Misplaced Pages

#413586

60-502: Monsanto trademarked the name Santoprene for these materials in 1977. The trademark is now owned by the Celanese Corporation . Similar material is available from Elastron, and others. Thermoplastic vulcanizates were first reported in 1962 by A.M. Gessler and W.H. Haslett. In 1973, W.K. Fisher reported the dynamic vulcanization process through his prior work on polypropylene and EPDM rubber-based TPVs with peroxides as

120-443: A chemical company have resulted in controversies. The company once manufactured controversial products such as the insecticide DDT , PCBs , Agent Orange , and recombinant bovine growth hormone . In September 2016, German chemical company Bayer announced its intent to acquire Monsanto for US$ 66 billion in an all-cash deal. After gaining U.S. and EU regulatory approval, the sale was completed on June 7, 2018. The name Monsanto

180-404: A company that produced computer hardware and software designed to enable farmers to increase yield and productivity through more precise planting. Monsanto purchased San Francisco-based Climate Corp for $ 930 million in 2013. Climate Corp makes local weather forecasts for farmers based on data modelling and historical data; if the forecasts were wrong, the farmer was compensated. In May 2013,

240-569: A cooling period the blow mold opens and the core rod is rotated to the ejection position. The finished article is stripped off the core rod and as an option can be leak-tested prior to packing. The preform and blow mold can have many cavities, typically three to sixteen depending on the article size and the required output. There are three sets of core rods, which allow concurrent preform injection, blow molding and ejection. Injection Stretch Blow Molding has two main different methods, namely Single-stage and Double-stage process. The Single-stage process

300-604: A cross-linking agent. This resulted in the commercialization of "Uniroyal TPR" thermoplastic rubber. TPVs are a blend between a thermoplastic matrix and vulcanized rubber - combining the properties of both. A combination of elastomeric properties, including compressibility, tension sets, aging performance, and chemical resistance, characterizes TPVs. Although TPVs are part of the TPE family of polymers, they behave closer to EPDM thermoset rubbers in terms of their elastomeric properties. The first sales of developmental products began in 1977,

360-501: A factor of 30 times. The process of injection blow molding ( IBM ) is used for the production of hollow glass and plastic objects in large quantities. In the IBM process, the polymer is injection molded onto a core pin; then the core pin is rotated to a blow molding station to be inflated and cooled. This is the least-used of the three blow molding processes, and is typically used to make small medical and single serve bottles. The process

420-409: A heated tube. Once the plastic is melted the screw stops rotating and linearly moves to push the melt out. With the accumulator method, an accumulator gathers melted plastic and after the previous mold has cooled and enough plastic has accumulated, a rod pushes the melted plastic and forms the parison. In this case the screw may turn continuously or intermittently. With continuous extrusion the weight of

480-531: A hollow tube forming a tube like piece of plastic with a hole in one end for compressed gas - known as a parison. The parison is captured by closing it into a cooled metal mold. Air is blown into the parison, inflating it into the shape of the hollow bottle , container, or part. After the plastic has cooled, the mold is opened and the part is ejected. "Straight extrusion blow molding is a way of propelling material forward similar to injection molding whereby an Archimedean screw turns, feeding plastic material down

540-532: A long-term agreement to cooperate in the research, development, and marketing of new plant biotechnology products. In 2008, Monsanto purchased Dutch seed company De Ruiter Seeds for €546 million, and sold its POSILAC bovine somatotropin brand and related business to Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly & Co , in August for $ 300 million plus "additional contingent consideration". In 2012, Monsanto purchased for $ 210 million Precision Planting Inc. ,

600-459: A new company, the "new Monsanto", focused on four key agricultural crops—soybeans, maize, wheat and cotton. Monsanto agreed to indemnify Pharmacia against potential liabilities from judgments against Solutia . As a result, the new Monsanto continued to be a party to numerous lawsuits over the prior Monsanto. Pharmacia was bought by Pfizer in 2003. In 2005, Monsanto acquired Emergent Genetics and its Stoneville and NexGen cotton brands. Emergent

660-568: A part with both rigid and soft components. Thermoforming : The thermoforming properties of TPV are similar to those of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) rubber and exhibit good melt strength, which provides uniform and predictable sag characteristics during heating. When producing a sheet for thermoformed parts, key attributes of some commercial TPV can be maintained, including colorability, impact resistance, weather ability, chemical resistance, and non-skid, and matte surface in appearance and feel. The use of some commercial TPV can contribute to

SECTION 10

#1732791116414

720-582: A pioneer of optoelectronics in the 1970s. Between 1968 and 1974, the company sponsored the PGA Tour event in Pensacola, Florida, which was renamed the Monsanto Open . In 1974, Harvard University and Monsanto signed a 10-year research grant to support the cancer research of Judah Folkman , which became the largest such arrangement ever made; medical inventions arising from that research were

780-451: A polypropylene (PP) matrix. Photographs made using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy show a multitude of very small particles, typically no bigger than a few microns in diameter. These particles are fully vulcanized rubber (typically EPDM rubber for most Santoprene TPV grades) in a thermoplastic phase (most often PP in the case of Santoprene TPV grades). Fully cross-linked or vulcanized means 98% or above, and because

840-441: A preform or parison . The parison is a tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end through which compressed air can enter. The plastic workpiece is then clamped into a mold and air is blown into it. The air pressure inflates the plastic which conforms to the mold. Once the plastic has cooled and hardened the mold opens and the part is ejected. Water channels within the mold assist cooling. The process principle comes from

900-547: A preformed substrate into the mold and injecting TPV around or over it. If the insert and the TPV are compatible materials, a melt bond occurs at the interface between the two materials. The strength of this bond is affected by several factors, including interface temperature, cleanliness of the insert, and the TPV's melt temperature. Two-shot injection molding : TPV can be combined with other polymers through several multi-shot injection molding processes. By combining multiple materials,

960-426: A reduction in overall waste in the manufacturing process, as scrap produced during processing can be recycled. Material that has been recycled – even from old parts – exhibits properties almost as good as virgin material, according to a 2013 publication. One of the most significant benefits of TPVs is their potential for recycling. Unlike traditional thermoset rubbers, thermoplastic vulcanizates can be: According to

1020-556: A way to selectively synthesize enantiomers via asymmetric hydrogenation . This was the first method for the catalytic production of pure chiral compounds. Knowles' team designed the "first industrial process to chirally synthesize an important compound"— L‑dopa , which is used to treat Parkinson's disease . In 2001, Knowles and Ryōji Noyori won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . In the mid-1960s, chemists at Monsanto developed

1080-578: A wide variety of parts applications, such as a hard/soft combination, can be achieved. The process produces both a finished part and a substrate during each cycle. Two-shot molding is more efficient than insert molding because no substrate handling is required Blow molding : Santoprene TPV can be blow molded in a single-layer, multi-layer, exchange blow, sequential 3D, suction blow, flashless extrusion blow, injection blow, and press-blow molding process. Extrusion: TPV easily extrudes into single and complex profiles. These materials can also be coextruded to yield

1140-463: A worldwide protest against Monsanto corporation, called March Against Monsanto , was held in over 400 cities. A second protest took place in May 2014. Monsanto tried to acquire Swiss agro-biotechnology rival Syngenta for US$ 46.5 billion in 2015, but failed. In that year Monsanto was the world's biggest supplier of seeds, controlling 26% of the global seed market (Du Pont was second with 21%). Monsanto

1200-408: Is divided into three steps: injection, blowing and ejection. The injection blow molding machine is based on an extruder barrel and screw assembly which melts the polymer . The molten polymer is fed into a hot runner manifold where it is injected through nozzles into a heated cavity and core pin. The cavity mold forms the external shape and is clamped around a core rod which forms the internal shape of

1260-879: Is less complex in contrast to rubber. Some commercial TPVs are ready to use and do not need to be compounded with other ingredients, such as reinforcing fillers (carbon black, mineral fillers), stabilizers, plasticizing oils, and curing systems. Compared to processing rubber, thermoplastic processing of TPV can deliver shorter cycle times, higher parts output per hour, and the reuse of scrap produced during processing. These attributes can result in cost reduction, less tooling/machinery, lower scrap costs, and optimization of material logistic costs compared to rubber. Injection molding : TPV can be processed using conventional thermoplastics injection-molding equipment at reduced cycle times compared to thermoset rubber. This flexibility allows for greater freedom of mold design where undercuts are employed. Insert molding : This method consists of placing

SECTION 20

#1732791116414

1320-460: Is then again broken down into 3-station and 4-station machines. In the single-stage process, both preform manufacture and bottle blowing is performed in the same machine. The older 4-station method of injection, reheat, stretch blow and ejection is more costly than the 3-station machine which eliminates the reheat stage and uses latent heat in the preform, thus saving costs of energy to reheat and 25% reduction in tooling. The process explained: Imagine

1380-403: Is used commercially in washing machines, dryers, dishwashers, refrigerators, small appliances, and floor care. Other uses include parts such as pump seals, hoses, couplings, vibration dampeners, drum rollers, knobs, and controls. Commercial TPV is used in wiring connectors to make watertight seals with electrical and thermal resistance, insulation for high voltage applications, and parts requiring

1440-509: Is well-suited for air ducts, tubing, molded seals, grommets, suspension bellows, cable jacketing, plugs, bumpers, and many other parts, thanks to its sealing performance and resistance to extreme temperatures, chemical exposure, and harsh environments. In commercial glazing seals, TPV can be used for curtain walls, storefronts, architectural windows, and skylight weather-seal applications. It is also commonly used for residential glazing seals because of its low air- and water-infiltration ratings for

1500-625: The Dayton Project , and later Mound Laboratories , and assisted in the development of the first nuclear weapons . In 1946, Monsanto developed and marketed "All" laundry detergent, which it sold to Lever Brothers in 1957. In 1947, its styrene factory was destroyed in the Texas City Disaster . In 1949, Monsanto acquired American Viscose Corporation from Courtaulds . In 1954, Monsanto partnered with German chemical giant Bayer to form Mobay and market polyurethanes in

1560-885: The Monsanto process for making acetic acid , which until 2000 was the most widely used production method. In 1964, Monsanto chemists invented AstroTurf (initially ChemGrass). In the 1960s and 1970s, Monsanto was a producer of Agent Orange for United States Armed Forces operations in Vietnam , and settled out of court in a lawsuit brought by veterans in 1984. In 1968, it became the first company to start mass production of (visible) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), using gallium arsenide phosphide . From 1968 to 1970, sales doubled every few months. Their products (discrete LEDs and seven-segment numeric displays) became industry standards. The primary markets then were electronic calculators , digital watches and digital clocks. Monsanto became

1620-454: The artificial sweetener saccharin , caffeine and vanillin . Monsanto expanded to Europe in 1919 in a partnership with Graesser's Chemical Works at Cefn Mawr , Wales. The venture produced vanillin, aspirin and its raw ingredient salicylic acid , and later rubber processing chemicals. In the 1920s, Monsanto expanded into basic industrial chemicals such as sulfuric acid and PCBs . Queeny's son Edgar Monsanto Queeny took over

1680-565: The maize seed business when it purchased 40% of Dekalb in 1996; it purchased the remainder of the corporation in 1998. In 1997, the company first published an annual report citing Monsanto's Law, a biotechnological take on Moore's Law , indicating its future directions and exponential growth in the use of biotechnology. In the same year, Californian GMO company Calgene was acquired. In 1998, Monsanto purchased Cargill 's international seed business, which gave it access to sales and distribution facilities in 51 countries. In 2005, it finalized

1740-629: The "new" Pharmacia; Monsanto's medical research division, which included products such as Celebrex. PL Laboratories LKB-produkter AB (Acq 1968) Kabi Vitrum (Acq 1990) Farmitalia (Acq 1993) Upjohn (Merged 1995) Monsanto (Est 1901) Swann Chemical Company (Acq 1935) Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories (Acq 1936) American Viscose (Acq 1949) G. D. Searle & Company (Acq 1985) Agracetus (Acq 1996) DeKalb Genetics Corporation (Acq 1998) Cargill (Seed div, Acq 1998) In 2000, Pharmacia spun off its agro-biotech subsidiary into

1800-407: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Celebrex became a blockbuster drug and was often mentioned as a key reason for Pfizer 's acquisition of Monsanto's pharmaceutical business in 2002. In 1994, Monsanto introduced a recombinant version of bovine somatotropin , brand-named Posilac. Monsanto later sold this business to Eli Lilly and Company . In 1996, Monsanto purchased Agracetus ,

1860-486: The United States. Monsanto began manufacturing DDT in 1944, along with some 15 other companies. This insecticide was used to kill malaria -transmitting mosquitoes, but it was banned in the United States in 1972 due to its harmful environmental impacts. In 1977, Monsanto stopped producing PCBs; Congress banned PCB production two years later. In the mid‑1960s, William Standish Knowles and his team invented

Thermoplastic vulcanizates - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-486: The article: Monsanto The Monsanto Company ( / m ɒ n ˈ s æ n t oʊ / ) was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901 and headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri . Monsanto's best-known product is Roundup , a glyphosate -based herbicide , developed in the 1970s. Later, the company became a major producer of genetically engineered crops. In 2018,

1980-399: The biotechnology company that had generated the first transgenic cotton, soybeans, peanuts and other crops, and from which Monsanto had been licensing technology since 1991. In 1997, Monsanto divested Solutia , a company created to carry off the responsibility for Monsanto's PCB business and associated liabilities, along with some related organic chemical production. Monsanto first entered

2040-480: The blowing technique were established very early on. Because glass is very breakable, after the introduction of plastic, plastic was used to replace glass in some cases. The first mass production of plastic bottles was done in America in 1939. Germany started using this technology a little bit later but is currently one of the leading manufacturers of blow molding machines. In the United States soft drink industry ,

2100-460: The business of producing PCBs . In 1936, Monsanto acquired Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio , to acquire the expertise of Charles Allen Thomas and Carroll A. Hochwalt. The acquisition became Monsanto's Central Research Department. Thomas spent the rest of his career at Monsanto, serving as President (1951–1960) and Board Chair (1960–1965). He retired in 1970. In 1943, Thomas

2160-652: The company in 1928. In 1926 the company founded and incorporated a town called Monsanto in Illinois (now known as Sauget ). It was formed to provide minimal regulation and low taxes for Monsanto plants at a time when local jurisdictions had most of the responsibility for environmental rules. It was renamed in honor of Leo Sauget, its first village president. In 1935, Monsanto bought the Swann Chemical Company in Anniston, Alabama , and thereby entered

2220-411: The company on biotechnology . Monsanto was one of the first companies to apply the biotechnology industry business model to agriculture, using techniques developed by biotech drug companies. In this business model, companies recoup R&D expenses by exploiting biological patents . Monsanto's roles in agricultural changes, biotechnology products, lobbying of government agencies, and roots as

2280-497: The company ranked 199th on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue. Monsanto was one of four groups to introduce genes into plants in 1983, and was among the first to conduct field trials of genetically modified crops in 1987. It was one of the top-ten U.S. chemical companies until it divested most of its chemical businesses between 1997 and 2002, through a process of mergers and spin-offs that focused

2340-453: The first for which Harvard allowed its faculty to submit patent application . Monsanto scientists were among the first to genetically modify a plant cell, publishing their results in 1983. Five years later the company conducted the first field tests of genetically modified crops . Increasing involvement in agricultural biotechnology dates from the installment of Richard Mahoney as Monsanto's CEO in 1983. This involvement increased under

2400-506: The idea of glassblowing . Enoch Ferngren and William Kopitke produced a blow molding machine and sold it to Hartford Empire Company in 1938. This was the beginning of the commercial blow molding process. During the 1940s the variety and number of products were still very limited and therefore blow molding did not take off until later. Once the variety and production rates went up the number of products created soon followed. The technical mechanisms needed to produce hollow-bodied workpieces using

2460-439: The leadership of Robert Shapiro , appointed CEO in 1995, leading ultimately to the disposition of product lines unrelated to agriculture. In 1985, Monsanto acquired G.D. Searle & Company , a life sciences company that focused on pharmaceuticals, agriculture and animal health. In 1993, its Searle division filed a patent application for Celebrex , which in 1998 became the first selective COX‑2 inhibitor to be approved by

Thermoplastic vulcanizates - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-499: The life of window and door systems. Other applications include bridge decks, parking decks, water stops, rail pads, road construction projects and rail construction projects. TPV can be used to make durable seals, gaskets, and grommets that are resistant to flex fatigue, harsh temperatures, and chemicals, as well as for a variety of sealing applications, including pipe seals, bridge expansion joints and curtain walls, parts for potable water, and pipe seals for sewer and drainage. Some TPV

2580-747: The longer term. In June 2007, Monsanto purchased Delta and Pine Land Company , a major cotton seed breeder, for $ 1.5 billion. As a condition for approval from the Department of Justice , Monsanto was obligated to divest its Stoneville cotton business, which it sold to Bayer , and to divest its NexGen cotton business, which it sold to Americot . Monsanto also exited the pig-breeding business by selling Monsanto Choice Genetics to Newsham Genetics LC in November, divesting itself of "any and all swine-related patents, patent applications, and all other intellectual property". In 2007, Monsanto and BASF announced

2640-434: The molding machine or extrusion line. Cycle times can be significantly faster compared with rubber (2 to 3 minutes) because the parts do not have to cure in the mold. Once the TPV parts are allowed to cool (about 30 seconds), they can be removed from the mold. Some commercial TPVs can be processed using conventional thermoplastic processes, such as injection molding, blow molding , and extrusion . The manufacture of TPV parts

2700-619: The molding process. This is trimmed off by spinning a cutting blade around the container which separates the material. The excess plastic is then recycled to create new moldings. Spin Trimmers are used on a number of materials, such as PVC, HDPE and PE+LDPE. Different types of the materials have their own physical characteristics affecting trimming. For example, moldings produced from amorphous materials are much more difficult to trim than crystalline materials. Titanium nitride -coated blades are often used rather than standard steel to increase life by

2760-443: The molecules are small round balls, when together they have large air gaps and small surface contact, by first stretching the molecules vertically then blowing to stretch horizontally the biaxial stretching makes the molecules a cross shape. These "crosses" fit together leaving little space as more surface area is contacted thus making the material less porous and increasing barrier strength against permeation. This process also increases

2820-497: The morphology is "locked-in," it provides stable physical properties. The properties of thermoplastic vulcanizates include: Commercial TPV grades can be designed for a broad range of specific engineering applications, with grades ranging from hardness of 35 Shore A to 50 Shore D. Thermoplastic vulcanization is used commercially for weather seals as a lightweight alternative to thermoset rubber materials in semi-dynamic and static parts. In under-hood and under-vehicle applications, it

2880-421: The number of plastic containers went from zero in 1977 to ten billion pieces in 1999. Today, an even greater number of products are blown and it is expected to keep increasing. For amorphous metals , also known as bulk metallic glasses, blow molding has been recently demonstrated under pressures and temperatures comparable to plastic blow molding. In extrusion blow molding, plastic is melted and extruded into

2940-617: The parison drags the parison and makes calibrating the wall thickness difficult. The accumulator head or reciprocating screw methods use hydraulic systems to push the parison out quickly reducing the effect of the weight and allowing precise control over the wall thickness by adjusting the die gap with a parison programming device. Continuous extrusion equipment includes rotary wheel blow molding systems and shuttle machinery , while intermittent extrusion machinery includes reciprocating screw machinery and accumulator head machinery . Containers such as jars often have an excess of material due to

3000-423: The preform. The preform consists of a fully formed bottle/jar neck with a thick tube of polymer attached, which will form the body. similar in appearance to a test tube with a threaded neck. The preform mold opens and the core rod is rotated and clamped into the hollow, chilled blow mold. The end of the core rod opens and allows compressed air into the preform, which inflates it to the finished article shape. After

3060-406: The purchase of Seminis Inc , a leading global vegetable and fruit seed company, for $ 1.4 billion. This made it the world's largest conventional seed company. In 1999, Monsanto sold off NutraSweet Co. In December of the same year, Monsanto agreed to merge with Pharmacia & Upjohn , in a deal valuing the transaction at $ 27 billion. The agricultural division became a wholly owned subsidiary of

SECTION 50

#1732791116414

3120-432: The same year TPV was registered as Santoprene by Monsanto, and it was fully commercialized in 1981. Santoprene TPV had early application successes in the automotive sector, including rack and pinion boots. This was motivated by its flex life, fluid resistance, and sealability. In the appliance sector, a dishwasher sump boot was developed where Santoprene TPV provided sealing and resistance to heat and fluids. Santoprene TPV

3180-411: The strength to be ideal for filling with carbonated drinks. In the two-stage injection stretch blow molding process, the plastic is first molded into a "preform" using the injection molding process. These preforms are produced with the necks of the bottles, including threads (the "finish") on one end. These preforms are packaged, and fed later (after cooling) into a reheat stretch blow molding machine. In

3240-448: The use of temperatures down to −60 °C. For applications requiring watertight seals, TPV enables connectors to be insert-molded to cable jacketing, producing a single integral part. It is also used for industrial wire and cable connectors and low-voltage industrial cable applications that include insulation and jackets, in addition to consumer wire and cable use. After a short drying period, TPV pellets are automatically transferred to

3300-417: Was also successful in the domestic and high-rise construction sectors in applications such as window seals, caster wheels , tubing, small hose parts, electrical connectors, and coatings for wires and cables. It was also used in the medical industry for gaskets on syringe plungers. Santoprene TPV is a dynamically vulcanized polymer alloy consisting mostly of fully cured EPDM rubber particles encapsulated in

3360-854: Was called to a meeting in Washington, D.C., with Leslie Groves , commander of the Manhattan Project , and James Conant , president of Harvard University and chairman of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). They urged Thomas to become co-director of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos with Robert Oppenheimer , but Thomas was reluctant to leave Dayton and Monsanto. He joined the NDRC, and Monsanto's Central Research Department began to conduct related research. To that end, Monsanto operated

3420-507: Was founded in St. Louis, Missouri, as a chemical company . The founder was John Francis Queeny , who, at age 42, was a 30‑year veteran of the nascent pharmaceutical industry. He funded the firm with his own money and capital from a soft drink distributor. He used for the company name the maiden name of his wife, Olga Méndez Monsanto, who was a scioness of the Monsanto family . The company's first products were commodity food additives, such as

3480-514: Was no longer used, but Monsanto's previous product brand names were maintained. In June 2020, Bayer agreed to pay numerous settlements in lawsuits involving ex-Monsanto products Roundup , PCBs and Dicamba . Owing to the massive financial and reputational blows caused by ongoing litigation concerning Monsanto's herbicide Roundup, the Bayer-Monsanto merger is considered one of the worst corporate mergers in history. In 1901, Monsanto

3540-585: Was the only manufacturer of white phosphorus for military use in the US. Monsanto (Spun off from Pharmacia & Upjohn 2000) Blow molding Blow molding (or moulding ) is a manufacturing process for forming hollow plastic parts. It is also used for forming glass bottles or other hollow shapes. In general, there are three main types of blow molding: extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, and injection stretch blow molding. The blow molding process begins with softening plastic by heating

3600-544: Was the third-largest U.S. cotton seed company, with about 12% of the U.S. market. Monsanto's goal was to obtain "a strategic cotton germplasm and traits platform". Also in 2005, Monsanto purchased Seminis , the California-based world leader in vegetable seed production, for $ 1.4 billion. Seminis developed new vegetable varieties using advanced cross-pollination methods. Monsanto indicated that Seminis would continue with non-GM development, while not ruling out GM in

#413586