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49-399: It trends east–west, is approximately 130 kilometres (70 nmi) long and averages about 45 kilometres (24 nmi) across, becoming narrowest at its easternmost extremity where Anacapa Island is about 30 kilometres (16 nmi) from the mainland. During the last ice age, the four northern Channel Islands, including Santa Rosa Island, were conjoined into Santa Rosae , a single island that

98-496: A 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m ) water catchment basin, and two large redwood water tanks housed in a building. Combined with their families, there were 15 to 25 residents on the island at any given time. Plans were implemented in 1962 to automate the facility and some buildings were demolished, though the houses were spared. The U.S. Coast Guard still owns the property, but the National Park Service moved into

147-621: A critical habitat for seabirds , pinnipeds such as California sea lions , and several endemic plants and animals. Great white sharks , feeding on pinnipeds, are found in the waters of the Channel Islands, including Anacapa. The island has a somewhat diverse flora, including around 150 native plants, including 16 endemics (two of which are unique to the island) plus many introduced species . Anacapa has around 69 species of birds. The island's steep lava rock cliffs incorporate numerous caves and crevices that are particularly important for

196-552: A new area north of the Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands of the Santa Barbara Channel. These whales are at risk to be struck by ships passing through a shipping lane used to move goods south to Los Angeles and Long Beach ports. About 100 collisions have been documented off of the coast of California since 1982, which includes a rate of about 6 per year today, possibly more due to the difficulty of observing

245-675: A new species in 1997. Introduced mammals on Anacapa Island included domestic cats , sheep , rabbits, and black rats. Black rats ( Rattus rattus ), also known as ship rats, had a major impact on wildlife on Anacapa Island, including seabirds such as Scripps's murrelet, reptiles and amphibians, intertidal and terrestrial invertebrates , and vegetation. Before a rat eradication program in 2001–2002, more than 96 percent of Scripps's Murrelet nests on Anacapa were attacked by invasive rats. The rats were certainly introduced sometime prior to 1939 (when they were noted by National Park Service researchers Sumner and Bond), probably in supplies brought onto

294-411: A symmetrical six-vowel system. The distinctive high central vowel is written various ways, including <ɨ> "barred I," <ə> "schwa" and <ï> "I umlaut." Contemporary users of the languages favor /ɨ/ or /ə/ . Striking features of this system include The Central Chumash languages have a complex inventory of consonants. All of the consonants except / h / can be glottalized; all of

343-725: Is 9 miles (7.8 nmi; 14 km) across the Santa Barbara Channel from the nearest point on the mainland. It lies southwest of the city of Ventura , California. The northern waters of Anacapa Island are protected by the Anacapa State Marine Reserve , which is one of the MPAs existing in the Channel Island National Park. Public passenger access to Anacapa Island is provided by Island Packers ferry service out of either

392-464: Is Arch Rock, a 40-foot (12 m) high natural bridge. As recently as the end of the last ice age (about 10,000 years ago), sea levels as much as 400 ft (122 m) lower than today meant that the four northern Channel Islands were part of a single large island (dubbed " Santa Rosae ") that lay about 5 miles (4 nmi; 8 km) off the California coast. Fossils of pygmy mammoths from

441-559: Is composed of a series of narrow islets 6 mi (10 km) long, oriented generally east–west and 5 mi (8 km) east of Santa Cruz Island . The three main islets, East, Middle and West Anacapa, have precipitous cliffs, dropping off steeply into the sea. Anacapa is the smallest of the northern islands of the Channel Islands archipelago , and is within the Channel Islands National Park . It

490-620: Is greatly moderated by the Pacific Ocean . According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Anacapa Island has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate , abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps. Anacapa is the only one of the Channel Islands to have a non- Spanish -derived name. Anacapa comes from the Chumash word ' Anyapax , meaning "illusion". Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo passed by the island in 1542, but it

539-563: Is recent (within a couple thousand years). There is internal evidence that Obispeño replaced a Hokan language and that Island Chumash mixed with a language very different from Chumashan; the islands were not in contact with the mainland until the introduction of plank canoes in the first millennium AD. Although some say the Chumashan languages are now extinct or dormant, language revitalization programs are underway with four of these Chumashan languages. These languages are well-documented in

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588-453: Is the largest and highest islet, rising to an altitude of 930 ft (283 m) at Vela Peak, also known as Summit Peak 2. East and Middle Anacapa have fairly level areas at their tops. Middle Island reaches an altitude of 325 ft (99 m) and East Island is 250 ft (76 m) at its highest point. All three islands total 699 acres (283 ha), or about 1.1 square miles (2.8 km ). East Island's most notable natural feature

637-529: The Ellwood , Summerland , Carpinteria offshore and Dos Cuadras fields. In 1969, the Dos Cuadras was the point of origin of a major oil spill , which came about when oil spurted at high pressure through faults and cracks around a zone which had recently been drilled for the first time. Public outrage over the massive environmental damage inflicted by this spill, which covered hundreds of square miles of

686-466: The Late Pleistocene period 13,000 years ago have been found on the other three northern islands and it is reasonable to assume pygmy mammoths were also present on Anacapa. In The Channel Islands of California (1910), Charles Frederick Holder says of Anacapa: Arid appearing, desolate, wind-swept, Anacapa is withal a valuable possession to its owner, and one of the picturesque islands of

735-659: The Ventura Harbor or Channel Islands Harbor in Oxnard, California . Along with Santa Barbara Island , Anacapa was formed by volcanic eruptions between 19 and 15 million years ago. These eruptions are believed to have been caused by thinning of ocean crust as the block containing the northern Channel Islands and Santa Monica Mountains was rotated clockwise by the transverse motion of the Pacific and North American plates . Lava from these eruptions can be found across

784-587: The southern California coast by Native American Chumash people , from the Coastal plains and valleys of San Luis Obispo to Malibu , neighboring inland and Transverse Ranges valleys and canyons east to bordering the San Joaquin Valley , to three adjacent Channel Islands : San Miguel , Santa Rosa , and Santa Cruz . The Chumashan languages may be, along with Yukian and perhaps languages of southern Baja California such as Waikuri , one of

833-451: The 1770s and 1830s: Roland Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber suggested that the Chumashan languages might be related to the neighboring Salinan in a Iskoman grouping. Edward Sapir accepted this speculation and included Iskoman in his classification of Hokan . More recently it has been noted that Salinan and Chumashan shared only one word, which the Chumashan languages probably borrowed from Salinan (the word for 'white clam shell', which

882-445: The 1940s until at least 1965. No rabbits were recorded from Middle or West Anacapa. Domestic cats were introduced to Anacapa as pets of the fisherman "Frenchy" after whom Frenchy's Cove on West Island is named. In 1966, there remained a small population. Sheep were grazed on the island for many years. There are records from the 1870s through the 1930s. Many writers reported that in the absence of springs on Anacapa sheep would lick

931-600: The 1970s. The islets of Anacapa also host the largest breeding colony of western gulls in the world. Western gulls begin their nesting efforts at the end of April, sometimes making their shallow nests just inches from trails. Fluffy chicks hatch in May and June and fly away from the nests in July. The only native land mammal on the island is a unique subspecies of deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus anacapae ) which occurs on all three islets, but nowhere else. ( San Clemente Island in

980-478: The Anacapa Light Station. Only small patches and individuals of native plants remained. Malacothrix junakii is a rare species of aster known by the common names Anacapa Island desert-dandelion, Junak's desert dandelion, and Junak's malacothrix that is endemic to Anacapa, where it is known from just two occurrences. It occurs in the coastal scrub of the island and was described to science as

1029-539: The U.S. Coast Guard planted two types of iceplant on East Anacapa Islet: red-flowered iceplant ( Malephora crocea ) and sea fig, also called freeway iceplant ( Carpobrotus edulis x aequilaterus ) . Both species are highly invasive. The National Park Service has initiated a restoration project to eradicate all of the ice plant by 2016, the centennial of the National Park Service Organic Act . Vegetation on Anacapa began to recover after

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1078-606: The United States . The next resident of the island was Raymond "Frenchy" LeDreau, who occupied four shacks on West Anacapa at Frenchy's Cove, living as a recluse for the next 30 years, departing the island in his eighties after the island had become a national monument . On a visit around 1910, Charles Frederick Holder noted " kitchen-middens , and deposits of ancient shells, and the tell-tale black earth " of hearths . The United States Lighthouse Service built an acetylene -powered light and whistling buoy in 1912 at

1127-481: The channel and fouled beaches from Ventura to Goleta, was a major spur to the budding environmental movement . The Santa Barbara Channel contains the world's largest natural oil seepage – Coal Oil Point . Goleta Point is a nearby extension into the channel. Point Arguello , a headland near the city of Lompoc , was the site of the Honda Point disaster in 1923, in which seven US Navy destroyers ran aground, in

1176-608: The east end of the island, and constructed the East Anacapa Island Light between 1930 and 1932. It was the last lighthouse built by the Lighthouse Service on the California coast. The facility was staffed by U.S. Coast Guard six-man crews serving two-year tours of duty from 1939 onwards. The facility included Mission Revival houses , a heavy-lift boom for raising supply boats , three 2,000-US-gallon (1,700 imp gal; 7,600 L) fuel tanks,

1225-507: The endemic Anacapa deer mouse, and for many small birds. The island's stands of giant coreopsis, as well as all the other plants of its coastal bluff community, were devastated by sheep grazing in the late 1800s and early 1900s, rabbit browsing in 1910-1950s, and by large-scale destruction of native vegetation associated with facility and road development by the United States Coast Guard during construction and manning of

1274-431: The entire group. Its strange rocks, moving, passing, intermingling, made a strong impression on my mind, an impression of warring nature, conflicts of wind and rock, of seas eating into its very vitals, of caves that undermine it, and of the old rock fighting for its very life against the sea. Anacapa Island, located only about 11 mi (10 nmi; 18 km) from the urbanized coast of Southern California ], provides

1323-554: The incidents. Scientists estimate that over 80 endangered whales are killed from vessel collisions off the U.S. west coast each year. 34°14′31″N 119°53′24″W  /  34.24194°N 119.89000°W  / 34.24194; -119.89000 Anacapa Island Anacapa Island ( Chumash : Anyapax , meaning "mirage, illusion") is a small volcanic island located about 11 miles (9.6 nmi; 18 km) off Port Hueneme in Ventura County, California . The island

1372-485: The increasingly rare seabird Scripps's murrelet (a threatened species known as Xantus's murrelet until 2012). The cliffs are also an important location for the ashy storm-petrel . The largest breeding colony of the California brown pelican in the United States, and one of only two in California, also occurs on Anacapa Island. This is where the brown pelican has been able to recover dramatically from near-extinction in

1421-437: The island for sheep ranching or building the lighthouse. The National Park Service says there is evidence they were present in 1907. A 1979 study noted that they could have been introduced from a shipwreck , such as that of SS  Winfield Scott in 1853. European rabbits were introduced to East Island either as an emergency food supply for lighthouse personnel during World War II or as pets. They were present from

1470-490: The island is in Census Tract 36.12 of Ventura County, California. The official 2000 census population was three permanent residents, all at the ranger station in the eastern part of East Island. 34°00′14″N 119°23′41″W  /  34.00389°N 119.39472°W  / 34.00389; -119.39472 Chumashan languages Chumashan is an extinct and revitalizing family of languages that were spoken on

1519-541: The island, starting in the 1850s or 1860s. Louis le Mesnager then signed a five-year lease with the United States Government around 1897, but his lease and sheep were taken over by Herman Bayfield Webster in 1907. His Sheep Camp operation was located on Middle Anacapa, which included five shacks and about 500 sheep. Ira Eaton acquired the lease in 1917 and held it until 1927, and used the island for his bootleg alcohol operation during Prohibition in

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1568-625: The largest peacetime loss of US Navy ships. Prior to the Holocene era sea levels were considerably lower, such that the water width separating the islands from the mainland was much less, making biological colonization as well as human transport across the channel easier. In recent times the Native American Chumash peoples navigated these waters with ease in small watercraft , allowing communication and trade between island and mainland villages. C. Michael Hogan reviews some of

1617-468: The mainland in the early 19th century. John Peabody Harrington conducted fieldwork on all the above Chumashan languages, but obtained the least data on Island Chumash, Purisimeño, and Obispeño. There is no linguistic data on Cuyama, though ethnographic data suggests that it was likely Chumash (Interior Chumash). The languages are named after the local Franciscan Spanish missions in California where Chumashan speakers were relocated and aggregated between

1666-425: The moisture that accumulated on each other's fleeces from the coastal fog. The native flora was affected by the forage grasses that farmers introduced to feed their flocks, and by soil-compaction caused by the sheep's hooves. Reproduction of ground-nesting species such as the meadowlark and horned lark is also thought to have been harmed by grazing. After completion of the lighthouse and associated facilities,

1715-642: The older names based on the local missions. Obispeño was the most divergent Chumashan language. The Central Chumash languages include Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño. There was a dialect continuum across this area, but the form of the language spoken in the vicinity of each mission was distinct enough to qualify as a different language. There is very little documentation of Purisimeño. Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño each had several dialects, although documentation usually focused on just one. Island Chumash had different dialects on Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island , but all speakers were relocated to

1764-409: The oldest language families established in California, before the arrival of speakers of Penutian , Uto-Aztecan , and perhaps even Hokan languages . Chumashan, Yukian, and southern Baja languages are spoken in areas with long-established populations of a distinct physical type. The population in the core Chumashan area has been stable for the past 10,000 years. However, the attested range of Chumashan

1813-494: The region, and in depths of up to 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The rocks that make up Anacapa are composed of lava , breccias , volcanic ash , and cinders . Erosion has heavily weathered the lava formations of Anacapa, and wave action caused the island to split into three islets in recent prehistoric times. The islets display a wide variety of erosional features including sea arches , sea caves , stacks , wave-cut platforms , surge channels , and blowholes . West Anacapa

1862-553: The removal of sheep about 1938 and rabbits in the 1950s. Black rats were successfully eradicated from Anacapa Island by 2003, under a controversial program that involved an aerial application of the rodenticide brodifacoum with the assistance of Island Conservation . This was the first time a rodenticide had been applied aerially in North America (the technique was pioneered in New Zealand ). One complicating factor

1911-566: The residences in 1970, while sharing the wharf and hoist facilities. Frenchy's Cove was cleaned up starting in June 1959, and a permanent park ranger replaced the seasonal one in the mid-1970s. On January 31, 2000, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashed near the island following a catastrophic loss of pitch control caused by jackscrew , killing all 88 people aboard. Along with the Channel Islands Beach area of Port Hueneme,

1960-456: The result of a study, PVA determined that a population of 333 deer mice had a high chance of survival. Approximately 300 deer mice were captured prior to the application of rodenticide and reintroduced after poison levels had dropped, which was about three months. The program cost about $ 1.8 million. A study after the eradication project showed that nesting attempts by Scripps's murrelets on Anacapa had more than doubled, average hatching success

2009-471: The southern Channel Islands also has an endemic subspecies of deer mouse.) Anacapa has two native reptiles: an endemic form of the side-blotched lizard ( Uta stansburiana hesperis ); and the less-common California alligator lizard ( Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata). There is one amphibian, the Channel Islands slender salamander ( Batrachoseps pacificus ). Marine mammals and other marine life abound on Anacapa. Anacapa's prolific and dense vegetation

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2058-472: The theories of colonization of the rare species Torrey Pine , Pinus torreyana to the islands, suggesting that it is likely that Chumash peoples carried the initial cones in their Tomols. The pygmy mammoth , an extinct, endemic species, were capable swimmers able to cross the channel and adapt to the island environment by insular dwarfism . As of at least 2011, a few endangered species of whale (including blue , fin , and humpback ) have begun to feed in

2107-489: The unpublished fieldnotes of linguist John Peabody Harrington . Especially well documented are Barbareño , Ineseño , and Ventureño . The last native speaker of a Chumashan language was Barbareño speaker Mary Yee , who died in 1965. Six Chumashan languages are attested , all now extinct. However, most of them are in the process of revitalization, with language programs and classes. Contemporary Chumash people now prefer to refer to their languages by native names rather than

2156-499: Was George Vancouver who labeled it Enecapa on his 1790 chart, while the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey labeled it Anacapa in 1854. On the night of December 2, 1853, the sidewheel steamer SS  Winfield Scott , running at full speed, crashed into the rocks off Middle Anacapa and sank. All of the passengers survived and were rescued after a week. George Nidever was the first person to raise sheep on

2205-574: Was once dominated by the showy giant coreopsis ( Leptosyne gigantea ) previously named Coreopsis gigantea , an erect, shrubby perennial with a stout, succulent trunk growing to some 8 ft (2 m) tall. The main trunk grows up to 5 in (13 cm) thick and often resembles a small tree. During its blooming season, March to May, it bursts forth with a mass of showy, bright yellow flowers and green leaves. Giant coreopsis provided shelter and perches for seabirds and land birds, and nesting habitat for many. The prolific seeds provided abundant food for

2254-479: Was only five miles (8 km) off the coast. The islands are visible from the mainland on clear days. Excursion boats cross the channel, taking visitors to watch whales and visit the islands. In the perpendicular (east-west) direction, huge cargo ships and tankers occupy a major shipping lane on their way to or from the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach . The Channel is the location of numerous oil fields, some of which have substantial reserves. These include

2303-418: Was the presence of the native deer mouse subspecies ( Peromyscus maniculatus anacapae ). This was the first time that biologists had attempted to eradicate one rodent species from an entire island where an endemic rodent was present. A tool called Population Viability Analysis, or PVA, is a species-specific method used to assess the probability of a population's extinction in a given number of years. Based on

2352-509: Was up from 42 to 80 percent, and average nest predation was down from 52 to 7 percent. Only four months after the rodenticide applications, Cassin's auklet ( Ptychoramphus aleuticus ) began nesting on Anacapa. This was significant as there were no previous records of the bird nesting on the island and it is known to be highly susceptible to rat predation. The region experiences warm and dry summers and mild winters with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F (22.0 °C). Its climate

2401-407: Was used as currency). As a result, the inclusion of Chumashan into Hokan is now disfavored by most specialists, and the consensus is that Chumashan has no identified linguistic relatives. The Chumashan languages are well known for their consonant harmony (regressive sibilant harmony). Mithun presents a scholarly synopsis of Chumashan linguistic structures. The Central Chumash languages all have

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