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65-512: The formation extends from the Andes to the Atlantic coast. In its coastal section it is divided into two members, the lower, fossil rich Estancia La Costa Member, which consists predominately of tuffaceous deposits and fine grained mudrock , and the upper fossil-poor Estancia La Angelina Member, which consists of sedimentary rock, primarily mudrock , and sandstone . The environment of deposition

130-466: A drop in population. He further hypothesizes that there were about 7,000 individuals pre-war, a number which fell to the 2,000 whom missionaries met when they showed up in the 19th century and conducted the first census of the island. In recent years, this decline has been increasingly implicated not upon environmental destruction caused by the Rapa Nui people but instead upon the arrival of Europeans to

195-569: A giant palm, the Rapa Nui Palm , that showed signs of being the largest palm species in the world, eclipsing the size of the Chilean Wine Palm if it were not extinct. There are also signs of Easter Island's once possessing a far more diverse collection of fauna. The skeletal remains of 25 different species of nesting bird have been located on the island, but have since been reduced to 16. This trend of extinction and extirpation

260-575: A metamorphosed tuff bed in the Pilar Formation provided some of the first evidence for the Picuris orogeny . The word tuff is derived from the Italian tufo . Rapa Nui people The Rapa Nui (Rapa Nui: [ˈɾapa ˈnu.i] , Spanish: [ˈrapa ˈnu.i] ) are the indigenous Polynesian peoples of Easter Island . The easternmost Polynesian culture, the descendants of

325-762: A number of substances not always of identical character. In the historical architecture of Naples, Neapolitan yellow tuff is the most used building material. Piperno ignimbrite tuff was also used widely in Naples and Campania. In the Eifel region of Germany, a trachytic, pumiceous tuff called trass has been extensively worked as a hydraulic mortar . Tuff of the Eifel region of Germany has been widely used for construction of railroad stations and other buildings in Frankfurt, Hamburg, and other large cities. Construction using

390-561: A part of the Patagoniense Transgression. The main source of sediment input to the basin was from the Andean orogeny to the west. The formation reaches a maximum thickness of over 295 meters, though the total thickness of the formation is strongly controlled by subsequent erosion and the 295 meters likely does not represent a complete sequence. The formation primarily consists of floodplain deposits. The lower parts of

455-473: A symbol of their hierarchy. Both men and women were tattooed to represent their social class. Tattoos, as well as other forms of art in Rapa Nui, blends anthropomorphic and zoomorphic imagery. Nowadays, young people are bringing back Rapa Nui tattoos as an important part of their culture and local artists base their creations on traditional motifs. The tattooing process was performed with bone needles and combs called Uhi made out of bird or fish bones. The ink

520-407: A system of glyphs discovered in the 1800s, is believed to represent an older version of the Rapa Nui language. However, the decipherment of rongorongo is an ongoing process and it is not yet clear whether Rongorongo is a form of writing or some other form of cultural expression. The main stories of Rapa Nui mythology are that of Hotu Matu'a , believed to be the first settler of Easter Island, and

585-456: Is a common occurrence when humans populate a new area, because of tendencies to overhunt and overexploit resources. Deforestation would have caused a decrease in crop yields due to soil erosion, loss of wood as a resource to construct fishing boats, among other things, and would have necessitated a halt to the construction of the moai erected around the island. Diamond hypothesizes that resource scarcity may have led to brutal civil war, creating

650-556: Is a relatively soft rock, so it has been used for construction since ancient times. Because it is common in Italy, the Romans used it often for construction. The Rapa Nui people used it to make most of the moai statues on Easter Island . Tuff can be classified as either igneous or sedimentary rock . It is usually studied in the context of igneous petrology , although it is sometimes described using sedimentological terms. Tuff

715-434: Is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption . Following ejection and deposition, the ash is lithified into a solid rock. Rock that contains greater than 75% ash is considered tuff, while rock containing 25% to 75% ash is described as tuffaceous (for example, tuffaceous sandstone ). Tuff composed of sandy volcanic material can be referred to as volcanic sandstone . Tuff

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780-466: Is also built almost entirely from tuff. The Romans also cut tuff into small, rectangular stones that they used to create walls in a pattern known as opus reticulatum . Peperino has been used in Rome and Naples as a building stone, is a trachyte tuff. Pozzolana also is a decomposed tuff, but of basic character, originally obtained near Naples and used as a cement , but this name is now applied to

845-833: Is an example of a tuff cone, as is the island of Ka'ula . The glassy basaltic ash produced in such eruptions rapidly alters to palagonite as part of the process of lithification. Although conventional mafic volcanism produce little ash, such ash as is formed may accumulate locally as significant deposits. An example is the Pahala ash of Hawaii island, which locally is as thick as 15 meters (49 ft). These deposits also rapidly alter to palagonite, and eventually weather to laterite . Basaltic tuffs are also found in Skye , Mull , Antrim , and other places, where Paleogene volcanic rocks are found; in Scotland, Derbyshire , and Ireland among

910-461: Is as a building material. In the ancient world, tuff's relative softness meant that it was commonly used for construction where it was available. Tuff is common in Italy, and the Romans used it for many buildings and bridges. For example, the whole port of the island of Ventotene (still in use), was carved from tuff. The Servian Wall , built to defend the city of Rome in the fourth century BC,

975-424: Is baked in the umu pae as well.[1] Other favorite dishes are tunu ahi, fish grilled on hot stones, or ceviche. Pascuense cuisine also includes meat dishes, such as pork or mutton ribs.[2] A common hypothesis is held that the apparent decline of Rapa Nui culture and society before European arrival in 1722 was caused by the over-exploitation of the island's environment, most notably through deforestation of almost all

1040-521: Is called a welded lapilli -tuff. Welded tuffs (and welded lapilli-tuffs) can be of fallout origin, or deposited from ash flows, as in the case of ignimbrites . During welding, the glass shards and pumice fragments adhere together (necking at point contacts), deform, and compact together, resulting in a eutaxitic fabric . Welded tuff is commonly rhyolitic in composition, but examples of all compositions are known. A sequence of ash flows may consist of multiple cooling units . These can be distinguished by

1105-474: Is classified as an Eastern Polynesian language and is currently written in the Latin script. Rapa Nui is a minority language, as most Rapa Nui people speak Spanish as their first language. Spanish is the most widely spoken language on Easter Island and the primary language of education and administration. It is believed that Rapa Nui is currently undergoing a shift toward more Spanish sentence structure. Rongorongo ,

1170-419: Is correspondingly divided into coarse tuff (coarse ash tuff) and fine tuff (fine ash tuff or dust tuff). Consolidated tephra composed mostly of coarser particles is called lapillistone (particles 2 mm to 64 mm in diameter) or agglomerate or pyroclastic breccia (particles over 64 mm in diameter) rather than tuff. Volcanic ash can vary greatly in composition, and so tuffs are further classified by

1235-560: Is in tuff and ignimbrite in the Basin and Range Province in Nevada . In Napa Valley and Sonoma Valley , California , areas made of tuff are routinely excavated for storage of wine barrels. Tuff from Rano Raraku was used by the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island to make the vast majority of their famous moai statues. Tuff is used extensively in Armenia and Armenian architecture . It

1300-504: Is known as tephrochronology and is particularly useful for Quaternary chronostratigraphy. Individual tuff beds can be "fingerprinted" by their chemical composition and phenocryst assemblages. Absolute ages for tuff beds can be determined by K-Ar , Ar-Ar , or carbon-14 dating . Zircon grains found in many tuffs are highly durable and can survive even metamorphism of the host tuff to schist, allowing absolute ages to be assigned to ancient metamorphic rocks. For example, dating of zircons in

1365-429: Is often erroneously called tufa in guidebooks and in television programs but tufa is a form of travertine . The material that is expelled in a volcanic eruption can be classified into three types: Tephra is made when magma inside the volcano is blown apart by the rapid expansion of hot volcanic gases. Magma commonly explodes as the gas dissolved in it comes out of solution as the pressure decreases when it flows to

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1430-583: Is the dominant type of stone used in construction in Armenia's capital Yerevan , Gyumri , Armenia's second largest city, and Ani , the country's medieval capital, now in Turkey. A small village in Armenia was renamed Tufashen (literally "village of tuff") in 1946. Tuffs are deposited geologically instantaneously and often over a large region. This makes them highly useful as time-stratigraphic markers. The use of tuffs and other tephra deposits in this manner

1495-489: Is the use of shell or coral inlaid with obsidian to represent eyes. Rapa Nui traditional music consists of choral singing and chanting accompanied by instruments including conch shell trumpets, percussive dancers, accordions, and kauaha, a percussion instrument created from the jaw bone of a horse. Modern Rapanui music has had Latin American influences creating new genres such as the Rapa Nui style of tango. Matato'a , one of

1560-722: The Rochlitz Porphyr , can be seen in the Mannerist -style sculpted portal outside the chapel entrance in Colditz Castle . The trade name Rochlitz Porphyr is the traditional designation for a dimension stone of Saxony with an architectural history over 1,000 years in Germany. The quarries are located near Rochlitz. Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository , a U.S. Department of Energy terminal storage facility for spent nuclear reactor and other radioactive waste,

1625-622: The Carboniferous strata, and among the still older rocks of the Lake District, the southern uplands of Scotland, and Wales. They are black, dark green, or red in colour; vary greatly in coarseness, some being full of round spongy bombs a foot or more in diameter; and being often submarine, may contain shale, sandstone, grit, and other sedimentary material, and are occasionally fossiliferous. Recent basaltic tuffs are found in Iceland ,

1690-571: The Faroe Islands , Jan Mayen , Sicily, the Hawaiian Islands , Samoa , etc. When weathered, they are filled with calcite, chlorite, serpentine , and especially where the lavas contain nepheline or leucite , are often rich in zeolites , such as analcite , prehnite , natrolite , scolecite , chabazite , heulandite , etc. Ultramafic tuffs are extremely rare; their characteristic is the abundance of olivine or serpentine and

1755-603: The Lava Creek Tuff erupted from Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming 631,000 years ago. This tuff had an original volume of at least 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi). Lava Creek tuff is known to be at least 1000 times as large as the deposits of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , and it had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8, greater than any eruption known in the last 10,000 years. Ash flow tuffs cover 7,000 square kilometers (2,700 sq mi) of

1820-462: The North Island of New Zealand and about 100,000 square kilometers (39,000 sq mi) of Nevada . Ash flow tuffs are the only volcanic product with volumes rivaling those of flood basalts . The Tioga Bentonite of the northeastern United States varies in composition from crystal tuff to tuffaceous shale. It was deposited as ash carried by wind that fell out over the sea and settled to

1885-527: The Pentland Hills , the Cheviots , and many other districts of Great Britain , ancient rocks of exactly similar nature are abundant. In color, they are red or brown; their scoriae fragments are of all sizes from huge blocks down to minute granular dust. The cavities are filled with many secondary minerals, such as calcite , chlorite , quartz, epidote , or chalcedony; in microscopic sections, though,

1950-768: The Rhine (at Siebengebirge ), in Ischia and near Naples . Trachyte-carbonatite tuffs have been identified in the East African Rift . Alkaline crystal tuffs have been reported from Rio de Janeiro . Andesitic tuffs are exceedingly common. They occur along the whole chain of the Cordilleras and Andes , in the West Indies , New Zealand, Japan, etc. In the Lake District , North Wales, Lorne ,

2015-605: The Atlantic coast to the Andes, especially along the Santa Cruz River , as well as along the southern coastline of Santa Cruz Province . While primarily located in Argentina, small outcrops are also found in Chile. The base of the formation is defined by a marine regression event transitioning from the marine environment of the underlying Monte Léon Formation , which formed when large areas of Patagonia were submerged as

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2080-503: The Rapa Nui and the Chilean government are focused on preserving and restoring the statues, including denoting an area that includes many of the statues, Rapa Nui National Park , as a World Heritage site. The Rapa Nui have historically made feather headdresses, bark cloth, wood carvings, and stone carvings. Adzes, blunt round stones, were used to complete stone images and wood carvings. A distinguishing characteristic of Rapa Nui statues

2145-441: The Rapa Nui culture is the moai , the 887 human figures carved from rock between 1250 and 1500 CE and transported throughout Easter Island. The moai were believed to be the living faces of ancestors and had all been toppled by 1868. The moai rest on large stone platforms called ahu , the most famous of which are Ahu Tongariki , the largest ahu, and Ahu Vinapu . Some moai have hats of red volcanic stone known as Pukao . Currently,

2210-427: The Rapa Nui had European and Amerindian contributions to their DNA during or before the early 1800s. Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to record contact with the Rapa Nui. Roggeveen allegedly set sail either in search of Juan Fernández Islands or David's Island but instead arrived at Easter Island on April 5, 1722 ( Easter Sunday ). He remained on the island for about a week. Felipe González de Ahedo visited

2275-407: The Rapa Nui in 1770 and claimed the island for Spain on a document which the islanders wrote on in rongorongo , the now undecipherable Rapa Nui script. James Cook and Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse , visited the island for a few days in 1774 and 1786, respectively. The Rapa Nui currently speak Spanish and the traditional Rapa Nui language. The Rapa Nui language, also known as Pascuan,

2340-1070: The Santa Cruz Formation is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, including a mix of open savanna , gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests. Permanent bodies of water such as lakes, ponds and streams are likely to have been present. E. australis P. bachmanni T. debilis A. nanum A. sp. A. floweri D. sanctaecrucis D. sp. T. fleaglei T. mixtum T. lucarius T. prosistens T. sp. T. garretorum T. gracilis T. karaikensis T. lydekkeri T. patagonicum T. sp. A. robustum A. sp. H. sp. I. brevifrons I. dentatum I. interruptum I. robustum I. rodens I. supernum P. australe P. praerutilum P. sp. A. inversus E. ingens E. litoralis E. titans H. elongatus H. indifferens H. angustipalatus H. platycephalus H. ponderosus H. rectangularis P. filholi X. latirostris P. giganteus P. nanus Tuffaceous Tuff

2405-664: The Tangata manu. The Tangata manu is the mythology of the Birdman religion and cult which had creator god Makemake and competition with eggs to choose the birdman who would remain sacred for five months. More recent Rapa Nui mythology includes the story of the epic battle between the Hanau Epe and the Hanau Momoko. The trans-Neptunian dwarf planet Makemake is named after this creator deity. The best-known aspect of

2470-457: The areas where such tuffs are prominent. In the ancient rocks of Wales , Charnwood , etc., similar tuffs are known, but in all cases, they are greatly changed by silicification (which has filled them with opal , chalcedony , and quartz) and by devitrification. The frequent presence of rounded corroded quartz crystals, such as occur in rhyolitic lavas, helps to demonstrate their real nature. Welded ignimbrites can be highly voluminous, such as

2535-479: The bottom. It is Devonian in age and likely came from a vent in central Virginia , where the tuff reaches its maximum thickness of about 40 meters (130 ft). Trachyte tuffs contain little or no quartz, but much sanidine or anorthoclase and sometimes oligoclase feldspar, with occasional biotite, augite, and hornblende. In weathering, they often change to soft red or yellow claystones , rich in kaolin with secondary quartz. Recent trachyte tuffs are found on

2600-409: The composition of the ash from which they formed. Ash from high-silica volcanism, particularly in ash flows, consists mainly of shards of volcanic glass , and tuff formed predominantly from glass shards is described as vitric tuff. The glass shards are typically either irregular in shape or are roughly triangular with convex sides. They are the shattered walls of countless small bubbles that formed in

2665-685: The corresponding lavas and sills . Some chlorite-schists also are probably altered beds of volcanic tuff. The "Schalsteins" of Devon and Germany include many cleaved and partly recrystallized ash-beds, some of which still retain their fragmental structure, though their lapilli are flattened and drawn out. Their steam cavities are usually filled with calcite, but sometimes with quartz. The more completely altered forms of these rocks are platy, green chloritic schists; in these, however, structures indicating their original volcanic nature only sparingly occur. These are intermediate stages between cleaved tuffs and crystalline schists. The primary economic value of tuff

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2730-442: The date of arrival was estimated to be around 700–800 CE, but more-recent evidence from radiocarbon dating supports an arrival date as late as 1200 CE. The Rapa Nui People have been found to be of Polynesian origin through genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA of pre-historic skeletons. Genetic analysis performed by Erik Thorsby and other geneticists in 2007 revealed genetic markers of European and Amerindian origin that suggest that

2795-404: The degree of welding. The base of a cooling unit is typically unwelded due to chilling from the underlying cold surface, and the degree of welding and of secondary reactions from fluids in the flow increases upwards towards the center of the flow. Welding decreases towards the top of the cooling unit, where the unit cools more rapidly. The intensity of welding may also decrease towards areas in which

2860-426: The deposit is thinner, and with distance from source. Cooler pyroclastic flows are unwelded and the ash sheets deposited by them are relatively unconsolidated. However, cooled volcanic ash can quickly become lithified because it usually has a high content of volcanic glass. This is a thermodynamically unstable material that reacts rapidly with ground water or sea water, which leaches alkali metals and calcium from

2925-461: The formation have an abundance of tuffs and tuffaceous sediments. These likely originated from distant eruptions that were transported into the basin by aerial fallout, wind and/or river transport. The formation likely spans an approximately 3 million year interval in the late Early Miocene around 18 to 15.2 million years ago, during the Burdigalian and Langhian stages. The environment of

2990-424: The giant sculptures called moai . Over the past decade, Rapa Nui activists have been fighting for self-determination and sovereignty over their lands. Protests in 2010 and 2011 by the indigenous Rapa Nui on Easter Island, objecting to the creation of a marine park and reserve, have led to clashes with Chilean police . Rapa Nui are believed to have settled Easter Island between 300 and 1200 CE. Previously,

3055-444: The glass. New minerals, such as zeolites , clays , and calcite , crystallize from the dissolved substances and cement the tuff. Tuffs are further classified by their depositional environment, such as lacustrine tuff, subaerial tuff, or submarine tuff, or by the mechanism by which the ash was transported, such as fallout tuff or ash flow tuff. Reworked tuffs, formed by erosion and redeposition of ash deposits, are usually described by

3120-578: The green slates of the English Lake District are finely cleaved ashes. In Charnwood Forest also, the tuffs are slaty and cleaved. The green color is due to the large development of chlorite. Among the crystalline schists of many regions, green beds or green schists occur, which consist of quartz, hornblende, chlorite or biotite, iron oxides , feldspar, etc., and are probably recrystallized or metamorphosed tuffs. They often accompany masses of epidiorite and hornblende – schists which are

3185-509: The island and the diseases that commonly came with them like smallpox , with several researchers having instead noted that pre-colonial Rapa Nui society was rather stable. Agriculture on Easter Island shows signs of intensification before European arrival, necessary because of its climate which had an excess of wind and a low amount of rainfall for the area. Archaeological finds show a multitude of composting pits and irrigation systems. Large boulders were also stacked to serve as barriers against

3250-414: The island's trees. The most prominent proponent of this explanation is Jared Diamond who proposes a scenario for the " ecocide " on Easter Island in his 2005 book Collapse . This idea that Rapa Nui society collapsed came out of the imbalance between general resources present on the island, mainly population, timber and food sources, and the energy- and resource-intensive feat of transporting and raising

3315-587: The magma as dissolved gases rapidly came out of solution. Tuffs formed from ash consisting predominantly of individual crystals are described as crystal tuffs, while those formed from ash consisting predominantly of pulverized rock fragments are described as lithic tuffs. The chemical composition of volcanic ash reflects the entire range of volcanic rock chemistry, from high-silica rhyolitic ash to low-silica basaltic ash, and tuffs are likewise described as rhyolitic, andesitic, basaltic, and so on. The most straightforward way for volcanic ash to move away from

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3380-456: The moai. Food resources may have been scarcer than in other areas of Polynesia because of factors like the cooler climate, lack of rainfall in comparison to other islands in the area, high winds and a lack of biodiversity, leading to common Polynesian crops not faring as well as they would in other areas of the Pacific. A source of good timber is also currently noticeably absent from the island,

3445-413: The most famous musical groups on the island, promotes traditional styles of dance and music. Like in other Polynesian islands, tattoos and body paintings had a fundamentally spiritual connotation. In some cases the tattoos were considered a receptor for divine strength or mana. They were manifestations of the Rapa Nui culture. Priests, warriors and chiefs had more tattoos than the rest of the population, as

3510-655: The nature of the original lava can nearly always be made out from the shapes and properties of the little crystals which occur in the decomposed glassy base. Even in the smallest details, these ancient tuffs have a complete resemblance to the modern ash beds of Cotopaxi , Krakatoa , and Mont Pelé. Mafic volcanism typically takes the form of Hawaiian eruptions that are nonexplosive and produce little ash. However, interaction between basaltic magma and groundwater or sea water results in hydromagmatic explosions that produce abundant ash. These deposit ash cones that subsequently can become cemented into tuff cones. Diamond Head, Hawaii ,

3575-494: The original people of Easter Island make up about 60% of the current Easter Island population and have a significant portion of their population residing in mainland Chile . They speak both the traditional Rapa Nui language and the primary language of Chile, Spanish . At the 2017 census there were 7,750 island inhabitants—almost all living in the village of Hanga Roa on the sheltered west coast. As of 2011, Rapa Nui's main source of income derived from tourism , which focuses on

3640-649: The scarcity or absence of feldspar and quartz . Occurrences of ultramafic tuff include surface deposits of kimberlite at maars in the diamond -fields of southern Africa and other regions. The principal variety of kimberlite is a dark bluish-green, serpentine-rich breccia (blue-ground) which, when thoroughly oxidized and weathered, becomes a friable brown or yellow mass (the "yellow-ground"). These breccias were emplaced as gas–solid mixtures and are typically preserved and mined in diatremes that form intrusive pipe-like structures. At depth, some kimberlite breccias grade into root zones of dikes made of unfragmented rock. At

3705-409: The surface . These violent explosions produce particles of material that can then fly from the volcano. Solid particles smaller than 2 mm in diameter ( sand-sized or smaller) are called volcanic ash. Volcanic ash is further divided into fine ash, with particle sizes smaller than 0.0625 mm in diameter, and coarse ash, with particle sizes between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm in diameter. Tuff

3770-419: The surface can be transported as mud flows ( lahars ) when mingled with water from rainfall or through eruption into a body of water or ice. Particles of volcanic ash that are sufficiently hot will weld together after settling to the surface, producing a welded tuff . Welding requires temperatures in excess of 600 °C (1,100 °F). If the rock contains scattered, pea-sized fragments or fiamme in it, it

3835-569: The surface, ultramafic tuffs may occur in maar deposits. Because kimberlites are the most common igneous source of diamonds, the transitions from maar to diatreme to root-zone dikes have been studied in detail. Diatreme- facies kimberlite is more properly called an ultramafic breccia rather than a tuff. Komatiite tuffs are found, for example, in the greenstone belts of Canada and South Africa. In course of time, changes other than weathering may overtake tuff deposits. Sometimes, they are involved in folding and become sheared and cleaved . Many of

3900-412: The tallest extant plant life averaging around 7 feet. Although Easter Island currently has only 48 different kinds of plants as evidenced by botanical surveys of the island, it once possessed many more, shown through pollen analysis conducted on sediment layers from swamps or ponds. From these samples, 22 no longer present on the island were shown to have existed at some time there. These plants included

3965-428: The transport agent, such as aeolian tuff or fluvial tuff. Tuffs have the potential to be deposited wherever explosive volcanism takes place, and so have a wide distribution in location and age. Rhyolite tuffs contain pumiceous, glassy fragments and small scoriae with quartz , alkali feldspar , biotite , etc. Iceland, Lipari, Hungary, the Basin and Range of the American southwest, and New Zealand are among

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4030-579: The vent is as ash clouds that are part of an eruption column . These fall to the surface as fallout deposits that are characteristically well-sorted and tend to form a blanket of uniform thickness across terrain. Column collapse results in a more spectacular and destructive form of transport, which takes the form of pyroclastic flows and surges that characteristically are poorly sorted and pool in low terrain. Surge deposits sometimes show sedimentary structures typical of high-velocity flow, such as dunes and antidunes . Volcanic ash already deposited on

4095-446: The wind. In the fields, a system of agriculture called lithic mulch was employed. In this method, farmers would lay rocks out in patterns in their fields, forcing the plants to grow in certain areas. This method is known to increase soil moisture while decreasing soil erosion from wind, effectively combating the climate conditions. Crops grown on Easter Island included sweet potatoes, yams, taro , bananas and sugarcane. Chickens were

4160-741: Was made out of natural products, primarily from the burning of Ti leaves ( Cordyline terminalis ) and sugar cane. Pascuense cuisine, otherwise known as Easter Island cuisine or Rapa Nui cuisine incorporates the influences of the indigenous Rapa Nui people and Latin America. Notable ingredients include seafood such as fish, octopus (heke), eel, sea snails (pipi) and crustaceans (lobster), as well as sweet potato, taro, banana, pineapple, coconut, pumpkin, and poultry, pork and lamb meat.[1] Traditional foods include umu, meat, fish, vegetables and fruit wrapped in banana leaves and roasted in umu pae – an earth oven. Po'e, pudding made of mashed bananas, pumpkin and flour

4225-577: Was mostly fluvial , with the lowermost part of the Estancia La Costa Member being transitional between fluvial and marine conditions. The environment of the Estancia La Costa Member is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, but likely became somewhat cooler and drier towards the end of the sequence. The Santa Cruz Formation is exposed in isolated outcrops across the Magallanes/Austral Basin extending from

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