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51-569: Saniwa is an extinct genus of varanid lizard that lived during the Eocene epoch. It is known from well-preserved fossils found in the Bridger and Green River Formations of Wyoming , United States. The type species S. ensidens was described in 1870 as the first fossil lizard known from North America . A second species, S. orsmaelensis , is recognised from remains found in Europe. It

102-518: A jugal bone beneath the eye that extended farther forward, and a suture between the frontal and parietal bones that was straight rather than curved. A study in 2018 by scientists from the Senckenberg Research Institute and Yale University found Saniwa had two parietal eyes , one that developed from the pineal gland and the other from the parapineal gland. The parietal eye is a light-sensitive structure present in

153-420: A junior synonym of Saniwa . The species T. leptodus was synonymized with S. ensidens , but all other species have remained distinct, including T. agilis , T. crassa , T. grandis , and T. paucidens . In the 1920s, much of the holotype specimen of S. ensidens was prepared by removing marl from around the bones. This revealed many new features of Saniwa , including the underside of the skull and parts of

204-527: A 1914 monograph on Stegosaurus , a 1920 monograph on carnivorous dinosaurs, a 1936 review of Apatosaurus , as well as a more focused 1925 study of the Carnegie juvenile Camarasaurus . Gilmore retired from the Smithsonian in 1945, and died on September 27 that year. He was buried on September 29, 1945, at Arlington National Cemetery . A posthumously published paper by Gilmore in 1946 described

255-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

306-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

357-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

408-547: A new species of Cretaceous tyrannosaur discovered in Montana four years earlier by David Dunkle and a team from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History . The specimen described in the paper was named Gorgosaurus lancensis by Gilmore and was originally considered a new species of Gorgosaurus . This species would later be renamed in 1988 as a member of a new genus, Nanotyrannus lancensis . Debate continues as to

459-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

510-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

561-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

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612-674: Is a cladogram from Conrad et al. (2008) that shows a sister-group relationship between Saniwa ensidens and Varanus : † Mosasaurs † "Saniwa" feisti † Necrosaurus † Saniwides † Telmasaurus † Aiolosaurus Lanthanotus † Cherminotus † Ovoo † Saniwa ensidens Varanus Below is a cladogram from Dong et al. 2022. † Ovoo gurvel † Telmasaurus grangeri † Aiolosaurus oriens † Saniwides mongoliensis † Paravaranus angustifrons † Proplatynotia longirostrata † Saniwa ensidens † Archaeovaranus lii Varanus Genus The composition of

663-447: Is a close relative of Varanus , the genus that includes monitor lizards. Saniwa measured 1.3 to 2.1 m (4.3 to 6.9 ft). Like other varanid lizards, Saniwa had a long, pointed snout and nostrils placed farther back in the skull than most lizards and a tail that was almost twice as long as the body. Although similar in appearance to extant monitor lizards, Saniwa had many primitive traits, including teeth on its palate ,

714-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

765-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

816-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

867-606: The Bone Wars ; the fossils had been transferred from Yale University 's new Peabody Museum of Natural History after the collection outgrew the smaller museum's storage capacity. Gilmore and assistant preparator Norman H. Boss , who later became Chief Preparator at the museum, mounted a complete Edmontosaurus in 1903. Together they built the world's first mounted Triceratops skeleton, which went on display in 1905. In May 1907, Gilmore headed an expedition to Alaska to search for fossils of Pleistocene vertebrates. Gilmore

918-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

969-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1020-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

1071-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

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1122-434: The sternum , and even the trachea . The individual is thought to have been a juvenile. Since its first description, Saniwa has been recognized as a close relative of living monitor lizards in the genus Varanus . It is a member of the family Varanidae. Saniwa ensidens is often placed as the sister taxon of Varanus in phylogenetic analyses, meaning it is more closely related to Varanus than any other varanid. Below

1173-409: The tuatara , most lizards, frogs , salamanders , certain bony fish , sharks and lampreys , a group of jawless fish . It plays an important role in geographical orientation and regulating circadian and annual rhythms. Saniwa is the only known jawed vertebrate to have both a pineal and a parapineal eye, as the only other vertebrates that have both are the jawless lampreys. In most vertebrates,

1224-704: The United States National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History ). Gilmore named many dinosaurs in North America and Mongolia , including the Cretaceous sauropod Alamosaurus , Alectrosaurus , Archaeornithomimus , Bactrosaurus , Brachyceratops , Chirostenotes , Mongolosaurus , Parrosaurus , Pinacosaurus , Styracosaurus ovatus (now Rubeosaurus ) and Thescelosaurus . Gilmore

1275-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

1326-584: The basis of these fossils. Saniwa was the first extinct lizard to be named from North America. The first remains of S. ensidens were preserved as black bones in marl that was part of the Bridger Formation . Hayden suggested the name Saniwa to Leidy because it was "used by one of the Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri for a rock-lizard." Leidy saw a close similarity between Saniwa and

1377-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

1428-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

1479-411: The humerus was "undoubtedly" nonreptilian. Leidy even pointed out similarities between the bone and those of birds in 1873. Soon after Leidy named Saniwa , American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh erected the genus Thinosaurus in 1872 for several species of extinct lizards in the western United States. He never published a full description of these lizards, and Thinosaurus was later considered

1530-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

1581-419: The living Nile monitor . Although his first description was brief, Leidy studied the genus thoroughly and provided illustrations in an 1873 paper. In this paper, Leidy called it Saniwa . He also named a second species, Saniwa [sic] major , on the basis of a broken humerus and some isolated dorsal vertebrae. In 1918, Baron G. J. de Fejérváry suggested that S. major was not a species of lizard, noting that

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1632-401: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Charles W. Gilmore Charles Whitney Gilmore (March 11, 1874 – September 27, 1945) was an American paleontologist who gained renown in the early 20th century for his work on vertebrate fossils during his career at

1683-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

1734-514: The museum by the public. In 1938, he examined fossilized teeth discovered by a limestone quarrying operation and identified them as rare Pleistocene fossils of tapir, bear, and an extinct North American lion . A prolific writer, Gilmore published 170 scientific papers during his career, including monographic studies on the osteology of Apatosaurus and Camptosaurus and the osteology of carnivorous and armored dinosaurs. As well as describing new dinosaurs, Gilmore wrote several monographs, including

1785-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

1836-493: The next 20 years. The museum promoted Gilmore to Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1924. Gilmore led sixteen expeditions to collect vertebrate fossils during his tenure as Curator. While much of his work was concentrated in Utah and Wyoming, he led an excavation of Montana's Two Medicine Formation in 1913, returning for further work in 1928 and again in 1935. As Curator, Gilmore was often asked to identify fossils brought to

1887-409: The pineal gland forms the parietal eye, however, in lepidosaurs, it is formed from the parapineal gland. This implies that Saniwa reevolved the pineal eye. In 1870, American geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden found the first fossils of Saniwa near the town of Granger, Wyoming , and gave them to paleontologist Joseph Leidy . Later that year, Leidy described the type species Saniwa ensidens on

1938-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

1989-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

2040-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

2091-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

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2142-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

2193-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

2244-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

2295-448: The vertebrae. American paleontologist Charles W. Gilmore restudied the holotype and described new features in 1922. He described many of these features from a fragment of the snout and lower jaw. Although this fossil was well preserved, it was not found in the same block of marl as other parts of the specimen. This fossil was reexamined in 2003 and was found to belong to a xenosaurid lizard, not Saniwa . Fossils from many other parts of

2346-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

2397-463: The world have been assigned to Saniwa , although all are fragmentary. In 1899, Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino named another species of Saniwa , S. australis , from lower Miocene rocks in Argentina. It is now considered a dubious name , because the material cannot be assigned with confidence to Saniwa . S. orsmaelensis was described from Belgium in 1923, but because its naming

2448-561: Was informal, it was designated a naked name . S. orsmaelensis was later suggested to be either synonymous with S. ensidens or a different, indeterminate species of Saniwa . Unlike the Argentine fossils, the Belgian remains represent a definite occurrence of Saniwa outside North America. A 2022 study found S. orsmaelensis to be a distinct and valid species of Saniwa, with remains of the species also reported from France. " S." feisti

2499-619: Was named Custodian of Fossil Reptiles in 1908, and settled in the Park View neighborhood at 451 Park Road, NW. In 1923 Gilmore and Boss collected a Diplodocus longus in Dinosaur National Monument , Utah. Under Gilmore's direction, the specimen was mounted and displayed at the National Museum of Natural History in 1931, where the 70-foot (21 m) specimen proved the museum's most popular exhibit for

2550-664: Was named from the Eocene Messel Pit in Germany in 1983. " S." feisti is no longer considered to be a species of Saniwa , but is placed in the separate genus Paranecrosaurus within the family Palaeovaranidae , which is more distantly related to Varanus than Saniwa. A complete and articulated skeleton of S. ensidens was described from the Green River Formation of Wyoming in 2007. It preserves soft tissues like scales, cartilage between bones and in

2601-580: Was working as a paleontologist for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1901 when he found the skeleton of a young sauropod , which was classified the following year as an Apatosaurus . In 1903 Gilmore was hired by the United States National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History ), part of the Smithsonian Institution . His first assignment there was to work on the vast O. C. Marsh collection amassed during

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