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33-586: With the collapse of the Safavid Empire in 1722, the Caucasian provinces were thrown into chaos. The Ottomans and Russians seized this opportunity to invade, with Peter the Great invading in the summer of 1722 and capturing Derbent . The Ottomans invaded in the summer of 1723, and had taken all of Persia's caucasian provinces by 1725. However, the tribal groups of Azerbaijan resisted heavily. In

66-583: A seven month siege. Under Ali Khan's rule, the khanate had an alliance with the neighboring Ardabil Khanate and the Karabakh Khanate . When Ali Khan Shaqaqi died in 1786, he was succeeded by Sadiq Khan Shaqaqi . In 1787, Sadiq took Tabriz and killed the governor , Khoda-dad Khan Donboli. His followers also launched raids in Gilan . When Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar invaded Azerbaijan in early 1791, Sadiq retreated from Tabriz to defend Sarab, but he

99-583: A well-respected tribe leader, attempted to inform Shah Sultan Hussayn of the risks that a lack of strong leadership could cause for the empire. However, this displeased the Safavid political elite, who were content in their position of power and did not wish to see change in the system. Hotak was sent to be imprisoned in Isfahan by Gurgin Khan the governor of Georgia, but used this opportunity to get closer to

132-690: The Gulistan Palace and sometimes translated as the Rose Garden Palace from Persian language , was built in the 16th century, renovated in the 18th century and finally rebuilt in 1865. It is the former official royal Qajar complex in Tehran . One of the oldest historic monuments in the city of Tehran, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the Golestan Palace belongs to a group of royal buildings that were once enclosed within

165-662: The Zand dynasty (r. 1750–1779). Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar dynasty (1742–1797) chose Tehran as his capital. The arg became the seat of the Qajars (1794–1925). The court and palace of Golestan became the official residence of the Qajar dynasty. The palace was rebuilt to its current form in 1865 by Haji Ab ol Hasan Mimar Navai. During the Pahlavi era (1925–1979), the Golestan Palace

198-767: The Ottoman empire; in exchange, they recognized him as ruler. In 1729, the Persian military, under the rule of Shah Tahmasp II , son of ousted Shah Sultan Husayn , and his general Tahmasp Qoli Khan (later known as Nader Shah ), defeated the Afghan army in Khorasan in a quest to restore Safafid domains, and Ashraf was killed. This led to a series of victorious battles by the Safavids under brilliant military commandment by Nader. This concluded Afghan rule in 1730, followed by

231-495: The Persian overlordship. A series of ensuing punitive campaigns sent by the Safavid government were defeated. However, Mir Wais Hotak was captured and imprisoned. He eventually died in 1715, and soon after his death, his son Mahmud Hotak took over his battle and led the Pashtun army to the capital of the empire Isfahan in 1722. Isfahan was besieged by the Afghan forces led by Shah Mahmud Hotaki after their decisive victory over

264-821: The Safavi princes, as well as the Shah Sultan Husayn, were executed under the Ghilza supremacy. During that time, this political crisis motivated the Russian and Ottoman empire to declare war and conquer important Persian territories. Former Safavi-governed land in the Gilan and Azarbayjan area and in the Kurdish and Luristan territory were acquisitioned by both empires with the Treaty of Constantinople in 1724. This treaty

297-423: The Safavid army at the battle of Gulnabad , close to Isfahan, on 8 March 1722. While the exact number of soldiers who fought in this battle is unclear, Mahmud Hotak was estimated to have about 18,000 troops, while the Persian army counted around 40,000. After the battle, the Safavid forces fell back in disarray to Isfahan. This defeat would eventually cause the end of the Safavid empire, as Afghan troops approached

330-614: The Shah and convince him to send him back to Kandahar . Once there, he strategically befriended Gurgin Khan and eventually murdered him, leading to a series of revolts in the region. The Safavids, at that time being strongly in favor of Shia Islam , heavily oppressed the Sunni Pashtuns in what is now Afghanistan. Making use of the opportunity provided by the Safavid decline, the Pashtuns led by Mir Wais Hotak had rebelled against

363-404: The buildings of the complex were destroyed on the orders of Reza Shah. He believed that the centuries-old Qajar palace should not hinder the growth of a modern city. In the place of the old buildings, commercial buildings with the modern style of 1950s and 1960s were erected. The complex of Golestan Palace consists of 17 structures, including palaces, museums, and halls. Almost all of this complex

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396-722: The capital of the Safavid dynasty of Iran , by the Hotaki -led Afghan army. It lasted from March to October 1722 and resulted in the city's fall and the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. The Iranian Safavid Empire, once a powerful empire, had been in decline since the late 17th century. This was brought about by the lack of interest in ruling by many of the Shahs of that period, royal intrigues, civil unrest, especially among many of its subjects, and recurrent wars with their Ottoman arch rivals. Some subjects such as Mir Wais Hotak ,

429-420: The capital. The Afghans lacked artillery to breach the city walls and blockaded Isfahan in order to subdue Shah Sultan Husayn Safavi , and the city's defenders into surrender. Ill-organized Safavid efforts to relieve the siege failed and the shah's disillusioned Georgian vassal, Vakhtang VI of Kartli , refused to come to the Safavids' aid. Shah Husayn's son, Tahmasp , and some 600 soldiers fled their way out of

462-629: The city in order to release a relief army. However, after 8 months famine prevailed and the shah capitulated on 23 October, abdicating in favor of Mahmud, who triumphantly entered the city on 25 October 1722. The Afghans would remain in Persia until 1729. After the battle of Gulnabad in 1722 and until 1729, political control shifted from the Safavid dynasty to the succession of rule by the Ghilza 'i Afghans Mahmud , followed by his cousin Ashraf . Most of

495-554: The crown jewels and royal insignia to him. The camp at the city was broken up and Sadiq quickly moved to cross the Aras River and secured his control over most of Iranian Azerbaijan. He attacked Qazvin with an army of 15,000 tribesmen. In the chaos that ensued, Baba Khan , the governor of Shiraz , marched to Tehran and secured the city. He marched against the Shaqaqis and forced him to retreat to Sarab, where Sadiq surrendered. He

528-579: The elders of Tehran). It is believed that his house was located in the area of the royal citadel and later they were transformed into new buildings with changes. The beginning of the royal citadel can be traced back to the time of Suleiman I , with the construction of a palace in the Chenaristan area, a Divankhane where Soltan Hoseyn in the last year of his reign meet with the Ottoman government's ambassador, Ahmad Dari Effendi. Tehran's arg ("citadel")

561-498: The fountain into the pond and was later used to irrigate the palace grounds. Nasser ed Din Shah of the Qajar dynasty was fond of this corner of the Golestan Palace. Works of European painters presented to the Qajar court are housed at the Pond House. The Pond House was used as a summer chamber during the Qajar era. The Brilliant Hall was named so for it is adorned by the brilliant mirror work of Iranian artisans. The hall

594-583: The interior residence of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty . The basic structure of the Karim Khani Nook is similar to the Marble Throne. Like the latter, it is a terrace. There is a small marble throne inside the terrace. The structure is much smaller than the Marble Throne and it has much less ornamentation. There was once a small pond with a fountain in the middle of this terrace. Water from a subterranean stream (the king's qanat ) flowed from

627-478: The mud-thatched walls of Tehran's arg ("citadel"). It consists of gardens, royal buildings, and collections of Iranian crafts and European presents from the 18th and 19th centuries. The origin of the Tehran's royal citadel can be traced back to July 6, 1404; when Ruy González de Clavijo , the envoy of Enrique III , traveled to Samarkand to meet with Timur , and he chose to stay at the house of Baba Sheikh (one of

660-732: The rebels by January 1729. However, the Safavid Restoration and Tahmasp Qoli Khan 's campaign left them no room to consolidate their hold on Azerbaijan . By 1732 Moghan was back under Iranian control. During the reign of the Afsharids , Nader Shah deported many of the Shaqaqi to Khorasan ; however upon his assassination in June 1747, the Shaqaqi migrated back to Azerbaijan. Instead of resettling at Meshkin they chose to settle at Sarab and Mianeh , as during their absence Meshkin

693-895: The restoration of the former Safavid political-economic system under Tahmasp II. Nader was proclaimed shah in 1736 after deposing the newly appointed shah, Abbas III , son of Tahmasp II. Now ruler of Persia, he set to conquer India, with the opening Battle of Karnal in 1739. In 1743, he went to war for the second time against the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1746. Nader Shah was assassinated by his own troops in 1747 while trying to dissolute an uprising against him in Khorasan . Axworthy, Michael (2006). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant . I.B. Tauris . ISBN   1-85043-706-8 . Golestan Palace The Golestan Palace ( Persian : کاخ گلستان , Kākh-e Golestān ), also transliterated as

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726-706: The spring of 1726 the Shahsevan of Moghan and Shaqaqi of Meshkin rose against the Ottomans in anger at their occupation of Ardabil under the leadership of 'Abd ar-Razzaq Khan, the governor of Karadagh . In May, an Ottoman force left Ardabil under the command of 'Abd ar-Rahman Pasha and defeated the tribesmen in Arshaq . In October 1728, the governor of Diyarbakir defeated the Shaqaqi in Meshkin and took their women and children captive. The Ottomans eventually crushed

759-510: Was actually a settlement to avoid a potential war break-out, as the two empires wanted control of the north of Iran. Indeed, Russia's Peter I had plans to build a trade route to India through the countries east of the Caspian Sea, while the Ottomans wanted Russia to stay away from that area due to its close proximity to Turkey. Ashraf wanted full sovereignty over Iran. To do so, in 1727, he made an arrangement to incorporate western Iran into

792-539: Was built by the order of Nasser ed Din Shah. This building replaced the building of Narenjestan in the north of the Ivory Hall (Talar e Adj). Ivory Hall is a large hall used as a dining room. It was decorated with some gifts presented to Nasser ed Din Shah by European monarchs. The Mirror Hall is a relatively small hall designed by Haj Abd ol Hossein Memar Bashi (Sanie ol Molk). The Salam ("Reception") Hall

825-408: Was built during the 131 years rule of the Qajar kings. These palaces were used for many occasions such as coronations and other important celebrations. It also consists of three main archives, including the photographic archive, the library of manuscripts, and the archive of documents. This terrace, known as the Marble Throne, was built in 1747-1751. Dating back to 1759, this building was a part of

858-435: Was built during the reign of Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576) of the Safavid dynasty (1502–1736). Abbas the Great built a big garden in the northern part of the fence, which was later surrounded by a high wall and buildings were built, with the royal residence was built inside it. At the end of the Safavid era, Tehran was sometimes the temporary seat of the court of Safavid kings. The palace was later renovated by Karim Khan of

891-702: Was completed two years later. This building is located under the Salam Hall. The Qajar monarch had the Abyaz Palace was constructed. The original collection of the Museum Hall is now scattered among Tehran's many museums. There is an early photographic collection at the Golestan complex which includes photos which are mainly related to the time of the 19th-century progress of photography in Europe. It

924-496: Was created by the order of Naser ed Din Shah of the Qajar dynasty. It is mentioned that "photography was so common at the royal palace that the king's wives and his servants also took pictures and posed playfully in front of the camera." There is a picture of one servant with flowers decorating his head and shoulders. On 11 October 2005, the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran submitted the palace to

957-529: Was defeated and the Iranian armies ravaged Sarab and the surrounding countryside. Sadiq was then taken hostage, along with some Shahsevan chiefs of Ardabil . When Agha Mohammad Shah invaded Karabakh in June 1797, he crossed the Aras River with Sadiq Khan Shaqaqi and entered Shusha , where the Qajar was assassinated on June 16. Sadiq was suspected of being involved in the plot, as the assassins handed

990-499: Was originally designed to be a museum. The Diamond Hall is located in the southern wing of the Golestan Palace, next to the building of Windcatchers. The Windcatcher Building was constructed during the reign of Fath Ali Shah. The building underwent major renovations, including structural changes, during the reign of Nasser ed Din Shah. The Edifice of the Sun was designed by Moayer ol Mamalek, construction on this building began in 1865 and

1023-490: Was pardoned and reappointed as governor of Sarab. Fath-Ali Shah Qajar married Sadeq Khan's daughter as his 13th wife. However, in 1798 he revolted again. The rebellion was suppressed and in 1800 he was taken to Tehran and imprisoned in the Golestan palace . His brother San Khan succeeded him as governor of Sarab. Siege of Isfahan The siege of Isfahan (Persian: سقوط اصفهان) was a six-month-long siege of Isfahan ,

Sarab Khanate - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-631: Was taken by the Shahsevan. The Khanate was founded by Ali Khan , the leader of the Kurdish Shaqaqi tribe, after 1747. In 1750, Ali Khan was defeated by Azad Khan Afghan and forced to submit. In the spring of 1762, Karim Khan Zand invaded Azerbaijan to force Fath-Ali Khan Afshar and his Urmia Khanate to submit. Ali Khan Shaqaqi submitted and supplied the Zand army. Karim Khan would capture Tabriz and capture Urmia on February 20, 1763 after

1089-637: Was used for formal royal receptions, and the Pahlavi dynasty built their own palace (the Niavaran Complex ) in Niavaran . The most important ceremonies held in the palace during the Pahlavi era were the coronation of Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941) on the Marble Throne and the coronation of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (r. 1941 – 1979) in the Museum Hall. In between 1925 and 1945, a large portion of

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