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54-589: Sankei-en has a total surface of 175 thousand square meters and features ponds, streams, and undulating paths designed by Sankei Hara himself, plus many historic buildings, such as Tōmyō-ji former three-story pagoda ( 旧燈明寺三重塔 ) , originally constructed in Kyoto in 1457 and relocated in 1914, and the Former Yanohara House ( 旧矢箆原家住宅 ) , originally the private residence of the Yanohara family. Work on

108-520: A spire crowning the top. Its walls are 2.5 m thick, with a ground floor diameter of 10.6 m. Another early brick pagoda is the Sui dynasty Guoqing Pagoda built in 597. The earliest large-scale stone pagoda is a Four Gates Pagoda at Licheng , Shandong, built in 611 during the Sui dynasty . Like the Songyue Pagoda, it also features a spire at its top, and is built in the pavilion style. One of

162-578: A central pagoda might not have been either desirable or possible. In the Song dynasty (960–1279), the Chan (Zen) sect developed a new 'seven part structure' for temples. The seven parts—the Buddha hall, dharma hall, monks' quarters, depository, gate, pure land hall and toilet facilities—completely exclude pagodas, and can be seen to represent the final triumph of the traditional Chinese palace/courtyard system over

216-402: A list inscribed on it of the recently successful examination candidates, in hopes that it would reverse the trend and win the county supernatural favor. Pagodas come in many different sizes, with taller ones often attracting lightning strikes , inspiring a tradition that the finial decoration of the top of the structure can seize demons. Today many pagodas have been fitted with wires making

270-642: A museum of its own, and has given its properties of historical value to museums, such as the Wakayama Prefectural Museum . Effectively extinct The 15th head of the Mito House is Mr. Narimasa Tokugawa ( 徳川斉正 , Tokugawa Narimasa ) (born in 1958). From July 2009 he is also the director of Mito 's Shōkōkan Tokugawa Museum ( 彰考館徳川博物館 ) . He presently works for Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd . A Tokyo resident, he commutes to Mito on weekends. In modern Japanese,

324-804: A notable exception being the eighteenth-century orientalist pagoda designed by Sir William Chambers at Kew Gardens in London. The pagodas in Himalayas are derived from Newari architecture , very different from Chinese and Japanese styles. During the Southern and Northern dynasties , pagodas were mostly built of wood, as were other ancient Chinese structures. Wooden pagodas are resistant to earthquakes, and no Japanese pagoda has been destroyed by an earthquake, but they are prone to fire, natural rot, and insect infestation. Examples of wooden pagodas: The literature of subsequent eras also provides evidence of

378-605: A resting place for his mother, and is one of the few extant buildings attributable with certainty to him. The construction of the Chōshūkaku (Important National Cultural Property, see photo below) is traditionally attributed to Iemitsu , third of the Tokugawa shōguns. The pavilion is open to the public in spring and in November for the traditional viewing of the autumn colors. The Shunsōro (Important National Cultural Property)

432-505: A shōgun in case of need. In the Edo period the term gosanke could also refer to various other combinations of Tokugawa houses, including (1) the shogunal, Owari and Kii houses and (2) the Owari, Kii, and Suruga houses (all with the court position of dainagon ). Later, Gosanke were deprived of their role to provide a shōgun by three other branches that are closer to the shogunal house:

486-609: Is Beijing's Yonghe Temple , which was the residence of Yongzheng Emperor before he ascended the throne. It was donated for use as a lamasery after his death in 1735. Examples of Han dynasty era tower architecture predating Buddhist influence and the full-fledged Chinese pagoda can be seen in the four pictures below. Michael Loewe writes that during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) period, multi-storied towers were erected for religious purposes, as astronomical observatories , as watchtowers , or as ornate buildings that were believed to attract

540-537: Is a tea room believed to have been built for Oda Urakusai , brother of the more famous Oda Nobunaga . Urakusai was a well-known practitioner of the tea ceremony . Pagoda A pagoda is a tiered tower with multiple eaves common to Thailand , Cambodia , Nepal , China , Japan , Korea , Myanmar , Vietnam , and other parts of Asia. Most pagodas were built to have a religious function, most often Buddhist , but sometimes Taoist , and were often located in or near viharas . The pagoda traces its origins to

594-702: Is decorated with real gagaku instruments like shō and flutes. The Gekkaden (Important National Cultural Property) was built in 1603 by Ieyasu , the first of the Tokugawa shōguns within Kyoto's Fushimi Castle . It was bought in 1918 together with the Shunsōro and moved to Sankei-en. Hara then connected it to a pavilion he built, the Kinmokutsu. The paintings on the room partitions are attributed to Momoyama period artist Kaihō Yūshō . The Gekkaden can be rented by

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648-427: Is from a South Chinese pronunciation of the term for an eight-cornered tower, Chinese: 八角塔 , and reinforced by the name of a famous pagoda encountered by many early European visitors to China, the "Pázhōu tǎ" (Chinese: 琶洲塔 ), standing just south of Guangzhou at Whampoa Anchorage . Another proposed etymology is Persian butkada , from but , "idol" and kada , "temple, dwelling." Yet another etymology

702-590: Is from the Sinhala word dāgaba , derived from Sanskrit dhātugarbha or Pali dhātugabbha : "relic womb/chamber" or "reliquary shrine", i.e. a stupa , by way of Portuguese. The origin of the pagoda can be traced to the stupa (3rd century BCE). The stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used as a commemorative monument to house sacred relics and writings. In East Asia, the architecture of Chinese towers and Chinese pavilions blended into pagoda architecture, eventually also spreading to Southeast Asia. Their construction

756-786: Is the Liaodi Pagoda. In April 2007 a new wooden pagoda Tianning Temple of Changzhou was opened to the public, the tallest in China, standing 154 m (505 ft). Chinese iconography is noticeable in Chinese and other East Asian pagoda architectures. Also prominent is Buddhist iconography such as the image of the Shakyamuni and Gautama Buddha in the abhaya mudra . In an article on Buddhist elements in Han dynasty art, Wu Hung suggests that in these temples, Buddhist symbolism

810-674: The Gosankyō . Even after the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the abolition of the Edo-period system of administrative domains ( han ) the three houses continued to exist in some form, as they do into the 21st century. After he established his shogunate, Ieyasu proceeded to put members of his family in key positions. Ninth son Yoshinao was nominated daimyō of Nagoya ( Owari Province ), tenth son Yorinobu daimyō of Wakayama ( Kii Province ) and eleventh son Yorifusa daimyō of Mito ( Hitachi Province ). From this allocation of fiefs came

864-598: The gosankyō , installing two sons and a grandson as their heads. The gosanke provided the model for the gosankyō. However, while Yoshimune granted lands to the gosankyō , the lands were not consolidated into coherent han , but instead were scattered in various places; the total holdings were also smaller than those of the gosanke. Eventually, one of the gosankyō houses, the Hitotsubashi house, produced two shoguns, once in 1787 ( Tokugawa Ienari ) and again in 1866 ( Tokugawa Yoshinobu ). Third in seniority among

918-701: The Gosanke was the Mito branch . Its founder was Tokugawa Yorifusa , the eleventh son of Ieyasu. Their fief was the Mito Han in Hitachi Province , with its castle in Mito and lands rated initially at 250,000 koku , and later (1710) at 350,000. Eleven men headed the house, including Tokugawa (Mito) Mitsukuni . The Mito House was not allowed to provide a shōgun, but only his vice. It did manage however to produce one when one of its sons, Tokugawa Yoshinobu ,

972-625: The Liaodi Pagoda of Kaiyuan Monastery, Dingxian, Hebei , completed in the year 1055 AD under Emperor Renzong of Song and standing at a total height of 84 m (275 ft). Although it no longer stands, the tallest pre-modern pagoda in Chinese history was the 100-metre-tall wooden pagoda (330 ft) of Chang'an , built by Emperor Yang of Sui , and possibly the short-lived 6th century Yongning Pagoda ( 永宁宝塔 ) of Luoyang at roughly 137 metres. The tallest pre-modern pagoda still standing

1026-537: The Northern Wei and Sui dynasties (386–618) experiments began with the construction of brick and stone pagodas. Even at the end of the Sui, however, wood was still the most common material. For example, Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty (reigned 581–604) once issued a decree for all counties and prefectures to build pagodas to a set of standard designs, however since they were all built of wood none have survived. Only

1080-581: The Songyue Pagoda has survived, a circular-based pagoda built out of brick in 523 AD. The earliest extant brick pagoda is the 40-metre-tall Songyue Pagoda in Dengfeng Country, Henan . This curved, circle-based pagoda was built in 523 during the Northern Wei dynasty , and has survived for 15 centuries. Much like the later pagodas found during the following Tang dynasty, this temple featured tiers of eaves encircling its frame, as well as

1134-556: The stupa , while its design was developed in ancient India . Chinese pagodas ( Chinese : 塔 ; pinyin : Tǎ ) are a traditional part of Chinese architecture . In addition to religious use, since ancient times Chinese pagodas have been praised for the spectacular views they offer, and many classical poems attest to the joy of scaling pagodas. The oldest and tallest pagodas were built of wood, but most that survived were built of brick or stone. Some pagodas are solid with no interior. Hollow pagodas have no higher floors or rooms, but

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1188-544: The Edo period: when the seventh shōgun died heirless in 1716, and when the thirteenth shōgun died heirless in 1858. The three houses had the highest rank among the shinpan , the daimyōs who were relatives of the shōgun. After the Meiji Restoration , under the kazoku system, the heads of the three houses became marquesses . In 1929 the head of the Mito House was elevated from marquess to duke . The senior one

1242-522: The English term pagoda is a more generic term referring to a place of worship , although pagoda is not an accurate word to describe a Buddhist vihara. The architectural structure of the stupa has spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms specific to each region. Many Philippine bell towers are highly influenced by pagodas through Chinese workers hired by the Spaniards . One proposed etymology

1296-864: The Shunsōro ( 春草廬 ) , the Kinmokutsu ( 金毛窟 ) , the Gekkaden ( 月華殿 ) , the Tenju-in ( 天授院 ) , the Chōshūkaku ( 聴秋閣 ) , and the Renge-in. Only during the summer, the Rinshunkaku and the Hakuun-tei are open to the public. Of particular value is the Rinshunkaku (Important National Cultural Property, see photo below), formerly belonging to the Kii House of Tokugawa . It is often compared in beauty to

1350-469: The Tokugawa" ) , also called simply Go-san-ke ( 御三家 , "the Noble Three Houses" ) , or even San-ke ( 三家 , "the three houses" ) , were the most noble three branches of the Tokugawa clan of Japan : Owari, Kii, and Mito, all of which were descended from clan founder Tokugawa Ieyasu 's three youngest sons, Yoshinao , Yorinobu , and Yorifusa , and were allowed to provide

1404-703: The World famous Katsura Imperial Villa in Kyoto. Originally the summer residence of Tokugawa Yorinobu , the first head of the Kii House, it used to stand in Iwade, Wakayama prefecture. Acquired by Hara in 1906, it was rebuilt over a period of three years between 1915 and 1917. Divided in three sections, it was decorated by famous artists Kanō Tanyū and Kanō Yasunobu. The transoms between pavilions are decorated with sculpted waves (first pavilion) and special paper containing poetry (second pavilion). The third pavilion's transom

1458-656: The domination of wooden pagoda construction. The famous Tang dynasty poet, Du Mu , once wrote: 480 Buddhist temples of the Southern Dynasties, uncountable towers and pagodas stand in the misty rain. The oldest standing fully wooden pagoda in China today is the Pagoda of Fugong Temple in Ying County, Shanxi , built in the 11th century during the Song/ Liao dynasty (see Song architecture ). During

1512-543: The earliest brick and stone pagodas was a three-storey construction built in the (first) Jin dynasty (266–420) , by Wang Jun of Xiangyang . However, it is now destroyed. Brick and stone went on to dominate Tang , Song , Liao and Jin dynasty pagoda construction. An example is the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda (652 AD), built during the early Tang dynasty. The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing has been one of

1566-665: The entrance, the Kakushōkaku ( 鶴翔閣 ) was formerly the private residence of the Hara family. Today it can be rented by the public and used for meetings and parties. It is one of the three buildings on the premises designated as Tangible Cultural Properties by the City of Yokohama. Only during the summer, the Kakushōkaku is open to the public. Located immediately after the Kakushōkaku, the Sankei Memorial ( 三溪記念館 , Sankei Kinenkan )

1620-611: The favor of spirits, deities, and immortals . Pagodas built during the Sui and Tang dynasty usually had a square base, with a few exceptions such as the Daqin Pagoda: Pagodas of the Five Dynasties, Northern and Southern Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties incorporated many new styles, with a greater emphasis on hexagonal and octagonal bases for pagodas: Pagodas in the Ming and Qing dynasties generally inherited

1674-523: The finial into a lightning rod . Wooden pagodas possess certain characteristics thought to resist earthquake damage. These include the friction damping and sliding effect of the complex wooden dougong joints, the structural isolation of floors, the effects of wide eaves analogous to a balancing toy, and the Shinbashira phenomenon that the center column is bolted to the rest of the superstructure. Pagodas traditionally have an odd number of levels,

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1728-510: The former Tōmyō-ji three-storied pagoda, a tea room called Rindō-an ( 林洞庵 ) , a tea hut called Yokobue-an ( 横笛庵 ) , Tōkei-ji's former butsuden ( 旧東慶寺仏殿 , Kyū-Tōkei-ji butsuden ) and Tōmyō-ji's former hon-dō (Main Hall) ( 旧燈明寺本堂 , Kyū-Tōmyō-ji hon-dō ) . Tōmyō-ji's former main hall (Important National Cultural Property) was brought here from Kyoto and is an example of Muromachi period (1336–1557) architecture. Bought in 1988, it

1782-485: The garden started in 1902 and ended in 1908, two years after it was opened to the public. During Hara's own lifetime, the place became an aggregation point for Meiji period artists. World War II caused great damage to the buildings. In 1953 the garden was donated by the Hara family to the City of Yokohama, which created the Sankeien Hoshōkai Foundation for its repair and maintenance. The Foundation started

1836-523: The head of the family trading business and was very successful. After moving to Sankei-en's present location in Honmoku, he started collecting old buildings, rebuilding them in his garden. He then decided to open the garden to the public for free in 1906. The Outer Garden, that is, the area next to the Main Pond, was the first part of the garden to open to the public in 1906. The buildings it contains are

1890-404: The interior often contains an altar or a smaller pagoda, as well as a series of staircases for the visitor to climb to see the view from an opening on one side of each tier. Most have between three and 13 tiers (almost always an odd number) and the classic gradual tiered eaves. In some countries, the term may refer to other religious structures. In Vietnam and Cambodia, due to French translation,

1944-530: The most famous brick and stone pagoda in China throughout history. The Zhou dynasty started making the ancient pagodas about 3,500 years ago. Pagodas, in keeping with the tradition of the White Horse Temple , were generally placed in the center of temples until the Sui and Tang dynasties. During the Tang, the importance of the main hall was elevated and the pagoda was moved beside the hall, or out of

1998-461: The museum and realty management. The 19th head of the Kii House is Ms. Kotoko Tokugawa ( 徳川 宜子 , Tokugawa Kotoko ) (born in 1956). Although she is not married and has no children, she was chosen as head of the clan because there were no other direct descendants. An architect, she owns and operates her own construction company in Ginza , Tokyo. Unlike the other two, the Kii House does not have

2052-431: The names of the houses they founded, officially called Owari House of Tokugawa ( 尾張徳川家 , Owari Tokugawa-ke ) , Kii House of Tokugawa ( 紀伊徳川家 , Kii Tokugawa-ke ) , and Mito House of Tokugawa ( 水戸徳川家 , Mito Tokugawa-ke ) ). Ieyasu gave them the right to supply a shōgun in order to ensure the presence of successors to the Tokugawa shogunate in case the main line should become extinct. This occurred twice during

2106-521: The original central-pagoda tradition established 1000 years earlier by the White Horse Temple in 67. Although they were built outside of the main temple itself, large pagodas in the tradition of the past were still built. This includes the two Ming dynasty pagodas of Famen Temple and the Chongwen Pagoda in Jingyang of Shaanxi . A prominent, later example of converting a palace to a temple

2160-547: The original hearth, bathroom and kitchen used by the Yanohara. The second floor houses an exhibition of Japanese folk articles. The Inner Garden, north of the Main Pond, was opened to the public in 1958, and was until then the Hara family's private garden. Its buildings are the Gomon Gate ( 御門 ) (Tangible Cultural Property), the Hakuun-tei ( 白雲邸 ) (Tangible Cultural Property), the Rinshunkaku ( 臨春閣 ) , Tenzui-ji's former Jutō Ōidō ( 旧天瑞寺寿塔覆堂 , Kyū-Tenzui-ji Jutō Ōidō ) ,

2214-548: The previous daimyō was transferred. Fourteen members of the Tokugawa clan headed the fief during the Edo Period. It was the only family to directly produce successors to the shōgun, once in 1716 with Tokugawa Yoshimune and again in 1858 with Tokugawa Iemochi . The fifth Tokugawa daimyō of Kii was Yoshimune , who later became shōgun and appointed a relative to head the Kii Han . Yoshimune established three new houses,

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2268-462: The public. The Tenju-in (Important National Cultural Property) was originally a Jizō -dō in Kita-Kamakura near the great Kenchō-ji Zen temple and was bought in 1916. Tenju-in was Hara's Jibutsu-dō ( 持仏堂 ) , the temple which enshrined his tutelary gods. Tenzui-ji's former Jutō Ōi-dō (Important National Cultural Property, see image above) was built in 1591 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi as

2322-480: The restoration in 1953 and, five years later, the garden was back almost to its original form and reopened to the public. The Japanese government has designated ten structures in Sankei-en as Important Cultural Properties, while three more are Tangible Cultural Properties designated by the City of Yokohama. The garden is popular for its cherry blossoms, ume blossoms, and the changing leaves in autumn. Next to

2376-468: The shogunate and of the han system, the house was headed successively by 17 men. Its seniority notwithstanding, the Owari were the only one not to provide a shōgun. Second in seniority was Kii or Kishū House. The founder was Tokugawa Yorinobu , the tenth son of Ieyasu. Yorinobu was daimyō of the Kishū Han with its castle at Wakayama and a rating of 555,000 koku . He entered Wakayama in 1619 when

2430-510: The styles of previous eras, although there were some minor variations: Tiered towers with multiple eaves: Stupas called "pagodas": Places called "pagoda" but which are not tiered structures with multiple eaves: Structures that evoke pagoda architecture: Structures not generally thought of as pagodas, but which have some pagoda-like characteristics: Gosanke The Tokugawa Go-san-ke ( 徳川御三家 , "the Three Houses of

2484-405: The temple compound altogether. In the early Tang, Daoxuan wrote a Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction in which the main hall replaced the pagoda as the center of the temple. The design of temples was also influenced by the use of traditional Chinese residences as shrines, after they were philanthropically donated by the wealthy or the pious. In such pre-configured spaces, building

2538-593: The word gosanke is used to refer to "the strongest three" or "the most famous three" in various contexts. For example, the Imperial Hotel , Hotel Okura , and Hotel New Otani Tokyo are often referred to as one of the three great hotels ( 御三家 , gosanke ) of Tokyo. The Otani Hotel was built in the Kioi district of Tokyo, where the Tokyo residence of the Kii House was located. The " 8-bit gosanke ", similarly to

2592-674: Was adopted by the Hitotsubashi (one of the Kii House's three Gosankyō ) in 1848 and became the last shōgun as a member of that house. The 22nd head of the Owari House is Mr. Yoshitaka Tokugawa ( 徳川 義崇 , Tokugawa Yoshitaka ) (born 1961), who in 2005 succeeded his late father, becoming director of the Tokugawa Art Museum in Nagoya. A Tokyo resident, he commutes to Nagoya during weekends. His main activities are

2646-504: Was bought and moved to Sankei-en in 1907. The Former Yanohara House ( 旧矢箆原家住宅 , Kyū-Yanohara-ke Shūtaku ) (Important National Cultural Property) used to be the private home of an Edo period (1603–1868) wealthy family, the Yanohara. It is the only building whose interior is open to the public all year. It was brought here from Gifu Prefecture 's Shirakawago , an area listed among the World Heritage sites. The house contains

2700-589: Was built to introduce the public to the garden and its creator through exhibits, images and works of art. A Gifu Prefecture native, Hara was the eldest son of Yanaizuchō village's headman. From childhood he liked and studied the fine arts, Sinology and poetry, finally beginning formal studies in 1885 in what is now Tokyo 's Waseda University . After graduation, he became a teacher at the Atomi School for Girls. Born Aoki, he changed it later after marrying one of his students and being adopted by her family. He became

2754-522: Was completely restored with intensive work of restoration and reconstruction that lasted five years. Tōmyō-ji's former three-storied pagoda (Important National Cultural Property) is visible from any point of the garden and is its symbol. It was moved to Sankei-en in 1914. Tōkei-ji 's former butsuden (Important National Cultural Property) used to be the main hall of a Rinzai Zen temple in Kamakura. Its structure and name are typical of that sect. It

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2808-478: Was fused with native Chinese traditions into a unique system of symbolism. Some believed reverence at pagodas could bring luck to students taking the Chinese civil service examinations . When a pagoda of Yihuang County in Fuzhou collapsed in 1210, local inhabitants believed the disaster correlated with the recent failure of many exam candidates in the prefectural examinations The pagoda was rebuilt in 1223 and had

2862-401: Was popularized by the efforts of Buddhist missionaries , pilgrims, rulers, and ordinary devotees to honor Buddhist relics. Japan has a total of 22 five-storied timber pagodas constructed before 1850. The earliest styles of Chinese pagodas were square-base and circular-base, with octagonal -base towers emerging in the 5th–10th centuries. The highest Chinese pagoda from the pre-modern age is

2916-514: Was the Owari branch . The first of this line was Tokugawa Yoshinao , ninth son of Ieyasu. He and his heirs were daimyōs of the Owari Domain ( Owari Han ), with its headquarters at Nagoya Castle . The fief had a rating of 619,500 koku , a koku being the quantity of rice necessary to feed one person for a year (about 180 liters), and was the largest of the three. Before the abolition of

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