German Tarok , sometimes known as Sansprendre or simply Tarok , is an historical ace–ten card game for three players that emerged in the 18th century and is the progenitor of a family of games still played today in Europe and North America. It became very popular in Bavaria and Swabia during the 19th century before being largely superseded by Schafkopf , but has survived in the local forms of Bavarian Tarock and Tapp . During the mid-19th century, it became the most popular card game among Munich 's middle classes and was also played in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by notable Bavarian author Ludwig Thoma , frequently appearing in his novels and journal articles. It was superseded after the First World War by other forms such as Bavarian Tarock .
66-460: (Redirected from Sansprendre ) Sans Prendre is French and means "without taking [it]". It may refer to: Sans Prendre or Sansprendre, an alternative name for German Tarok , a south German card game Sans Prendre, an alternative name for Tapp (card game) , a card game from the Württemberg area of Germany Sans Prendre, an alternative name for
132-555: A Herzsolo . In each case, the card points in the scat belong to the declarer. A Frage may only be played in Hearts; to bid this a player may either say " Frage " or "I'll play" ( ich spiele ). A second bidder may overcall this with "I'll play better" ( ich spiele besser ), "I'll play too" ( ich spiele auch ) or "I'll play more" ( ich spiele mehr ). A third bidder may announce "I'll play even better" ( ich spiele noch besser ) or "I'll play (the) best." ( ich spiele am Besten ). A player who
198-481: A packet of 4 cards each, beginning with forehand to the left, followed by two more packets of 3 and 4 cards each, so that every player has 11 cards. There is a single round of bidding with immediate hold . Players may bid for any of 4 contracts which are shown in ascending order below: Beginning with forehand, players may announce "pass" or make a bid. Once a bid has been announced, subsequent players must accept it by saying "good" or overcall it. If overcalled,
264-433: A Heart Solo was named, in which case it is obvious. Players may agree that a Tout (i.e. slam ) may be announced after the auction has been decided. Play is clockwise and forehand leads. Players must follow suit if able, trump if unable to follow, otherwise they may play any card. The trick is won by the highest trump, unless none are played, in which case the highest card of the led suit wins. The trick winner leads to
330-616: A considerable number of independent enclaves and jurisdictions within those broad areas, however, including the principalities of Palatinate-Neuburg and Palatinate-Sulzbach in the Upper Palatinate, which were held by cadet branches of the Palatinate line of the Wittelsbachs; the ecclesiastical states of Freising , Regensburg , and Passau , and the imperial free city of Regensburg . For administration purposes Bavaria
396-461: A few points" from its successor, Sansprendre, it was "quite different from it in execution." It was played with 36 German-suited cards, each player receiving 11, the remaining 3 belonging to the dealer. It is likely that Hearts was a permanent trump suit, replacing the role of the tarocks in Grosstarock. It was an ace–ten game in which the player with the most points won. The first rules for
462-626: A heavy contribution (7 September 1796). Between the French and the Austrians, Bavaria was now in a bad situation. Before the death of Charles Theodore (16 February 1799) the Austrians had again occupied the country, in preparation for renewing the war with France. Maximilian IV Joseph (of Palatine Zweibrücken ), the new elector, succeeded to a difficult inheritance. Though his own sympathies, and those of his all-powerful minister, Maximilian von Montgelas , were, if anything, French rather than Austrian,
528-406: A more interesting game played with German-suited cards. This new variant had superseded its original form by the 1830s, taking on its name by the 1850s. Thereafter it was usually called German Tarok or simply Tarok, although the name Sansprendre continued to be used in some regions, especially Franconia . By the mid-19th century German Tarok was the card game of choice for the middle classes in
594-682: A new electoral title for Frederick V's son, with the exception of a brief period during the War of the Spanish Succession , Maximilian's descendants would continue to hold the original electoral dignity until the extinction of his line in 1777. At that point the two lines were joined in personal union until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1805, after the Peace of Pressburg , the then-elector, Maximilian Joseph , raised himself to
660-453: A new form of German Tarok, initially called Sansprendre, were published in the same treatise, SSR , together with extensive tactical guidance. The author opens by comparing Sansprendre to the original German Tarok saying "It is not easy to find a game played with German-suited cards which gives as much interest as Sansprendre; a variant of German Tarok, although quite different from it in execution" and that "anyone who has played [Sansprendre]...
726-567: A quintet plays Schaffkopf or Quodlibet . By the 1870s, French-suited cards had penetrated into the southwest German states, notably the Kingdom of Württemberg , the variety of German Tarok played with French cards being renamed Tapp , while the game played with the traditional German cards of that region was called as Württemberg Tarock . Both, however, were much the same as the game played in Bavaria. Another name recorded by Anton (1879)
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#1732782398088792-511: A separation of four and a half centuries, the Electoral Palatinate , to which the duchies of Jülich and Berg had been added, was thus reunited with Bavaria. So great an accession of strength to a neighbouring state, whose ambition she had so recently had just reason to fear, proved intolerable to Austria, which laid claim to a number of lordships —forming one-third of the whole Bavarian inheritance – as lapsed fiefs of
858-618: A shorter treatise published from 1881 to 1910 in several editions and entitled Tarok (Sans prendre), largely follows AAD but mentions two different variations: The family of games descended from German Tarok includes Bavarian Tarock , Swabian Tapp , Mexican Rana and the American games of Frog and Solo, also called Six-Bid, Slough or Sluff, as well as the Austrian game of Bauerntarock . Electorate of Bavaria The Electorate of Bavaria ( German : Kurfürstentum Bayern )
924-626: Is as in Sansprendre. As in Sansprendre. Four payment schemes are described: In "gentlemen's circles" the tariff was ½, 1 and 2 pf per point for the Frage, Solo and Herzsolo respectively "if one doesn't want to play for high stakes". AAD tells us, without explanation, that if ladies played, these rates are divided by two or four. A Matsch is worth 100 points if silent and 200 if announced. All these rates need to be agreed before play starts. AAD records two optional variations: TSP ,
990-524: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages German Tarok German Tarok originated in an attempt to play the Tarot game of Grosstarock with a standard 36-card German-suited pack instead of Tarot cards , but later evolved into a much more interesting game featuring bidding and a suit of preference . The family of games descended from German Tarok includes Austrian Bauerntarock , Mexican rana and
1056-408: Is overcalled and wants to hold the higher bid announces "I'll play [it] myself" ( ich spiele selbst ). An announcement to take all tricks is a Matsch ("mudslide"). Players bidding a Solo in a suit other than Hearts must not name trumps until the auction is over. A Frage player who is done with the scat announces "I'm ready" ( es liegt ). Aces may now be laid away in the scat. Otherwise bidding
1122-529: Is played with a pack of 36 German-suited cards . In that part of Swabia outside of Bavaria, these were of the Württemberg pattern . In Bavaria itself, cards of the Bavarian or Franconian pattern would have been used. These are still widely available and marketed as "Schafkopf Tarock" packs (see illustration). These standard German packs have cards ranking from Ace (Bavarian: Sau or "Sow". ) to 6. Thus
1188-462: Is unlikely to return to Tarok; because, in comparison, it appears to him very simple and without interest." The aim is to score 61 or more points per game as the declarer. The defenders aim to prevent this. The game is for three or four players. If four play, there are only three active players; the dealer is called the 'king' and does not participate. To decide seating, cards of differing suits are placed by each seat and players draw from cards with
1254-656: The Austrians at Iglau in Bohemia, which contributed to the simultaneous French victory at Austerlitz on 2 December 1805. In the war of 1805 , in accordance with a treaty of alliance signed at Würzburg on 23 September, Bavarian troops, for the first time since the days of Charles VII , fought side by side with the French, and by the Treaty of Pressburg , signed on 26 December, the Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt ,
1320-624: The Bohemian card game of Bavorsky taroky or Tapp Sans prendre. an announcement in the historical card game of Ombre Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sans Prendre . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sans_Prendre&oldid=1078225813 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1386-609: The Golden Bull of 1356 , but Bavaria was excluded from the electoral dignity. In 1621, Frederick V, Elector Palatine was put under the imperial ban for his role in the Bohemian Revolt against Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor , and the electoral dignity and territory of the Upper Palatinate was conferred upon his loyal cousin, Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria . Although the Peace of Westphalia would create
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#17327823980881452-859: The Imperial Circles he was, along with the Archbishop of Salzburg , co-director of the Bavarian Circle , a circle territorially dominated by the elector's lands. He also held lands in the Swabian Circle . After 1777 these lands were joined by most of the Palatine lands, including the Electoral Palatinate , the Duchies of Jülich and Berg , Palatinate-Neuburg , Palatinate-Sulzbach , Palatinate-Veldenz , and other territories. The final Palatine territory of Palatine Zweibrücken
1518-587: The Peace of Westphalia in 1648. During the later years of this war Bavaria, especially the northern part, suffered severely. In 1632 the Swedes invaded, and when Maximilian violated the Treaty of Ulm in 1647, the French and the Swedes ravaged the land. After repairing this damage to some extent, the elector died at Ingolstadt in September 1651, leaving his state much stronger than he had found it. The addition of
1584-503: The War of Bavarian Succession . By the peace of Teschen (13 May 1779) the Innviertel was ceded to Austria, and the succession secured to Charles of Zweibrücken. For Bavaria itself Charles Theodore did less than nothing. He felt himself a foreigner among foreigners, and his favourite scheme, the subject of endless intrigues with the Austrian cabinet and the immediate cause of Frederick II 's League of Princes ( Fürstenbund ) of 1785,
1650-404: The elector palatine by the Treaty of Ilbersheim , and only restored to him, harried and exhausted, at the Treaty of Baden in 1714 ; the first Bavarian peasant insurrection , known as Sendling's night of murder , having been crushed by the Austrian occupiers in 1706. Untaught by Maximilian II Emmanuel's experience, his son, Charles Albert (1726–1745), devoted all his energies to increasing
1716-412: The 1880s. In the most detailed account Ausführliche Anleitung zum Deutschtarokspielen ( AAD , 1881), French terminology has been abandoned and more elaborate payment schemes were described. The following rules are based on AAD and show the main changes from the rules for Sansprendre above. All is as in Sansprendre, except that there is an alternative method for choosing the dealer: to shuffle and fan
1782-549: The American games of frog and six-bid solo . The name of the game was variously spelt in German as Deutsch-Tarock , Deutsch-Tarok , Deutsch Tarrok , Deutschtarok , Deutscher Tarok , Deutscher Taroc , or simply Tarok . In English it is rendered German Tarok or German Tarock . When the new variant appeared in the 1830s, it was initially called Sansprendre , based on the name of its Solo contract; sans prendre being French for "without picking up" and referring to
1848-620: The Bavarian capital of Munich , being played almost to exclusion of all others. It 1864 it was the most popular game in Augsburg . Treatises specifically on the game were published in Bayreuth, Munich and Nuremberg from the 1830s to the early 20th century, further testifying to its popularity in Bavaria, but it was also known further afield, for example, in Hesse and Prussia. During this time
1914-526: The Bohemian, Austrian, and imperial crowns. These were at once occupied by Austrian troops, with the secret consent of Charles Theodore himself, who was without legitimate heirs, and wished to obtain from the emperor the elevation of his natural children to the status of princes of the Empire. The protests of the next heir, Charles II, Duke of Zweibrücken (Deux-Ponts), supported by the king of Prussia , led to
1980-822: The Elector of Bavaria was a member of the Council of Electors in the Imperial Diet as well as Archsteward of the Holy Roman Empire; he also held the dignity of Imperial Vicar during imperial vacancies along with the Elector of Saxony , a duty he undertook in 1657–1658, 1740–1742, 1745, 1790, and 1792. In the Council of Princes of the Diet prior to the personal union of 1777 he held individual voices as Duke of Bavaria and (after 1770) Princely Landgrave of Leuchtenberg . In
2046-473: The Empire , Bavaria received the bishoprics of Würzburg , Bamberg , Augsburg and Freisingen , part of that of Passau , the territories of twelve abbeys, and seventeen cities and villages, the whole forming a compact territory which more than compensated for the loss of her outlying provinces on the Rhine. Montgelas now aspired to raise Bavaria to the rank of a first-rate power, and he pursued this object during
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2112-705: The European prestige and power of his house. The death of the Emperor Charles VI proved his opportunity: he disputed the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction which secured the Habsburg succession to Maria Theresa , allied himself with France, conquered Upper Austria , was crowned king of Bohemia at Prague and, in 1742, emperor at Frankfurt . The price he had to pay, however, was the occupation of Bavaria itself by Austrian troops; and, though
2178-538: The Margravate of Burgau , the Lordship of Vorarlberg , the countships of Hohenems and Königsegg-Rothenfels , the lordships of Argen and Tettnang , and the city of Lindau with its territory were to be added to Bavaria. On the other hand, Würzburg, obtained in 1803, was to be ceded by Bavaria to the elector of Salzburg in exchange for Tyrol . By the 1st article of the treaty the emperor already acknowledged
2244-655: The Napoleonic epoch with consummate skill, allowing fully for the preponderance of France – so long as it lasted – but never permitting Bavaria to sink, like so many of the states of the Confederation of the Rhine , into a mere French dependency. In September 1805, Bavaria signed the Bogenhausen Treaty with France. The primary consequence of the treaty was Bavaria's military support for Napoleon. Bavarian troops under General Karl Philipp von Wrede fought
2310-430: The Palatinate; in 1795 the French, under Jean Victor Moreau , invaded Bavaria itself, advanced to Munich – where they were received with joy by the long-suppressed Liberals – and laid siege to Ingolstadt . Charles Theodore , who had done nothing to prevent wars or to resist the invasion, fled to Saxony , leaving a regency, the members of which signed a convention with Moreau, by which he granted an armistice in return for
2376-404: The Upper Palatinate made Bavaria compact; the acquisition of the electoral vote made it influential; and the electorate was able to play a part in European politics which internal strife had rendered impossible for the past four hundred years. Whatever lustre the international position won by Maximilian I might add to the electoral house, on Bavaria itself its effect during the next two centuries
2442-540: The ascendancy. After the First World War, scoring with overshoot points and complex payment schemes were dropped in what became known as Bavarian Tarock . During this time a large number of local and regional variants appeared, some of which survive. However, the dominant version today is the point-bidding version of Bavarian Tarock or Haferltarock that emerged after the Second World War . The game
2508-560: The assumption by the elector of the title of king, as Maximilian I. The price which Maximilian had reluctantly to pay for this accession of dignity was the marriage of his daughter Augusta with Eugène de Beauharnais . The electorate existed until 1806, when Bavaria was proclaimed a kingdom. It had its origins in the Franco-Bavarian Treaty of Brno of 10–12 December 1805 and in the Peace of Pressburg on 26 December 1805 between
2574-535: The compensation promised under the 7th article of the Treaty of Lunéville for the territory ceded on the left bank of the Rhine , should be carried out at the expense of the Empire in the manner most agreeable to Bavaria (see de Martens , Recueil , vol. vii. p. 365). In 1803, accordingly, in the territorial rearrangements consequent on Napoleon's suppression of the ecclesiastical states, and of many free cities of
2640-551: The dignity of King of Bavaria , and the Holy Roman Empire was abolished the year after. The Electorate of Bavaria consisted of most of the modern regions of Upper Bavaria , Lower Bavaria , and the Upper Palatinate . Before 1779, it also included the Innviertel , now part of modern Austria . This was ceded to the Habsburgs by the Treaty of Teschen , which ended the War of the Bavarian Succession . There were
2706-535: The duke's authority. The result was a unity and order in the duchy which enabled Maximilian to play an important part in the Thirty Years' War ; during the earlier years of which he was so successful as to acquire the Upper Palatinate and the electoral dignity which had been enjoyed since 1356 by the elder branch of the Wittelsbach family. In spite of subsequent reverses, Maximilian retained these gains at
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2772-488: The earlier bidder must accept it or hold it. If a Frage or Sansprendre has been bid, a later player may ask "is it in Couleur ?" i.e. in Hearts, but if the reply is "no", the later player must then play in Hearts. The highest bidder wins the auction and becomes the declarer . In a Frage , the declarer exchanges 3 cards with the scat; these may not be Aces unless the entire suit is held. The declarer names trumps unless
2838-403: The early 19th century, standard German-suited packs were simply labelled "German Taroc" ( Deutsch-Taroc ). No detailed rules for the original form have survived, but it is briefly described in the forward of an 1839 treatise, the author calling it "very simple and without interest" compared with the subject of the booklet, Sansprendre, a variant he considered so good that it would be hard to find
2904-629: The enemies of the faith. The government was inspired by the narrowest clericalism, which culminated in the attempt to withdraw the Bavarian bishops from the jurisdiction of the great German metropolitans and place them directly under that of the pope. On the eve of the French Revolution the intellectual and social condition of Bavaria remained that of the Middle Ages. In 1792 the French Revolutionary Army overran
2970-414: The fact that, in a Sansprendre contract, the declarer could not make use of the scat (skat) – the 3 cards left over after the deal. However, with the demise of the original game, the name German Tarok or Tarok passed to the new one, although the name Sansprendre persisted in some circles. For example, in 1878 a Nuremberg choir song features a pub in which four play Sans Prendre into the night while
3036-562: The grace of God, King of Bavaria, Archpalatine Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Archtruchsess and Elector." The formal exit of Bavaria from the Holy Roman Empire, renouncing the electoral dignity, did not take place until July 1806 with the Rheinbund Act. The new king still served as an elector until Bavaria left the Holy Roman Empire (1 August 1806). On 15 March 1806 Max Joseph had ceded the Duchy of Berg to Napoleon. Shortly thereafter,
3102-486: The invasion of Bohemia in 1744 by Frederick II of Prussia enabled him to return to Munich, at his death on 20 January 1745 it was left to his successor to make what terms he could for the recovery of his dominions. Maximilian III Joseph (1745–1777), by the Treaty of Füssen signed on 22 April 1745, obtained the restitution of his dominions in return for a formal acknowledgment of the Pragmatic Sanction. He
3168-476: The next. The declarer requires 61 to win and is paid for each card point in excess of 60. If he loses, he pays for each point below 60. There is normally no payment for a draw (60–60). A tariff per point is agreed beforehand at, say, 1 point = 1 pfennig. This tariff is then multiplied as per the table above. In addition, Sansprendre may be played: By 1851, the game has adopted the name of its predecessor, German Tarok. Further, mainly cosmetic, changes appear in
3234-437: The pack has a total of 36 cards in 4 suits each of 9 cards. In Bavarian Tarock, a card's trick-taking value generally increases with its face value. The Ace ( Aß ) or Sow ( Sau ), symbol A, is the highest card and it is followed by the: Ten ( Zehner ) (10) > King (K) > Ober (O) > Unter (U) > Nine ( Neuner ) (9) > Eight ( Achter ) (8) > Seven ( Siebener ) (7) > Six ( Sechser ) (6) The cards have
3300-455: The pack, face down. Players draw a card, and the one with the lowest deals first. French packs are said to be used in "several places." Once again, there is a single round of bidding with immediate hold , but this time only three contracts; the ordinary suit Frage has been dropped. Frage in Couleur is renamed Frage , a Sansprendre is now a Solo , and a Sansprendre in Couleur is now
3366-636: The plenipotentiaries of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and the Holy Roman and Austrian Emperor Francis II & I concluded a peace treaty, because Austria now had to cede the counties of Tyrol and Vorarlberg to Bavaria. Duke and Elector Maximilian IV Joseph was proclaimed King Maximilian I Joseph on 1 January 1806 in Munich as the first king of Bavaria. From 1 January 1806, the Bavarian royal title initially read: "By
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#17327823980883432-433: The rules of the game remained remarkably stable, the main changes being elaborations to its systems of payment. German Tarok was a penny ante game , usually played for low stakes. An 1876 table of "card game tariffs" gives 3 levels of payment for games played with a Laus-Tiegel (common pot) as well as additional payments if blocks or a pool ( Poule ) was used. In the cheapest, winning a Frage with up to 20 overshoot points
3498-631: The same point values as in Schafkopf . The 10, with ten card points, is just below the Ace (11 points), but above the King (4), Ober (3) and Unter (2). The value of the Spatzen ("sparrows" – 9 to 6) lies only in their ability to take tricks , draw trumps or other cards during play, but they have no intrinsic point value. In the original game, Hearts may always have been trumps. In the later variant, Hearts
3564-419: The same suits, sitting at the place where the suit of the card is corresponding to that of the one they drew. Usually two 36-card German-suited 'Tarok' packs are used, the second being pre-shuffled ready for the next dealer. The first dealer is the player who drew Hearts. He shuffles , offers the pack to the right for cutting and places the top 3 cards as a scat , face down on the table. The dealer then deals
3630-524: The scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of the Austrian court, Montgelas now believed that the interests of Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French Republic ; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of Maximilian Joseph; and, on 24 August, a separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at Paris. By the third article of this the First Consul undertook to see that
3696-532: The state of the Bavarian finances, and the fact that the Bavarian troops were scattered and disorganized, placed him helpless in the hands of Austria; on 2 December 1800 the Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden , and Moreau once more occupied Munich. By the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801) Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of Zweibrücken and Jülich . In view of
3762-744: Was Solo , the German name of the Sansprendre contract. The earliest reference to German Tarok dates to 1795 in Illerfeld in Upper Swabia in what was then the Electorate of Bavaria . However, it is likely that the game emerged in the south German states in the mid-18th century as an attempt to play the German Tarot game of Grosstarock with standard German-suited cards . The original game became sufficiently popular that by around
3828-518: Was a man of enlightenment , did much to encourage agriculture, industries and the exploitation of the mineral wealth of the country, founded the Academy of Sciences at Munich, and abolished the Jesuit censorship of the press. At his death, without issue, on 30 December 1777, the Bavarian line of the Wittelsbachs became extinct, and the succession passed to Charles Theodore , the elector palatine. After
3894-466: Was a quasi-independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1623 to 1806, when it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Bavaria . The Wittelsbach dynasty which ruled the Duchy of Bavaria was the younger branch of the family which also ruled the Electoral Palatinate . The head of the elder branch was one of the seven prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire according to
3960-486: Was already from 1507 divided into four stewardships ( Rentamt [ de ] ): Munich , Burghausen , Landshut and Straubing . With the acquisition of the Upper Palatinate during the Thirty Years' War the stewardship Amberg was added. In 1802 they were abolished by the minister Maximilian von Montgelas . In 1805 shortly before the elevation Tyrol and Vorarlberg were united with Bavaria, same as several of these enclaves. By virtue of his electoral title,
4026-408: Was largely undone by his son Maximilian II Emanuel (1679–1726), whose far-reaching ambition set him warring against the Ottoman Empire and, on the side of France , in the great struggle of the Spanish succession . He shared in the defeat at the Battle of Blenheim , near Höchstädt , on 13 August 1704. Placed under the imperial ban , his dominions were temporarily partitioned between Austria and
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#17327823980884092-401: Was more dubious. Maximilian's son, Ferdinand Maria (1651–1679), who was a minor when he succeeded, did much indeed to repair the wounds caused by the Thirty Years' War, encouraging agriculture and industries, and building or restoring numerous churches and monasteries. In 1669, moreover, he again called a meeting of the diet, which had been suspended since 1612. His constructive work, however,
4158-573: Was normally the permanent trump suit in the lowest contract , known as a Frage , in which the scat could be picked up and exchanged with. However, it was only a suit of preference in Solo contracts, i.e. a Heart Solo outranked a Solo in another suit . The only account of the original game is a few sketchy remarks in the forward of the 1839 treatise, Das Sansprendre-Spiel in Regeln zur richtigen Auffassung und Ausführung desselben nach seinen verschiedenen Nuancen dargestellt ( SSR ). Although this original form of German Tarok differed "in only
4224-410: Was to exchange Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands and the title of king of Burgundy . For the rest, the enlightened internal policy of his predecessor was abandoned. The funds of the suppressed order of Jesus, which Maximilian Joseph had destined for the reform of the educational system of the country, were used to endow a province of the knights of St John of Jerusalem , for the purpose of combating
4290-463: Was united with Bavaria in 1799 when its duke inherited the Bavarian and Palatine thrones. When he had succeeded to the throne of the Duchy of Bavaria in 1597, Maximilian I had found it encumbered with debt and filled with disorder, but ten years of his vigorous rule effected a remarkable change. The finances and the judicial system were reorganised, a class of civil servants and a national militia founded, and several small districts were brought under
4356-519: Was worth 5 pfennigs , winning with 21 to 40 was worth 10 pfennigs and over that was worth 15 pfennigs. German Tarok in its later form lasted into the early years of the 20th century, when it was a favourite of the wealthy Bavarian author Ludwig Thoma , who played it before and during the First World War . He is known to have played both at 'Sharp Tarock' and Tarock with Talerblocks i.e. blocks or counters valued at 3 Marks or 1 Thaler . However, it fell into steady decline as Schafkopf gained
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