Keres ( / ˈ k eɪ r eɪ s / ), also Keresan ( / ˈ k ɛ r ə s ən / ), is a Native American language , spoken by the Keres Pueblo people in New Mexico . Depending on the analysis, Keres is considered a small language family or a language isolate with several dialects . If it is considered a language isolate, it would be the most widely spoken language isolate within the borders of the United States . The varieties of each of the seven Keres pueblos are mutually intelligible with its closest neighbors. There are significant differences between the Western and Eastern groups, which are sometimes counted as separate languages.
23-649: Santa Ana Pueblo ( Eastern Keres : Tamaya [tʰɑmɑjːɑ]) is a settlement in Sandoval County, New Mexico , United States, of Native Americans who speak an eastern dialect of the Keresan languages . For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined this community as a census-designated place (CDP). As of the 2000 census , the CDP had a total population of 479. It is part of
46-603: A phonemic distinction in duration : all vowels can be long or short. Additionally, short vowels can also be voiceless. The vowel chart below contains the vowel phonemes and allophones from the information of the Keresan languages combined from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987). Notes: All Keresan short vowels may be devoiced in certain positions. The phonemic status of these vowels
69-560: A CV(V) shape. The maximal syllable structure is CCVVC and the minimal syllable is CV. In native Keresan words, only a glottal stop /ʔ/ ⟨ʼ⟩ can close a syllable, but some loanwords from Spanish have syllables that end in a consonant, mostly a nasal (i.e. /m n/ but words containing these sequences are rare in the language. Due to extensive vowel devoicing, several Keresan words may be perceived as ending in consonants or even containing consonant clusters. The only sequence of consonants (i.e. consonant cluster ) that occurs in native Keresan words
92-575: A dot below (see table). Tone may or may not be represented in the orthography of Keresan. When represented, four diacritics may be used above the vowel. Unlike the system used for Navajo , diacritics for tone are not repeated in long vowels. Although Keresan is not normally written, there exists one dictionary of the language in which words are listed in any given order. In this dictionary of Western Keres, digraphs count as single letters, although ejective consonants are not listed separately; occurring after their non-ejective counterparts. The symbol for
115-411: Is a sacred language that must exist only in its spoken form. The language's religious connotation and years of persecution of Pueblo religion by European colonizers may also explain why no unified orthographic convention exists for Keresan. However, a practical spelling system has been developed for Laguna (Kʼawaika) and more recently for Acoma (Áakʼu) Keres, both of which are remarkably consistent. In
138-834: Is a sequence of a fricative /ʃ ʂ/ and a stop or affricate. Clusters are restricted to beginnings of syllables (i.e. the syllable onset ). When the alveolo-palatal consonant /ʃ/ occurs as C 1 , it combines with alveolar and palatal C 2 , whereas the retroflex alveolar /ʂ/ precedes bilabial and velar C 2 s, which suggest a complementary distribution. Consonant clusters may occur both word-initially and word-medially. shd áurákụ 'frog, toad' sht érashtʼígá 'cricket' shtʼ idyàatịshị 'plot of land' shj v 'upward' shch úmúmá 'wasp' shchʼ ísạ 'six' srb úuná 'water jug' srp àat'i 'mockingbird' srpʼ eruru 'it's full' srg ásrgáukʼa 'quail' srk v́dútsị 'mound, hill' srkʼ abíhí 'female in-law' Traditional Keresan beliefs postulate that Keres
161-649: Is based on a split-intransitive pattern, in which subjects are marked differently if they are perceived as actors than from when they are perceived as undergoers of the action being described. The morphology of Keresan is mostly prefixing , although suffixes and reduplication also occur. Keresan distinguishes nouns , verbs, numerals and particles as word classes. Nouns in Keresan do not normally distinguish case or number , but they can be inflected for possession , with distinct constructions for alienable and inalienable possession. Other than possession, Keresan nouns show no comprehensive noun classes . Keresan
184-603: Is controversial. Maring (1967) considers them to be phonemes of Áákʼu Keres, whereas other authors disagree. There are phonetic grounds for vowel devoicing based on the environment they occur, for instance word-finally, but there are also exceptions. Vowels in final position are nearly always voiceless and medial vowels occurring between voiced consonants, after nasals and ejectives are nearly always voiced. Acoma Keres has four lexical tones : high, low, falling and rising. Falling and rising tones only occur in long vowels and voiceless vowels bear no tones: Most Keresan syllables take
207-469: Is land and 0.5 square mile (1.4 km) (7.11%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 479 people, 121 households, and 99 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 69.2 inhabitants per square mile (26.7/km). There were 132 housing units at an average density of 19.1 per square mile (7.4/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 1.25% White , 97.29% Native American , 0.84% from other races , and 0.63% from two or more races. 2.51% of
230-727: The Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Pueblo , named Tamaya in Keres, administers a total reservation land of 73,000 acres (295 km) in the Rio Grande valley. The pueblo celebrates an annual feast day for its patron saint , St. Anne , on July 26. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 7.4 square miles (19.3 km), of which 6.9 square miles (17.9 km)
253-686: The Bernalillo Public Schools district. Some is in the Jemez Valley Public Schools district. The former operates Bernalillo Middle School (the zoned middle school of the Bernalillo portion of this community), and Bernalillo High School . Atrisco Heritage Academy HS , Kirtland Air Force Base , and National Museum of Nuclear Science & History are adjacent to but outside of the city limits. Rio Grande HS and Sandia Peak Tramway are near but not in
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#1732780709005276-437: The CDP was $ 45,179, and the median income for a family was $ 45,714. Males had a median income of $ 22,188 versus $ 23,125 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 9,857. 5.1% of the population and 4.1% of families were below the poverty line , including 4.1% of those under the age of 18 and 5.3% of those 65 and older. The people of Santa Ana Pueblo participate in a mixed economy, with many travelling to jobs outside of
299-480: The Keres spelling system, each symbol represents a single phoneme. The letters ⟨c q z f⟩ and sometimes also ⟨v⟩ are not used. Digraphs represent both palatal consonants (written using a sequence of C and ⟨y⟩), and retroflex consonants, which are represented using a sequence of C and the letter ⟨r⟩. These graphemes used for writing Western Keres are shown between ⟨...⟩ below. Signs at Acoma Pueblo sometimes use special diacritics for ejective consonants that differ from
322-739: The Pueblo lands. The Pueblo operates the Santa Ana Star Casino and is the site of the Hyatt Regency Tamaya Resort & Spa. The Pueblo owns and operates two championship golf courses, Santa Ana Golf Club and Twin Warriors Golf Club. They also run arts & crafts, gardening and cooking enterprises. In 2022, Tesla leased Santa Ana tribal land to build a new service and delivery center, something that they cannot do on non-Federal-jurisdiction land in
345-439: The city limits. Keresan languages Keres is now considered a language isolate . In the past, Edward Sapir grouped it together with a Hokan –Siouan stock. Morris Swadesh suggested a connection with Wichita . Joseph Greenberg grouped Keres with Siouan , Yuchi , Caddoan , and Iroquoian in a superstock called Keresiouan. None of these proposals has been validated by subsequent linguistic research. In 2007, there
368-443: The glottal stop ⟨ʼ⟩, for long vowels (e.g. ⟨aa ee ii⟩ etc.) are not treated as separate letters. Letters〈f q x z〉are not used to write Keres, whereas the letters ⟨ɨ o v⟩ are only used in some dialects. Keresan is a split-ergative language in which verbs denoting states (i.e. stative verbs ) behave differently from those indexing actions, especially in terms of the person affixes they take. This system of argument marking
391-496: The language. The chart below contains the consonants of the proto -Keresan (or pre-Keresan) from Miller & Davis (1963) based on a comparison of Acoma, Santa Ana, and Santo Domingo, as well as other features of the dialects compiled from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987), and The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and the Grammar of Laguna Keres (2005). Keresan vowels have
414-467: The larger than average number of fricatives (i.e. /s sʼ ʂ ʂʼ ʃ ʃʼ h/) and affricates , the latter also showing the three-way distinction found in stops . The large number of vowels derives from a distinction made between long and short vowels (e.g. /e eː/), as well as from the presence of tones and voicelessness. Thus, a single vowel quality may occur with seven distinct realizations: /é è e̥ éː èː êː ěː/, all of which are used to distinguish words in
437-433: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 121 households, out of which 43.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.4% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
460-452: The state due to New Mexico legislation requiring the use of automobile dealers as intermediaries in selling cars to consumers, something Tesla has been unwilling to do . The store opened in 2023 and is five times larger than the first New Mexico Tesla facility on tribal land, a 7,000 sq ft (650 m) service center built the previous year in Nambe . Most of Santa Ana Pueblo is in
483-614: The symbols above, as shown in the table: Vowel sounds are represented straightforwardly in the existing spellings for Keresan. Each vowel sound is written using a unique letter or digraph (for long vowels and diphthongs ). However, there are two competing representations for the vowel /ɨ/. Some versions simply use the IPA ⟨ɨ⟩ whereas others use the letter ⟨v⟩ (the sound /v/ as in veal does not occur in Keresan). Voiceless vowels have also been represented in two ways; either underlined or with
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#1732780709005506-406: Was 3.96 and the average family size was 4.42. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.9% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.3 males. The median income for a household in
529-559: Was an estimate total of 10,670 speakers. Keresan has between 42 and 45 consonant sounds, and around 40 vowel sounds, adding up to a total of about 85 phonemes , depending on the analysis and the language variety. Based on the classification in the World Atlas of Language Structures , Keres is a language with a large consonant inventory. The great number of consonants relates to the three-way distinction between voiceless , aspirated and ejective consonants (e.g. /t tʰ tʼ/), and to
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