66-621: Santiago–Tuguegarao Road is a major national primary road in the provinces of Cagayan , Kalinga , and Isabela in the Philippines . It is a bypass road of the Pan-Philippine Highway , also known as Cagayan Valley Road , connecting to the cities of Tuguegarao and Santiago . The road is designated as National Route 51 ( N51 ) of the Philippine highway network . Santiago–Tuguegarao Road starts at Mabini Junction,
132-589: A barangay government is the mandate of the mayor and the Sanggunian of the component city or municipality of which the barangay in question is a part. Provinces are classified according to average annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years. Effective July 29, 2008, the thresholds for the income classes for cities are: A province's income class determines the size of the membership of its Sangguniang Panlalawigan , and also how much it can spend on certain items, or procure through certain means. When
198-699: A density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometre or 360 inhabitants per square mile. The majority of people living in Cagayan are of Ilocano descent, mostly from migrants coming from the Ilocos Region . Originally, the more numerous groups were the Ibanags , who were first sighted by the Spanish explorers and converted to Christianity by missionaries, the reason why the Ibanag language had spread throughout
264-533: A prehistoric civilization with rich and diverse culture. According to archaeologists, the earliest man in the Philippines probably lived in Cagayan thousands of years ago. In the classical era, Gattaran and Lal-lo was the home of hunter-gatherers who specialized in hunting mollusks. These hunter-gatherers have stockpiled their leftover mollusk shells in numerous sites in Gattaran and Lal-lo, until eventually,
330-600: A roundabout intersection with Maharlika Highway and R.C. Miranda Road in Barangay Mabini, Santiago City . Heading north, it then runs straight to the north where it traverses the municipalities of Ramon , San Mateo , and Cabatuan in Isabela. At the poblacion of Cabatuan, the road turns north at its intersection with Santiago–Tuguegarao Bypass Road, where the Triangle Park is situated. It then crosses
396-619: A year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against
462-566: Is a province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region , covering the northeastern tip of Luzon . Its capital is Tuguegarao , the largest city of that province as well as the regional center of Cagayan Valley. It is about 431 kilometres (268 mi) northwest of Manila , and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north. The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga and Isabela to
528-465: Is determined by its income class. First- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members; third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 16 regularly elected SP members, and Cebu , Negros Occidental and Pangasinan which have twelve each. Every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to
594-536: Is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as either "highly urbanized" or "independent component" cities are independent from the province, as provided for in Section 29 of the Local Government Code of 1991. Although such a city is a self-governing second-level entity, in many cases it is often presented as part of the province in which it
660-402: Is geographically located, or in the case of Zamboanga City , the province it last formed part the congressional representation of . Local government units classified as "component" cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government. In order to make sure that all component city or municipal governments act within the scope of their prescribed powers and functions,
726-737: Is governed by an elected legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan and an elected governor . The provinces are grouped into eighteen regions based on geographical, cultural, and ethnological characteristics. Thirteen of these regions are numerically designated from north to south, while the National Capital Region, the Cordillera Administrative Region , the Southwestern Tagalog Region (Mimaropa),
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#1732798184403792-518: Is governed by two main elected branches of the government: executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines . Each province has at least one branch of a Regional Trial Court . The provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. Provincial governors are elected to a term of three years and limited to three consecutive terms and appoint
858-659: Is limited by the Philippine Constitution. The President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government . For purposes of national representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district . One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives . Senatorial representation
924-704: Is short bypass of Santiago–Tuguegarao Road in Cabatuan, Isabela . This bypass road is designated as National Route 53 ( N53 ) of the Philippine highway network . It connects Cabatuan , Luna and Cauayan . Cagayan Cagayan ( / k ɑː ɡ ə ˈ j ɑː n / kah-gə- YAHN ), officially the Province of Cagayan ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Cagayan ; Ibanag : Provinsiya na Cagayan ; Itawit : Provinsiya ya Cagayan ; Isnag : Provinsia nga Cagayan ; Ivatan : Provinsiya nu Cagayan ; Gaddang : Provinsia na Cagayan ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Cagayan ),
990-492: The 1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite as a sham election. He disappeared without a trace in August 1980 after unknown men tried to capture him in front of his students the day before. He was later honored by having his name inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani , in recognition of his martyrdom while resisting authoritarianism. During that time, logging concessions were awarded in
1056-570: The Armed Forces of the Philippines Civil Relations Service. The stand-off deteriorated into a series of gun-battles throughout the town, with Florendo being killed presumably in a crossfire inside the hotel and Aguinaldo managing to escape and go into hiding before later surrendering and being cleared of legal charges by winning reelection in 1992. He was later elected congressman in 1998 but was assassinated by
1122-730: The Cordillera mountains and those north of the Caraballo mountains ) including the islands in the Balintang Channel were organized into one large political unit called the La Provincia de Cagayán . The provincia' s territorial delineation encompassed the present provinces of Batanes , Isabela , Quirino , Nueva Vizcaya , including portions of Kalinga , Apayao , Mountain Province , Ifugao , and Aurora . Its capital
1188-454: The Diocese of Nueva Segovia . Today, only 9,295.75 square kilometres (3,589.11 sq mi) remain of the former vastness of the province. The entire region, however, is still referred to as Cagayan Valley . A folk legend holds that the name was originally derived from the tagay , a plant that grows abundantly in the northern part of the province. The term Catagayan , "the place where
1254-492: The Magat River vis Magat Bridge and traverses the municipalities of Aurora , San Manuel , Roxas , Mallig , and Quezon in Isabela before entering the province of Kalinga . In Kalinga, it traverses the lowland municipalities of Tabuk , the province's capital, and Rizal , away from their poblacion s. It then re-enters Isabela and traverses the municipalities of Santo Tomas and Santa Maria . In Santa Maria, Isabela,
1320-697: The Maritime Jade Road , one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world, operating for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. Even before the Spaniards came to Cagayan, the Cagayanos have already made contact with various civilizations like the Chinese , Japanese and even Indians , as evidenced by various artifacts and even the presence of minor to moderate foreign linguistic elements in
1386-727: The Martial Law period under President Ferdinand Marcos . His influence enabled the construction of Port Irene, a modernized international harbor facility in Santa Ana that was named after Marcos' daughter Irene , which later formed the basis for the creation of the Cagayan Special Economic Zone and Freeport , whose enabling law was authored by Enrile as a Senator in 1995 and now includes Santa Ana and parts of Aparri . Loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign caused
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#17327981844031452-670: The Negros Island Region , and the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao are only designated by acronyms. Each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines , an organization that aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the republic. Each province
1518-657: The New People's Army in 2001. Cagayan has been heavily impacted by changing weather pattern changes resulting from climate change, with the 2020 Ulysses flood being counted as one of the most severe examples. In November 2020, Typhoon Vamco (locally known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ulysses) crossed the country, dams from all around Luzon neared their spilling points, forcing them to release large amounts of water into their impounds including Magat Dam. The dam opened all of its 7 gates at 24 metres (79 ft), releasing over 5,037 cubic metres (1,331,000 US gal) of water into
1584-492: The People Power Revolution two weeks after the election, and in the following one year in which the Philippines was under an interim provisional revolutionary government between 1986 and 1987. This included Enrile, whose failed attempt to lead a coup against Marcos was one of the precipitating events behind the revolution, and former Cagayan Governor Teresa J. Dupaya, who supported the opposition during
1650-789: The Tuguegarao Cathedral , it turns north and assumes such local street name. It then turns northeast towards the Balzain Bridge II and becomes Balzain Highway. The road ends at the Tuguegarao Junction, a roundabout intersection with Maharlika Highway ( Cagayan Valley Road ) and Tuguegarao Diversion Road II. Intersections are numbered by kilometer post, with Rizal Park in Manila designated as kilometer zero . The Santiago–Tuguegarao Bypass Road
1716-556: The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages . All remaining speakers of the languages are among the community's elders. Without a municipality-wide teaching mechanism of the two endangered languages for the youth where the languages are present, the languages may be extinct within 3-5 decades, making them languages in grave peril unless a teaching-mechanism is established by either the government or an educational institution in
1782-707: The central plains , and Cebuanos and Hiligaynons from Visayas and Mindanao . Major languages spoken are Ilocano followed by Ibanag , Yogad and Gaddang . Ilocanos and Ibanags speak Ilocano with an Ibanag accent, as descendants of Ilocanos from first generation in Cagayan who lived within Ibanag population learned Ibanag; same situation with Ilocano tinged by Gaddang, Paranan, Yogad, and Itawis accents when descendants of Ilocanos from first generation in Cagayan who lived within Gaddang , Paranan , Yogad , and Itawis populations learned their languages. People especially in
1848-482: The tagay grows" was shortened to Cagayan . Linguists, however, hold that cagayan comes from an ancient, lost word that means "river". Variations of this word— karayan , kayan , kahayan, kayayan , kagayan and kalayan —all mean river , referring to Cagayan River . It is said to have also shared etymology with Cagayan de Oro in Mindanao with the similar reference, also called Cagayan River . Cagayan has
1914-708: The Cagayan River flooding numerous riverside towns. Waters under the Buntun Bridge went up as high as 13 metres (43 ft), flooding the nearby barangays up to the roofs of houses. Because there was very little media coverage of the flooding in the area in the wake of the COVID-19 lockdown in Luzon and the Shutdown of ABS-CBN broadcasting earlier that year, residents resorted to social media to request
1980-532: The Ibanag-Ilocano culture make Cagayan their home; Ibatans are native to Babuyan Island . More recently, a new group from the south, the Muslim Filipinos , have migrated to this province and have made a community for themselves. In addition to this, Tagalog-speaking peoples from Central Luzon and Southern Luzon have also settled in the area, as well as a few Pangasinans and Kapampangans from
2046-620: The Japanese Occupation, several pre-war infantry divisions and regular units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army were re-established during the period on January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946. They established general headquarters, camps and garrisoned troops in the province of Cagayan, and began operations against the Japanese Occupation forces in the Cagayan Valley. This included sending troops to
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2112-540: The Japanese pirate-lord Tay Fusa set up his stronghold there before its destruction during the 1582 Cagayan battles . In 1581, Captain Juan Pablo Carreon arrived in Cagayan with a hundred fully equipped soldiers and their families by order of Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñaloza , the fourth Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines . The expeditionary force was sent to explore the Cagayan Valley , to convert
2178-507: The Local Government Code mandates the provincial governor to review executive orders issued by mayors, and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan to review legislation by the Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council) or Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Council), of all component cities and municipalities under the province's jurisdiction. The provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over
2244-495: The Marcos dictatorship. In Tuguegarao, Camp Marcelo Adduru became the province's main detention center for "political detainees" , who were often never formally charged with a crime, and thus technically not counted by Marcos as "prisoners." Others disappeared without the trace for daring to speak against Marcos, such as Romeo Crismo , a teacher at Cagayan Teacher’s College and St. Louis College in Tuguegarao, who criticized
2310-542: The Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn in the last months of the 1960s. Known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , this led to social unrest throughout the country beginning with the First Quarter Storm protests of 1970, and incidents of violence like the Plaza Miranda bombing . Marcos responded by vilifying his critics as "communists" and suspending the privilege of
2376-831: The Philippines. The establishment of the civil government of Cagayan through the 1583 Spanish Royal Decree is commemorated in the annual Aggao Nac Cagayan celebrations of the Provincial Government of Cagayan and its people. When the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898, ending the Spanish–American War , the United States took over the Philippines. It influenced the culture, most notably in agriculture and education, as well as in public works and communications. A naval base also increased interaction between local Filipinos and American sailors and administrators. At
2442-579: The Second World War. After World War II Baldomero Perez of Tuguegarao was temporarily appointed as Governor of Cagayan by the Philippine Civil Affairs Unit, serving until he was replaced by Peregrino R. Quinto in 1946. Beginning in the 1970s, Cagayan became known as a bailiwick of Juan Ponce Enrile of Gonzaga , who as Secretary and later Minister of National Defense became one of the most powerful figures during
2508-477: The capital and commercial centers speak and understand English and Tagalog / Filipino . Tagalogs, Ilocanos, and Ibanags speak Tagalog with an Ibanag accent, as descendants of Tagalogs from first generation in Cagayan who lived within Ibanag population learned Ibanag. Other languages native in the province are Isnag , Itawis , & Ivatan , the latter is native in Babuyan Island. Languages not native in
2574-519: The close of the 18th century, there were 29 municipalities in the province of Cagayan. After the Philippines came under American sovereignty in 1902, more municipalities were founded. Since then, due to centralization and shifting of populations, the number of municipalities is back to 29. A new wave of immigration began in the late 19th and 20th centuries with the arrival of another group of the Ilocano settlers who came in large numbers. They now constitute
2640-508: The concluding action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf . The Japanese lost 4 carriers, 3 light cruisers and 9 destroyers. In 1945, the combined United States and Philippine troops, together with the recognized guerrillas, took Cagayan. Part of the action were the Filipino soldiers of the 11th and 14th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL liberated the province of Cagayan during
2706-468: The different villages along the rivers all over Cagayan. The Spaniards rightly judged that these various villagers came from a single racial stock and decided to make the Ibanag language the lingua franca , both civilly and ecclesiastically for the entire people of Cagayan which they called collectively as the Cagayanes which later was transliterated to become Cagayanos . Cagayan was a major site for
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2772-482: The directors of each provincial department which include the office of administration, engineering office, information office, legal office, and treasury office. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniang Panlalawigan ( SP ; "Provincial Board"), the province's legislative body. Every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province
2838-628: The election and was re-appointed to her old post as Governor when the provisional government was established. Cagayan was also the site of the Hotel Delfino Siege in Tuguegarao , which took place on March 4, 1990, when efforts to arrest suspended governor Rodolfo Aguinaldo for supporting rebellions against the government of President Corazon Aquino led to him storming the provincial capitol and taking hostages including his would-be arresting officer, Brigadier General Oscar Florendo of
2904-486: The end of the 1700s, Zambales had 9,888 native families. The see was moved in 1758 to Vigan because of its relative distance. The Spanish influence can still be seen in the massive churches and other buildings. In 1839, Nueva Vizcaya was established as a politico-military province and was separated from Cagayan. Later, Isabela was founded as a separate province on May 1, 1856, its areas carved from southern Cagayan and eastern Nueva Vizcaya territories. During
2970-512: The languages of the natives. Various other peoples, mainly the Ilocanos , Pangasinenses , Kapampangans and Tagalogs , as well as Visayans , Moros , Ivatans , and even foreigners like the Chinese, Indians, Arabs , Spaniards and others were further infused to the native Cagayanes to become the modern Cagayano that we know today. The north coast was also the site of a Wokou state when
3036-483: The largest group in the province, and it was only in this large-scale Ilocano immigration & settlement that made Ilocano language replaced Ibanag as the lingua franca of the province. During the Second World War , with air raids by Japanese fighters and bombers, the province of Cagayan suffered much destruction by bombing and later invasion. Japanese Imperial forces entered Cagayan in 1942. While under
3102-466: The late 18th century, the New Spain government encouraged the expansion of trade and development of commodity crops. Among these was tobacco , and lands in Cagayan became the center of a vertically integrated monopoly: tobacco was grown there and shipped to Manila, where it was processed and made into cigarettes and cigars. The development of the related bureaucracy and accounting systems was done under
3168-505: The leadership of José de Gálvez , who as visitor-general to Mexico from 1765 to 1772 developed the monopoly there and increased revenues to the Crown. He worked in the Philippines as Minister of the Indies from 1776 to 1787, constructing a similar monopoly there under Governor-General Basco y Vargas (1778–1787). The Spanish development of this industry affected all their economic gains in
3234-450: The municipalities of Gattaran and Baggao . Poverty incidence of Cagayan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Agricultural products are rice, corn, peanut, beans, and fruits. Livestock products include cattle, hogs, carabaos, and poultry. Fishing various species of fish from the coastal towns is also undertaken. Woodcraft furniture made of hardwood, rattan, bamboo, and other indigenous materials are also available in
3300-424: The national government for rescue. As a result of the catastrophe, the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) indicated that it would review its protocols regarding the release of water in Magat Dam and improve its watershed. Situated within the Cagayan Valley region, the province is bounded by the Philippine Sea on the east; on the south by Isabela province; on the west by the Cordillera Mountains ; and on
3366-399: The natives to Catholicism , and to establish ecclesiastical missions and towns throughout the valley. On June 29, 1583, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo traced the northern coastline of Luzon and set foot on the Massi (Pamplona), Tular , and Aparri areas. In 1583, through a Spanish Royal Decree , the entire northeastern portion of Luzon (specifically, all territories east of
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#17327981844033432-418: The north by the Balintang Channel and the Babuyan Group of Islands . About 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the northeastern tip of the province is the island of Palaui ; a few kilometers to the west is Fuga Island . The Babuyan Group of Islands , which includes Calayan , Dalupiri , Camiguin , and Babuyan Claro , is about 60 nautical miles (110 km) north of Luzon mainland. The eastern coast forms
3498-466: The northern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range, while the western limits are generally hilly to low in elevation. The central area, dominated by a large valley, forms the lower basin of the country's longest river, the Cagayan . The mouth is located at the northern town of Aparri . The province of Cagayan comprises an aggregate land area of 9,295.75 square kilometres (3,589.11 sq mi) which constitutes approximately three percent of
3564-492: The province are also spoken there such as Maranao , Maguindanaon , Tausug , Pangasinan , Kapampangan , Cebuano and Hiligaynon to varying degrees by their respective ethnic communities within the province. There are two endangered indigenous languages in Cagayan. These are the Dupaninan Agta language (with fewer than 1400 remaining speakers) and the Central Cagayan Agta language (with fewer than 799 remaining speakers); both of these are listed as Vulnerable according to
3630-479: The province by the Marcoses to Enrile and other cronies, leading to the severe degradation of forest cover in the province that contributed to widespread flooding and other environmental issues that persist today. Cagayan saw incidents of political violence during the 1986 Philippine presidential election , including the fatal shooting by militiamen of opposition leader Euginio Coloma in the municipality of Buguey . A number of Cagayanon politicians played parts in
3696-421: The province comprise a total of 820 barangays , with Ugac Sur in Tuguegarao City as the most populous in 2010, and Centro 15 (Poblacion) in Aparri as the least. If cities are excluded, Maura in Aparri has the highest population. Cagayan has a tropical savannah climate ( Aw ) with hot days and warm nights that last year round. The population of Cagayan in the 2020 census was 1,268,603 people, with
3762-466: The province. Provinces of the Philippines In the Philippines , provinces ( Filipino : lalawigan or probinsiya ) are one of its primary political and administrative divisions . There are 82 provinces at present, which are further subdivided into component cities and municipalities . The local government units in the National Capital Region , as well as independent cities , are independent of any provincial government. Each province
3828-427: The provinces of Cagayan and Isabela , and helping the local soldiers of the 11th and 14th Infantry Regiment of the USAFIP-NL , the local guerrilla fighters and the U.S. liberation forces. They fought against the Japanese Imperial forces from 1942 to 1945. The Battle off Cape Engaño on October 26, 1944, was held off Cape Engaño . At that time American carrier forces attacked the Japanese Northern Force. This became
3894-416: The respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC), Philippine Councilors' League (PCL), and Sangguniang Kabataan ( SK ; "Youth Council"). The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province. Ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organizations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government
3960-505: The road makes a sharp left turn at its intersection with Cabagan–Santa Maria Road. It then enters the province of Cagayan and traverses the municipalities of Enrile and Solana , where it turns east at its intersection with Cagayan–Apayao Road. It crosses the Cagayan River through the Buntun Bridge and enters the city of Tuguegarao . Approaching the poblacion , it assumes local street names such as Luna Extension and Luna Street, respectively. At its intersection with Rizal Street, west of
4026-404: The shells formed into the largest stock of shell-midden sites in the entire Philippines. The Atta or Negritos were the first people in valley. They were later moved to the uplands or variably assimilated by the Austronesians, from whom the Ibanags , Itawes , Yogads, Gaddangs , Irayas and Malawegs descended - who actually came from one ethnicity. These are the people found by the Spaniards in
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#17327981844034092-408: The south. Cagayan was one of the early provinces that existed during the Spanish colonial period. Called La Provincia de Cagayan , its borders essentially covered the entire Cagayan Valley , which included the present provinces of Isabela , Quirino , Nueva Vizcaya , Batanes and portions of Kalinga , Apayao , and Aurora . The former capital was Nueva Segovia , which also served as the seat of
4158-425: The total land area of the country, making it the second largest province in the region. Cagayan comprises 28 municipalities and one city divided into three congressional districts . It has 820 barangays . Tuguegarao City (as of December 18, 1999) is the provincial capital, regional seat, and center of business, trade, and education and the only city in the province. The 28 municipalities and 1 city of
4224-486: The valley region prior to the arrival of the migrating Ilocanos. Cagayan is predominantly Roman Catholic with 85% of the population affiliated and the Aglipayan Church has a very strong minority in the province. The Iglesia Ni Cristo has three ecclesiastical districts in the province with 4-5% of the population. Aside from Ilocanos and Ibanags, Malawegs , Itawits , Gaddangs , Isnags , groups of nomadic Aetas , as well as families of Ibatans who have assimilated into
4290-450: The writ of habeas corpus through Proclamation No. 889 in August 1971, but this had the effect of pushing moderate student protesters towards the radical left, and causing many of them to go home to their home provinces like Cagayan. Marcos' actions thus lead the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines to gain a significant presence in many Cagayan municipalities, although not as much in Tuguegarao itself. With only
4356-589: Was Nueva Segovia (the present municipality of Lal-lo ). It was sometimes called Cagayán de Luzón to distinguish from other places bearing the name Cagayan. The Spanish friars soon established mission posts in Camalaniugan and Lal-lo ( Nueva Segovia ), which became the seat of the Diocese established by Pope Clement VIII on August 14, 1595. A founding population of 200 Spanish citizens from Europe accompanied by 100 soldiers set up settlements across Cagayan Valley . These people were in turn supplemented by 155 Latin American soldiers recruited from Mexico By
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