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26-500: Ortaköy was identified as the site of ancient Sapinuwa after a local farmer contacted Çorum Museum; he found two clay cuneiform tablets in his field. This led to a survey conducted in 1989, and more discoveries. Ankara University quickly obtained permission from the Ministry of Culture to begin excavation. This commenced in the following year, in 1990, under the leadership of Aygül and Mustafa Süel, and has continued since. Building A

52-415: A Hurrian name Tasmi-Sarri, in common with many other Hittite kings of that time, who also had Hurrian names. His queen was Tadu-Heba, which is also a Hurrian name. Their wedding ceremony is mentioned in many tablets from Sapinuwa, as well as from Hattusa. Sapinuwa is where Tudhaliya II resided for much of his reign, and many cuneiform tablets mentioning him were found, including international treaties. This

78-406: A campaign toward Hayasa (connected somehow with Azzi) on Tudhaliya's behalf. Tudhaliya III himself centralised the faith of Kizzuwatna to Samuha. Mursili appointed his youngest son Hattusili III priest of the local goddess, referred to as 'Ishtar of Samuha', identified in scholarship as either Sausga or the similar deity DINGIR.GE 6 The Hittites of Hattusa worshipped the goddess of Samuha as

104-542: A fragmentary vocabulary text listing useful plants, perhaps an advanced school tablet of the 14th century BCE, along with further discussion of the site, appeared in Aygul Süel and Oguz Soysal, "A Practical Vocabulary from Ortakoy"; also published is a letter from a queen. The site is divided into an Upper and a Lower City. The latter is divided into two main districts: the Ağılönü region and Tepelerarası; they are separated by

130-651: A navigable river, which tends to support the Euphrates location. Oliver Gurney notes in the above-cited work that the Halys river is also navigable in sections. He favored the Euphrates location, noting that the Murad Su, the present day Murat River had river traffic in 1866. The Murat river is a tributary of the Euphrates river. Both proposed locations are south of the Kaskian incursion that overtook Hattusa and required

156-547: A protective deity. Samuha was an important cult site of this goddess. Samuha disappears from the historical record after Hattusili III. In years past, scholars have been divided on the location of Samuha. Some maintained it was on the banks of the Euphrates river . Others believe it was located on the Halys river, presently called the Kızılırmak River . The Kızılırmak River is closer to Hattusa . Its headwaters are near

182-632: A stream which flows through the area. According to Erdal Atak, Northeast of Building D in the Tepelerarası district there is located Area G. A workshop has been uncovered here, featuring finds of intricately carved moulds. These moulds were used for fine silver work; large amounts of obsidian were also found nearby. These finds date to the end of the Middle Hittite period; this was the time of Tudhaliya II (also known as Tudhaliya III according to some scholars). This Tudhaliya II also had

208-683: The 15th century BC were the Kaskas . Oguz Soysal writes: "The excavators of Ortaköy believe that this city was a second capital of the Hittites or a royal residence , for a specific period, namely during the Middle Hittite Kingdom, ca. late 15th century B.C." However, "[m]ost of the epigraphic finds are dated to the last phase of the Hittite Middle Kingdom (ca. 1400-1380 B.C.)", contemporary with Tudhaliya I and

234-582: The Hittite leadership to move to Samuha. Mursili II talks of stopping in Samuha on his way home from the Kaska lands in his Ten Year Annals (KBo 34 iii 45), which would argue strongly against a location on or near the Euphrates. Already in 1959, Gurney and Garstang provided a very extended discussion about how Hittite documents seem to contradict a location for Samuha along the Euphrates, locating it instead along

260-671: The Kaskans, as well as the Hayasans and Arzawa. The Hittites commonly invoked the storm god of Sapinuwa alongside the storm god of Nerik . Given that Hattusa was to the south and Nerik likely further north, both of which had initially been Hattic speaking; that the Hattic language is found in the Sapinuwa archive alongside an apparent paucity of the Palaic language ; and that the name of

286-477: The Kizilirmak near modern Sivas, perhaps at Zara. They further pointed out that the town of Pittiyariga, often mentioned in the same texts as Samuha, which is associated with the upper Euphrates areas, must be further east yet. This whole issue was discussed in a great detail by Gurney and Garstang in their 1959 book, which was written long before the recent excavations at Kayalipinar provided more clarity on

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312-604: The archive at Maşat Höyük . It is possible that the Kaskas were responsible for the burnings that turned some of the building materials into coal in the 14th century BC. The Hittite court then moved away to Samuha . Ankara University Ankara University ( Turkish : Ankara Üniversitesi ) is a public university in Ankara , the capital city of Turkey. It was the first higher education institution founded in Turkey after

338-551: The big fire in the settlement. After the Karum period city was destroyed, the Hittites built a new city with a palace complex. Samuha was a primary base of field operations for the Hittites while the Kaskas were plundering the Hatti heartland, including the historic capital Hattusa , during the 14th century BC under kings Tudhaliya I-III and Suppiluliuma I . During this period, the religions of Samuha and Sapinuwa became influenced by

364-432: The building was burnt. At Kadilar Hoyuk, 150 meters southeast of Building A, "Building B" has proven to be a depot filled with earthenware jars. Another building features an "orthostat that looks like the relief of Tudhaliyas at Yazilikaya ". The fire which destroyed Sapinuwa also damaged its archive. Most of the tablets are fragmentary, and must be pieced together before interpretation and translation. Identification of

390-520: The city makes sense in Hattic as a theophoric ( sapi "god", Sapinuwa "[land] of the god"), it is likely that Hattians founded Sapinuwa as well. It is generally believed that it was Hattusili I who destroyed Nerik in the mid to late 17th century BCE. So it's possible that the Nesite -speaking people would have taken over Sapinuwa at the same time as well. The Hittites' enemy at that frontier during

416-522: The city of Sivas , 130 miles (209 km) away. The river flows to the east, south of Hattusa, then turns north to the west of Hattusa, discharging into the Black Sea. More recently (2021) there's more consensus that Samuha was located in Kayalipinar on the Kizilirmak river. This location is reflected in the coordinates given in this article. Hittite records indicate that Samuha was located on

442-547: The faith of the Hurrians. Excavations at Sapinuwa have revealed that at the beginning of this time, Sapinuwa held the archives for the kingdom. Under either Tudhaliya I or Tudhaliya II , Sapinuwa was burnt. Hattusili III later recorded of this time that Azzi had "made Samuha its frontier". Samuha then became the base for the reconquests of Tudhaliya III and his then-general Suppiluliuma. The Deeds of Suppiluliuma report that he brought Kaska captives back to Samuha after

468-491: The formation of the republic in 1923. The university has 40 vocational programs, 120 undergraduate programs and 110 graduate programs. Ankara University was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the first president of Turkey. Ankara University faculties are: School are: There are 41 research, application and education centers in Ankara University. The Department of Japanese Language and Literature

494-509: The matter. As of 2020, excavations by Andreas and Vuslat Müller-Karpe in Kayalıpınar, Yıldızeli have revealed cuneiform archives that strongly connect the site's identity with Samuha. Numerous important cuneiform texts were found in recent excavations. The first tablet fragment in Kayalıpınar was found in 1999, which prompted more archaeological research on the settlement mound. Already in

520-614: The northern bank of Kizil Irmak river, it was a city of the Hittites , a religious centre and, for a few years, a military capital for the empire. Samuha's faith was syncretistic . Rene Lebrun in 1976 called Samuha the "religious foyer of the Hittite Empire". Excavations revealed that the town was already inhabited during the ancient Assyrian trading colonies period ( Karum period ). Two residences (House of Tamura and House of Tatali) have been excavated. This period ended with

546-1014: The site as Sapinuwa immediately corrected a misunderstanding in Hittite geography. Due to the archives so far discovered at Hattusas, Sapinuwa had been thought to be a primarily Hurri -influenced city. Scholars of the Hattusas archive therefore positioned Sapinuwa to the southeast of Hattusa. Now Sapinuwa (and therefore the cities associated with it) are known to be to Hattusas's northeast. The Building A tablets are mostly in Hittite (1500); but also in Hurrian (600), "Hitto-Hurrian", Akkadian , and Hattian . In addition, there are bilingual texts, not heretofore known, in Hittite / Hattian and in Hittite / Hurrian; vocabulary lists in Hittite / Sumerian / Akkadian; and seal impressions in Hieroglyphic Luwian . The Hittite texts include many letters; Hurrian

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572-576: Was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister 's commendation for their contributions to promotion of Japanese language education in Turkey on December 1, 2020. 39°56′12″N 32°49′49″E  /  39.9367°N 32.8303°E  / 39.9367; 32.8303 Samuha Šamuḫa is an ancient settlement near the village of Kayalı Pinar , c. 40 km west of Sivas , in the Sivas Province of Turkey . Located on

598-505: Was burned down, after which the court moved to Samuha . Other Hittite cities in the area, such as Tapikka and Sarissa , also suffered destruction at this time. It is at this time of Hittite weakness that Arzawa in western Anatolia rose to international prominence reflected in the Amarna letters of Amenhotep III . These letters used Hittite language. Suppiluliuma I was the son of Tudhaliya II, and both of them spent much time fighting

624-579: Was excavated first, and then Building B in 1995. The building with the Yazılıkaya-style orthostate and 14th century BC charcoal was excavated after 2000. Aygül Süel has been the head of excavations at this site from 1996 onward. In the first excavated region was a Cyclopean-walled building dubbed "Building A". Building A has yielded 5000 tablets and fragments, dated to the time of Hittite ruler Tudhaliya II (c. 1360 – 1344 BC). They were stored in three separate archives on an upper floor, which collapsed when

650-495: Was mostly used for itkalzi (purification) rituals. Several of the letters corresponded with those mentioned in the Maşat Höyük archive. The dialect of Hittite in that correspondence was Middle Hittite, but the site was in use for centuries afterward. The first English-language publication from the excavation was by Aygul Süel, 2002. As of 2014, the archive had not been published. The first English-language publication of any text,

676-417: Was the time known in literature as ‘concentric invasions’, when the Hittite state was besieged by many enemies on all sides. At that time, the Kaskans repeatedly invaded Hittite territory. They also probably sacked the capital Hattusa, after which the court moved to Sapinuwa. A destruction of the capital, however, is neither archaeologically proven nor mentioned in contemporary reports. Nevertheless, Sapinuwa

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