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40-402: The district encompasses all of the county's 1,300 square miles (3,400 km) and serves the area's 15 cities, 2 million residents and more than 200,000 commuters. In terms of acres, the district includes 138,000 acres, and 120,700 of those acres are lands that people have built cities, roads or cultivate farms on. Almost 2,000 pumping wells supply the districts fields, houses and businesses with

80-402: A clean reliable source of water. The water district has about 150 miles of pipelines and operates 10 dams and reservoirs, three treatment plants, many groundwater recharge basins, three pump stations and an advanced water purification plant. The district's three water treatment plants can produce as much as 210,000,000 US gallons (800,000 m) of drinking water a day. The water that supplies

120-439: A high standard. In areas with high quality water sources which flow by gravity to the point of consumption, costs will be much lower. Much of the energy requirements are in pumping. Processes that avoid the need for pumping tend to have overall low energy demands. Those water treatment technologies that have very low energy requirements including trickling filters , slow sand filters , gravity aqueducts . A 2021 study found that

160-476: A large-scale water chlorination program in urban areas of Mexico massively reduced childhood diarrheal disease mortality rates. Stainless steels, such as Type 304L and 316L, are used extensively in the fabrication of water treatment plants due to their corrosion resistance to water and to the corrosivity of chlorination used for disinfection. California Sustainability Alliance CALIFORNIA SUSTAINABILITY ALLIANCE The California Sustainability Alliance

200-570: A reliable water source, reducing water contaminants such as toxins and hazards, offering a safety net of the water source in case of natural disasters like earthquakes, helping restore and protect wildlife habitats, and aiding in protecting people by supplying flood protection for their businesses, homes, and schools, and providing the community with public health support. Santa Clara Valley Water District also provides "Water Education Programs and Events". They hold virtual events and distance learning, as well as school classroom programs. In December 2010

240-450: A wide variety of contaminants. The adsorptive removal of color, aroma, taste, and other harmful organics and inorganics from drinking water and wastewater is one of their industrial applications. Both a high surface area and a large pore size can improve the efficiency of activated carbon. Activated carbon was utilized by a number of studies to remove heavy metals and other types of contaminants from wastewater. The cost of activated carbon

280-471: Is phase separation , such as sedimentation. Biological and chemical processes such as oxidation are another example. Polishing is also an example. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge that is usually treated in the same or another wastewater treatment plant. Biogas can be another by-product if the process uses anaerobic treatment. Treated wastewater can be reused as reclaimed water . The main purpose of wastewater treatment

320-429: Is pure enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal (including bird) faeces. Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. The removal or destruction of microbial pathogens is essential, and commonly involves

360-487: Is a mass transfer process in which a substance is transported from the liquid phase to the surface of a solid/liquid (adsorbent) and becomes physically and chemically bonded (adsorbate). Adsorption can be classified into two forms based on the type of attraction between the adsorbate and the adsorbent: physical and chemical adsorption, commonly known as physisorption and chemisorptions. Activated carbons (ACs) or biological-activated carbon (BAC) are effective adsorbents for

400-453: Is a process which removes and eliminates contaminants from wastewater . It thus converts it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle . Once back in the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment. It is also possible to reuse it. This process is called water reclamation . The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at

440-921: Is an organization founded by the California IOUs , to facilitated discussions between various industries on the issues of resource sustainability . The Alliance was set up in 2008 to help California meet its goals in facing Climate change in the State , in relation to energy, resources, and the environment. Efforts are directed at increasing and accelerating sustainable measures and strategies. The Alliance specifically focuses on energy efficiency , climate action, “ smart growth ” principles, renewable energy development, water-use efficiency , waste management , and transportation management within California. The Alliance's main functions include sharing and developing toolkits, resources and pilot programs that aid in

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480-452: Is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking , industrial water supply, irrigation , river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment

520-422: Is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use. Water contamination is primarily caused by the discharge of untreated wastewater from enterprises. The effluent from various enterprises, which contains varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers or other water resources. The wastewater may have a high proportion of organic and inorganic contaminants at

560-447: Is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater. Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with

600-494: Is less available water to meet the needs of the people, farm and ecosystems that rely on this water. This also led to land subsidence up to 12.7 feet between the 60-year gap from 1900 to the 1960s. Meaning that not only did water levels sink, but the ground surface sank, or subsided, too. The Santa Clara Water District has a guide to address "climate change" as they expect the area to experience changes that will impact people and wildlife. They expect changes to occur in such things as

640-708: Is rising due to a shortage of commercial activated carbon (AC). Because of its high surface area, porosity, and flexibility, activated carbon has a lot of potential in wastewater treatment. This is the method by which dissolved and suspended organic chemical components are eliminated through biodegradation , in which an optimal amount of microorganism is given to re-enact the same natural self-purification process. Through two distinct biological process , such as biological oxidation and biosynthesis , microorganisms can degrade organic materials in wastewater. Microorganisms involved in wastewater treatment produce end products such as minerals , carbon dioxide , and ammonia during

680-1130: The European Drinking Water Directive and in the United States the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act . For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the World Health Organization publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved. China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. Where drinking water quality standards do exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and very few water standards have any legal basis or, are subject to enforcement. Two exceptions are

720-443: The common-ion effect is often used to help reduce water hardness. Flotation uses bubble attachment to separate solids or dispersed liquids from a liquid phase. Membrane filtration can remove suspended solids and organic components, and inorganic pollutants such heavy metals. For heavy metal removal, several forms of membrane filtration , such as ultrafiltration , nanofiltration , and reverse osmosis , can be used depending on

760-617: The European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the United States, which require legal compliance with specific standards. Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) or self-supply designs. Such designs may employ solar water disinfection methods, using solar irradiation to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by

800-664: The Santa Clara Valley Water District comes from various locations. Some of it comes from snowpack melt miles away. This water is brought to the county through the many infrastructure projects in California, including the Federal Central Valley Project. Santa Clara county also gets some of its water from recycled water. This water is purified to remove impurities and is used in multiple areas such as in agriculture. Santa Clara Water District has historically extracted water from under

840-622: The Santa Clara Valley Water District was chosen as the water agency award recipient for the California Sustainability Alliance's Sustainability Showcase Award. This award honors the District's commitment to sustainability as shown through their award-winning water use efficiency and conservation program. Each year the Board of Directors elects a director to serve as the chair of the board; the 2022 Chair originally

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880-811: The UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide photocatalyst , typically supported TiO 2 in its anatase or rutile phases. Despite progress in SODIS technology, military surplus water treatment units like the ERDLator are still frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU) are portable, self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for public use. For waterborne disease reduction to last, water treatment programs that research and development groups start in developing countries must be sustainable by

920-825: The amount of rain received to the temperature of the air. In fact, the driest start of the year the Santa Clara Water District ever recorded was noted on 3/14/2022. They also expect severe weather events such as droughts, heat waves and even wildfires to increase. This guide is known as the CCAP, or Valley Water's Climate Change Action Plan. The action plan comprises seven key objectives: the reduction of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, expansion of renewable energy portfolios, improvement of energy efficiency, water supply adaptation, flood protection adaptation, and emergency preparedness. The district has over 800 miles of waterways to protect and care for. Within

960-553: The appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater the treatment plant is called a Sewage Treatment . Municipal wastewater or sewage are other names for domestic wastewater . For industrial wastewater, treatment takes place in a separate Industrial wastewater treatment , or in a sewage treatment plant. In the latter case it usually follows pre-treatment. Further types of wastewater treatment plants include Agricultural wastewater treatment and leachate treatment plants. One common process in wastewater treatment

1000-411: The biological oxidation process. The minerals (products) remained in the wastewater and were discharged with the effluent . Microorganisms use organic materials in wastewater to generate new microbial cells with dense biomass that is eliminated by sedimentation throughout the biosynthesis process. Many developed countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes

1040-439: The citizens of those countries. This can ensure the efficiency of such programs after the departure of the research team, as monitoring is difficult because of the remoteness of many locations. Energy Consumption: Water treatment plants can be significant consumers of energy. In California, more than 4% of the state's electricity consumption goes towards transporting moderate quality water over long distances, treating that water to

1080-560: The counties' waterways live endangered species that need protection. One goal of the Santa Clara Valley Water District is to reintroduce the "Red-legged Frog", an endangered amphibian. They also encourage the reestablishment and protection of other endangered species such as the "Steelhead Trout", and the "Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse". There was a leak in one of the pipelines in 2015 resulting in an estimated loss of 20 million gallons of water and resulted in $ 1.2 million in repairs and property damage. The failure affected about 500 customers before it

1120-404: The following processes (depending on the season and contaminants and chemicals present in the raw water) is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide. Different chemical procedures for the conversion into final products or the removal of pollutants are used for the safe disposal of contaminants. Physical techniques of water/waste water treatment rely on physical phenomena to complete

1160-461: The ground in aquifers as well. Alluvial aquifers are the source of this ground water. The district treats wastewater in stages. Solids are removed first, followed by the disinfection of water using ozone. After that, microscopic particles are eliminated and the ultimate step involves disinfection with chlorine. Chlorine kills organisms that may have survived the previous water purification stages, and helps prevent contamination from other organism after

1200-417: The initial discharge. Industries generate wastewater as a result of fabrication processes, processes dealing with paper and pulp , textiles , chemicals , and from various streams such as cooling towers , boilers , and production lines. Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes from raw water to produce water that

1240-402: The particle size that can be maintained. Aminophosphonates can be added for antiscalant properties to maintain filtration. Ion exchange is a reversible ion exchange process in which an insoluble substance ( resin ) takes ions from an electrolytic solution and releases additional ions of the same charge in a chemically comparable amount without changing the resin's structure. Adsorption

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1280-600: The quality of water contacting the manufactured product (e.g., semiconductors) and/or can be part of the product (e.g., beverages, pharmaceuticals). In these instances, poor water treatment can cause defective products. For the elimination of hazardous chemicals from the water, many treatment procedures have been applied. The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes such as settling and filtration , chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation , and biological processes such as slow sand filtration . A combination selected from

1320-507: The removal process, rather than biological or chemical changes. Most common physical techniques are: Also referred to as "Conventional" Treatment Chemical precipitation is a common process used to reduce heavy metals concentrations in wastewater. The dissolved metal ions are transformed to an insoluble phase by a chemical interaction with a precipitant agent such as lime. In industrial applications stronger alkalis may be used to effect complete precipitation. In drinking water treatment,

1360-485: The stages are complete and while the water is transported. There are five major watersheds in the Santa Clara Valley Water District. They include the Coyote Watershed, Guadalupe Watershed, Lower Peninsula Watershed, Uvas-Llagas Watershed, and West Valley Watershed. The district owns many dams, including: Over the years people have over-extracted the district's groundwater causing problems. In 1916-1934 there

1400-413: The surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam boilers can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water. Cooling towers can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and Legionnaires' disease can be the fatal consequence. Water treatment is also used to improve

1440-500: The treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is therefore common practice to keep residual disinfectants in the treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution and to keep the pipes clean. Water supplied to domestic properties such as for tap water or other uses, may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. Such treatments can include water softening or ion exchange. Wastewater treatment

1480-515: The use of reactive chemical agents such as suspended solids , to remove bacteria , algae , viruses , fungi , and minerals including iron and manganese . Research including Professor Linda Lawton 's group at Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen is working to improve detection of cyanobacteria . These substances continue to cause great harm to several less developed countries who do not have access to effective water purification systems. Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to

1520-511: Was Gary Kremen. Kremen, however, was forced to step down due to a sexual harassment scandal in March, 2022. Kremen, who was found to have committed multiple acts of bullying and abuse of power, never returned as Chair, having faced increased criticism for his inappropriate behavior. In November, 2022, Kremen was defeated by newcomer Rebecca Eisenberg , Silicon Valley attorney, columnist, and environmentalist. Water treatment Water treatment

1560-483: Was a drought due to lack of rainfall; this coupled with excessive water withdrawal dropped the average water level in wells in the Santa Clara Water District by 108 feet. Excessive water consumption over many years has led to groundwater drops of more than 200 feet in some areas. When water levels in these aquifers drop below their threshold, compaction causes the aquifer to not store as much water as it originally did before overextraction. This causes further issues as there

1600-635: Was fixed. The Santa Clara Valley Water District has been involved in several significant projects. Calabazas Creek Bank Rehabilitation Project aims to restore and maintain a healthy steelhead population in Stevens Creek watershed, and to maintain healthy steelhead and Chinook salmon populations in the Guadalupe River watershed. The Santa Clara Valley Water District operates under the "Safe, Clean Water and Natural Flood Protection Program", which has several key objectives. These include providing

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