmaceutical company Global Blood Therapeutics. Brown has often been associated with former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , who served for seven years after

15730-573: Was born on March 20, 1934, in Mineola , a small segregated town in East Texas marked by racial tensions, to Minnie Collins Boyd and Lewis Brown. He was the fourth of five children. During Brown's childhood, mob violence periodically erupted in Mineola, keeping African-Americans from voting. His first job was as a shoeshine boy in a whites-only barber shop. He later worked as a janitor, fry cook and field hand. He learned his strong work ethic at

15860-561: Was formerly part. In 1938, NIH moved to its current campus in Bethesda, Maryland . Over the next few decades, Congress would markedly increase funding of the NIH, and various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs. In 1944, the Public Health Service Act was approved, and the National Cancer Institute became a division of NIH. In 1948, the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health. In

15990-551: Was founded in 1864 as the Toland Medical College by Hugh H. Toland , a South Carolina surgeon who found great success and wealth after moving to San Francisco in 1852. A previous school, the Cooper Medical College of the University of Pacific (founded 1858), entered a period of uncertainty in 1862 when its founder, Elias Samuel Cooper, died. In 1864, Toland founded Toland Medical College and

16120-402: Was often portrayed mockingly but affectionately by political cartoonists and columnists as a vain emperor, presiding in a robe and crown over the kingdom of San Francisco. He enjoyed the attention this brought to his personal life, disarming friends and critics with humor that directed attention away from the policy agendas he was pursuing. Brown's flamboyant style made him so well known as

16250-507: Was one of four Black Americans in the Assembly in 1965. The other three were Mervyn M. Dymally , F. Douglas Ferrell and Byron Rumford . He continued to be reelected to the Assembly until 1995. In the 1960s, Brown served as chair of the Legislative Representation Committee, a powerful position that helped him climb the Assembly ranks. He became the Democrats' Assembly whip in 1969. Brown also served on

16380-536: Was paid an estimated $ 2.33 million by nonprofit groups and political committees, though not all this money went directly to Carpeneti. Brown increased the city's special assistants payroll from $ 15.6 to $ 45.6 million between 1995 and 2001. Between April 29, and May 3, 2001, San Francisco Chronicle reporters Lance Williams and Chuck Finnie released a five-part story on Brown and his relations with city contractors, lobbyists, and city appointments and hires he had made during his mayoralty. The report concluded that there

16510-646: Was redeveloped and the Mission Bay Development project began. Brown also oversaw the approval of the Catellus Development Corp., a $ 100 million restoration of the century-old Ferry Building , the new Asian Art Museum , the new M. H. de Young Memorial Museum , the expansion of the Moscone Convention Center and San Francisco International Airport 's new international terminal. Brown worked to restructure

16640-576: Was reported in newspaper articles from 1981, no funding was provided for research on the disease. In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that "variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV-III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)," a new epidemic that gripped the nation. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities. From 1993 to 2001

16770-573: Was set up at UCLA. National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health , commonly referred to as NIH , is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in 1887 and is now part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Many NIH facilities are located in Bethesda, Maryland , and other nearby suburbs of

16900-486: Was the subject of the documentary See How They Run . According to Brown, although he was scheduled for a flight to New York City on the day of the September 11, 2001 attacks , he received a "low key warning" in a phone call from a member of his airport security detail, who advised him not to fly. Brown disregarded the warning and was waiting for a ride to the airport for an 8 a.m. Pacific Time flight, when he learned of

#398601