Misplaced Pages

#288711

83-541: The Sarata river valley and other adjacent Moldavian territories became Ottoman in 1484 following the conquest of Cetatea Albă ( Turkish : Akkirman, Ukrainian : Bilhorod Dnistrovskyi) and Chilia by Sultan Bayezid II . The Sarata is mentioned frequently in Ottoman tax registers of the 16th century but no settlement of that name is known prior to 1597. The valley belonged to an area in the Budjak endowed by Sultan Selim I for

166-693: A Polish invasion. The citadel surrendered when the Ottomans claimed to have reached an agreement with Prince Stephen, and promised safe passage to the inhabitants and their belongings; however, most of the city-dwellers were slaughtered. Later, attempts by Stephen the Great to restore his rule over the area were unsuccessful. Cetatea Albă was subsequently a base from which the Ottomans were able to attack Moldavia proper. In 1485, Tatars setting out from this city founded Pazardzhik in Bulgaria. In 1570 ( Hijri 977)

249-546: A Soviet public relations campaign. Langa-Rășcanu claimed that in the entire Soviet Union there never was any kind of plebiscite, citing Leon Trotsky . The Romanian delegation also insisted that the "eminent character" in Bessarabia is Romanian and that the population had "repeated acts of self-determination that make the plebiscite proposition a futile and offending request". On April 2, 1924, the Romanian delegation rejected

332-569: A few agents provocateurs assuring them that the revolution had begun throughout Bessarabia or that the red armies had entered or were about to enter. The view was shared by the American scholar Charles Upson Clark , according to whom: [...] the Tatar-Bunar rebellion was simply the most striking example of a Communist raid, engineered from without [...] and not a local revolution against intolerable conditions due to Roumanian oppression, as it

415-525: A fight for self-determination". The documents adopted at the conference mentions that the internal policies of the bourgeois states in the Balkans after World War I suffered a failure and in order to resolve the problem they proposed the right of self-determination . Between March 27 and April 2, 1924 negotiations took place in Vienna in order to relieve Soviet-Romanian relations. Romania did not recognize

498-596: A note to the central committees of Communist parties in Poland , Lithuania , Estonia , Romania, Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia , which stated that "the Russian proletariat is threatened with war from Romania". On this basis, a few weeks later, on August 8, under the presidency of Vasil Petrov Kolarov – secretary of the Balkan Communist Federation – a plan of action was drafted for Romania which

581-487: A report in which he asked for 100 swords, 600 guns, mine throwers, and bombs. Nenin encouraged the participants to be bold and to count on support of the Soviet Army once the rebellion starts. Nicolai Shishman was a very well trained agent. He spoke Russian , Romanian , and Bulgarian , as well as having other skills. Using many tactics, also by offering money, he tried to win local intellectuals and personalities to

664-542: A result, Lindl was expelled by the Russian tsar in 1823. Werner's business partner Gottlieb Veygel took over as mayor of the Sarata community, which became Protestant. He ended the community of property introduced by Lindl and distributed the land to the families. On Sarata's original land of 16,000 dessiatins, the Bessarabian-German villages of Gnadental and Lichtental were also established in the 1830s. In 1917,

747-664: Is a port city in Odesa Oblast , southwestern Ukraine . It is situated on the right bank of the Dniester Estuary leading to the Black Sea , in the historical region of Budjak . It also serves as the administrative center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion and is coterminous with Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi urban hromada , one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It is the location of a large freight seaport . Population: 47,727 (2022 estimate). The city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi

830-778: Is also referred to by alternative transliterations from Ukrainian as Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky . Dnistrovskyi was added to differentiate it from Belgorod (in Ukrainian Bilhorod), a city in Russia, when both were a part of the Soviet Union . The town became part of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. The fortress was enlarged and rebuilt in 1407 under Alexander the Good and in 1440 under Stephen II of Moldavia . It fell to Ottoman conquest on August 5, 1487. The city

913-740: Is known by translations of "white city" or "castle" in a number of languages including Белгород Днестровски ( Belgorod-Dnestrovski ) in Bulgarian , Akerman (Акерман) in Gagauz , Białogród nad Dniestrem in Polish , Walachisch Weißenburg in Transylvanian German , Dnyeszterfehérvár in Hungarian and עיר לבן ( Ir Lavan ) in Hebrew . In Western European languages, including English,

SECTION 10

#1732782781289

996-481: Is notably different, with self-identified Russian -speakers representing a majority (54.52%), followed by speakers of Ukrainian (42.08%), Bulgarian (1.66%), Moldovan (0.67%) and Gagauz (0.19%). Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb bordering on Dfa .). [REDACTED] Media related to Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi at Wikimedia Commons Tatarbunary Uprising The Tatarbunary Uprising ( Romanian : Răscoala de la Tatarbunar )

1079-555: Is obvious that Evliya Çelebi derived Sarı Ata from Sarata by means of folk etymology as the hydronym actually goes back to Romanian "[apă] sărată" - "salty water". Bessarabia came to the Russian Empire in 1812 following the Treaty of Bucharest when it was ceded from the Ottoman vassal Principality of Moldavia together with the adjacent Ottoman Budjak . The new acquisition was destined for colonization and initially assigned to

1162-576: The Black Sea marshes, but was surprised by a gendarme who mortally wounded him. The Romanian Danube Fleet also took part in suppressing the rebellion as it was gathered at Mahmudia , near Kiliya , for military exercises. As southern Bessarabia was in danger the land troops asked for help and rear admiral Gavrilescu Anastasie moved the whole Danube fleet to Vylkove (Romanian: Vâlcov) capturing many rebels, including important quantities of arms, munitions, machine guns, explosive materials, grenades, bombs and railway mines near Periprava . The revolt

1245-649: The Hitler-Stalin Pact , the approximately 1,600 Bessarabian-German local inhabitants joined the resettlement to the German Reich and German-occupied territories in the fall of 1940 under the slogan " Heim ins Reich ". Until 18 July 2020, Sarata was the administrative center of Sarata Raion . The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Sarata Raion

1328-655: The Moldovan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence within the borders of Bessarabia, including the town of Sărata. After the Union of Bessarabia with Romania on 27 March 1918, the village of Sărata became part of Romania, in the Tatar-Bunar district of the Cetatea Albă county. Subsequently, through the reorganization of the county, the commune of Sărata (the new name of the locality)

1411-925: The Romanian Communist Party , but was under direct control from the Soviet Union. All the Communist organizations in Bessarabia were supported financially and materially by the Soviets as well as being under their direct control through the special centre in Odesa . Allegedly acting with instructions from the Intelligence Center in Odesa, members organized revolutionary committees in the three counties of Southern Bessarabia - Cahul , Ismail , and Cetatea Albă . A number of 25 villages and

1494-553: The Socialist Federation 's Ilie Moscovici wrote in 1925: In Tatar Bunar, the Third International's agents provocateurs were involved, who, toying with the lives of Bessarabian peasants, wanted to prove to Europe that Bessarabians are in favour of the non-existent and ridiculous «Moldavian Republic». A few peasants in a few isolated communes could not chase away the gendarmes [...] were it not for

1577-469: The Ukrainian SSR , and after 1991, nowadays Ukraine. Until 18 July 2020, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and the center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Municipality . The municipality was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Municipality

1660-731: The interwar period , projects aimed to expand the city and the port were reviewed. Romania ceded the city to the Soviet Union on 28 June 1940 following the 1940 Soviet Ultimatum , but regained it on 28 July 1941 during the invasion of the USSR by the Axis forces in the course of the Second World War and had it within its boundaries until 22 August 1944 when the Red Army reoccupied the city. The Soviets partitioned Bessarabia, and its southern flanks (including Bilhorod/Belgorod) became part of

1743-549: The land reform of 1921 . The peasants' situation was aggravated due to a drought in summer 1924, which caused a famine in southern Bessarabia. As main leaders, the Comintern appointed Ghiță Moscu (Moscovici Gelbert), Max Goldstein , and Kalifarski (ethnic Russian and activist in the Comintern). Andrei Klyushnikov , also known as Nenin, was responsible for coordinating the action, and the military commander in Bessarabia

SECTION 20

#1732782781289

1826-601: The occupying Romanian Army . Moreover, historians from both countries intensely debated the treaty with the Soviet Rumcherod in 1918 that required withdrawal of the Romanian Army from Bessarabia but which both countries failed to respect. The legitimacy of the Sfatul Țării was also brought into question, although the only contested decision was the unification act. In December 1923, the sixth Conference of

1909-611: The 13th century the site was controlled by the Cumans , and became a center of Genoese commercial activity from c.  1290 on. Briefly held by the Second Bulgarian Empire in the early 14th century, by the middle of the century it was a Genoese colony . Sfântul Ioan cel Nou ( Saint John the New ), the patron saint of Moldavia , was martyred in the city in 1330 during a Tatar incursion. In 1391, Cetatea Albă

1992-570: The Balkan Communist Federation adopted a resolution condemning what was called "Romania's expansionist nature". The Romanian state was accused that in 1918, taking advantage of Russia's weakness, it attached "large parts of other nations that achieved a superior political, economical and cultural level". It also says that, because of this, "the nationalities in Bessarabia , Bukovina , Dobrudja and Transylvania undertook

2075-605: The Byzantines built a fortress and named it Asprokastron ("White Castle" - a meaning kept in several languages), but it passed out of their control in the 7th-15th centuries under control of Bulgaria, the cities called Belgorod (white city), as it was the border of the Bulgarian empire. The Voskresensk Chronicle lists Bilhorod "at the mouth of the Dniester, above the sea" among the towns controlled by Kievan Rus' . In

2158-523: The German settlers. On the night of 15/16 September, the commander of the gendarmerie post in Achmanghit managed to flee to the village of Sărata, where he gathered a group of 40 ethnic German volunteers. On the morning of the 16th, the volunteers opened fire on the rebels led by Ivan Bejan and fought for several hours until the communists heard the army approaching and retreated to Tatarbunar. To quell

2241-486: The Governor General of New Russia . Tsar Alexander I , in a manifesto of 1813, called German colonists to the country to colonize the newly acquired steppe lands of New Russia. Here, in 1822, German emigrants reestablished Sarata and its agricultural lands on an allotted 16,000 dessiatins (approx. 18,000 ha). The village was one of originally 24 Bessarabian-German core colonies later joined by offshoots. Of

2324-468: The Ottoman defensive system against Poland-Lithuania and, later, the Russian Empire . Major battles between the Ottomans and the Russians were fought near Akkerman in 1770 and 1789. Russia conquered the town in 1770, 1774, and 1806, but returned it after the conclusion of hostilities. It was not incorporated into Russia until 1812, along with the rest of Bessarabia . On 25 September 1826, Russia and

2407-612: The Ottomans signed here the Akkerman Convention which imposed that the hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia be elected by their respective Divans for seven-year terms, with the approval of both Powers. During the Russian Revolution , Akkerman was alternatively under the control of the Ukrainian People's Republic and troops loyal to the government of Soviet Russia . Furthermore, the city and

2490-509: The Romanians, Bessarabian Bulgarians and Bessarabian Germans populations. The gendarmerie commander of Bîlolîssia escaped to Sarata (Romanian: Sărata) where he gathered a group of 40 German volunteers. In the morning of 16, the group opened fire upon the rebels led by Ivan Bejanovici. The fighting lasted for several hours until the rebels were informed that the Romanian Army was closing and retreated to Tatarbunary. In order to suppress

2573-506: The Soviet Union. A month after the incidents started, on October 11, the gendarmes post in Cetatea Albă reported that an incident took place near the village of Tuzly were 45 armed man, arriving by motor boats, tried to free the participants of the uprising. Another similar incident took place 6 days later near Tatarbunary . The trial took place from August 24 to December 2, 1925, at the Military Court of Third Army Corps. Most of

Sarata - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-574: The Soviet cause, as was the case with senator Iacob Belaushenco from Cahul. The first incident occurred at noon on September 11 when an armed group composed of 30 individuals, transported by boats, attacked the village of Nikolaievca (Romanian: Nicolăeni, now Mykolaivka) near the Soviet-Romanian border and at the shore of the Black Sea. The attack was initiated at the proposal of Kolţov and

2739-620: The Soviet proposal and ceased negotiations with the Soviet Union. The Soviet government assessed that, in 1924, all the conditions were met for major actions against Romania which would justify the intervention of Soviet Army. Similar actions were prepared for other countries from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea . On July 20, 1924 the Executive Committee of the Communist International (Comintern) issued

2822-539: The Tsarist Empire and the only one in Bessarabia. With his large audience among the faithful - in Germany, Saint Petersburg and Bessarabia up to 10,000 people came to his sermons - Lindl had enemies as well. They slandered him before the tsar, accusing him of being a popular rebel and a sectarian leader. In addition, despite his consecration as a Catholic priest, he entered into marriage with his housekeeper. As

2905-549: The age of 63, but died in Sarata just a few months later. Werner bequeathed his fortune of 25,000 rubles in silver to the Sarata community. From this funds a church was built around 1843, and in 1844 the Werner Evangelical German Teacher Training College (Evangelisch-deutsche Lehrerbildungsanstalt Werner), also called Werner School after its donor, was established. This was the first German-speaking teacher training institution in

2988-515: The agents from the local committees, made propaganda in favor of the plebiscite. Arms were brought from the Soviet Union and main deposits were in Strumok at Ivan Robotă's house and in Nerushai totaling 3,000 grenades, 1,000 guns, 7 machine guns, 500 swords, 2 cannons, and one mortar, all Russian made. Andrei Klyushnikov or Nenin began to organize the local committees. From his house he wrote

3071-531: The authorities for the disproportionate response to the uprising and also accused the liberal Ion Brătianu government of intentionally overstating the communist fear in order to extend the martial law to the whole country transforming it into a feudal state . The authorities admitted the disproportionate response, but it was too late and Romania became known internationally as a "minorities' prison". Constantin Costa-Foru wrote several articles referring to

3154-468: The benefit of Mecca and Medina acquired by him in 1517. In 1610 the "qadi of Sarata" was involved in a conflict with Tatar noblemen (mirza) about the jurisdiction over the nomadic Tatar population living in the river valley. In the mid-17th century, Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi, called the village Sarı Ata. According to him it was inhabited by a majority of Tatars and he located the tomb of a Sufi mystic named Sarı Ata (Tatar/Turkish "Yellow Father") there. It

3237-456: The center of the rebellion, by shelling the village. Unable to hold his positions, Nenin ordered the withdrawal to Desantne . Then he tried to reach the Black Sea beach line at a place called Volcioc, near Prymors'ke (Romanian: Jibrieni), but the rebels were intercepted by a border patrol composed of 20 soldiers. The skirmish lasted until the rebels ran out of ammunition after which they were captured and disarmed. A larger army detachment caught

3320-522: The cities of Cahul and Ismail were subject to these actions, all of them being inhabited mainly by Russians and Ukrainians . In each location the committees formed a special military detachment composed of a minimum 20-30 men together with a commander. Communications between committees were maintained by messengers. Before and during the Vienna Conference a large group of Soviet agents infiltrated into Southern Bessarabia and, along with

3403-629: The city hall and proclaimed the Moldavian Soviet Republic as part of the Ukraine SSR . The town secretary, the chief of the local gendarmerie, two Romanian Army soldiers as well as other Romanian state employees were killed during the attack. Nenin ordered Iustin Batishcev to send guards at all town's exits and to display red flags on public buildings. The population was gathered at the town hall were Nenin sad that Bessarabia

Sarata - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-423: The city has typically been known by the official name of the time or a transliteration derived from it. The city's former name Akkerman is still extensively used as a nickname in informal speech and in local media. In the 6th century BC, Milesian colonists founded a settlement named Tyras on the future location of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, which later came under Roman and Byzantine rule. In Late Antiquity ,

3569-440: The defendants, while Henri Barbusse even traveled to Romania to witness the proceedings. In the national newspapers the subject was presented in two different forms, both being critic to the uprising, except for the communist press. The pro-liberal and pro-government view emphasizes the danger of communism spreading in the country and treated the uprising as a terrorist and bandit attack. Opposition newspapers heavily criticized

3652-492: The emigrants who settled here in 1822, about 70 emigrant families came from Bavaria and Württemberg , including their leader, Pastor Ignaz Lindl. The families were of both Catholic and Protestant faith. Moving to Odesa first they arrived in covered wagons on March 19, 1822, at the Sarata River, where they built the village. The wealthy merchant Christian Friedrich Werner from Giengen an der Brenz joined them in 1823 at

3735-609: The evening of 15 September he convened a meeting at the house of Chirilă Nazarenko in Tatarbunary. Participants were Iustin Batischcev, Nechita Lisovoi, Kolţov, Leonte Ţurcan and Alexei Pavlenco. They all agreed on the plan, that would begin that night, and some of them brought arms and munitions from Strumok . The revolt was resumed more strongly in Tatarbunary , during the night of September 15/16. Armed groups occupied

3818-534: The infamous Romanian thief Terente . An outdoor fair was held in Nikolaievca and the attackers profited and looted the peasants, transporting the booty in three waggons to the nearby Black Sea marshes. The rapid intervention of the Romanian Gendarmerie prevented further turmoil. After this incident, several leaders were arrested and it appears that Nenin decided to accelerate operations. On

3901-424: The initial 1600 arrested were freed but 489 of them would be prosecuted, only 9 of them being Romanians. It was nicknamed by the press "Trial of the 500". Defense was ensured by 8 Romanian lawyers, including Iacob Pistiner and Constantin Costa-Foru who wrote about the arrested and criticized the Romanian authorities. Because the defendants did not speak Romanian the hearings were made with the help of translators so

3984-474: The interwar period, a railway station, a state hospital, an orphanage and an old people's home operated here. There was also the "Iacob Staib" agricultural machinery factory. In 1924, the village of Sărata (24 km north of Tatarbunar) was not occupied by the Bolshevik insurgents who had launched the so-called Tatarbunar Uprising . Their rebellion was not supported by the Romanian peasants of Bessarabia and

4067-424: The leaders of the rebellion. The Romanian Army coming from the west already engaged Strumok . Nenin withdrew to Tatarbunary in the early hours of 17 September. Fighting continued around the village all day long until they retreated South to Nerushai where they would be supported by Leonte Ţurcan, who had a large stock of concealed weapons. In the early hours of September 18, Romanian troops stormed Tatarbunary,

4150-524: The newly constituted USSR and the countries had no diplomatic relations. The Romanian delegation was led by Constantin Langa-Rășcanu and the Soviets were led by Nikolay Krestinsky . The Soviet delegation immediately raised the Bessarabian question and diplomat Maxim Litvinov presented a plan to conduct a plebiscite in Bessarabia . The Romanian government rejected the referendum, viewing it as

4233-418: The rebellion and claimed that it was not an uprising nor a Bolshevik armed incursion but a disaster that took its roots in the harsh, incompetent administration and said that all who fell into disgrace were considered Bolsheviks. French communist-militant Henri Barbusse attended the trial and wrote his famous book – Hangman (Romanian: Călăii) that caused serious international image problems for Romania. The book

SECTION 50

#1732782781289

4316-403: The rebellion, the Romanian government sent artillery troops from the III Corps of the Romanian Army and a marine unit. The first military units from Cetatea Albă arrived in the area on the evening of 16 September 1924 and fought the rebels at the bridge between Tatarbunar and Achmanghit, shooting Ivan Bejan (Koltsov) dead. After the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia in the summer of 1940, covered by

4399-403: The rebellion, the Romanian government sent artillery troops of the Romanian Army Third Corps and a marine unit. The first units arrived from Cetatea Albă in the evening of 16 September and engaged the rebels at the bridge between Tatarbunary and Bîlolîssia, mortally injuring Ivan Bejanovici. Meanwhile, Nenin went to Strumok where he deposited arms and munition at Andrei Stantenco's house, one of

4482-436: The remaining groups, capturing 120 rebels. Meanwhile, the leaders of the revolt, Nenin and Iustin Batischcev, fled by car which they later abandoned beyond Desantne . They hid in a corn field, but Batischcev left Nenin while he slept, taking with him 336,500 lei, representing the remaining money robbed from the people of Tatarbunary . He was later caught by the army. After waking up alone and found no money, Nenin ran towards

4565-444: The revolt, along with other similar rebellions in Romanian-administered Bessarabia, as modern jacqueries . After World War I relations between Romania and Soviet Russia were tense. Since 1918 there were numerous bilateral meetings in Copenhagen, Warsaw, Genoa, and other locations but no consensus could be reached. The Soviets saw Bessarabia as an annexed province and considered the decision of union with Romania as imposed by

4648-403: The revolution starts. Another participant to the uprising, Dimitrie Sevcone, spoke about the meetings held by Nenin and Kolţov in which they talked about the connections between the committees and Grigory Kotovsky's army that also promised help. On December 3, 1925, the War Council of Third Army Corps convicted 85 (none of them Romanians) out of 287 persons brought to trial. Iustin Batishcev

4731-649: The richest populations. Also, during the uprising, the slogans used by the rebels were not of social but of political nature, like: Long live the Soviet Power! , Long live Soviet Bessarabia! , We ask for the unification with Soviet Ukraine! . Ever since unification Bessarabia has been under martial law, because of numerous Soviet subversive actions, with censorship and all other forms of interference with normal life and with Romanian Government officials that were overzealous or incompetent, both military and civil. Corruption also played an important part, sometimes even interfering with national security. Many participants of

4814-432: The surrounding district were also claimed by the Moldovan Democratic Republic , which however had no means to enforce such claims on the ground. The city was occupied by the Romanian Army on 9 March 1918, after heavy fighting with local troops led by the Bolsheviks . Formal integration followed later that month, when an assembly of the Moldovan Democratic Republic proclaimed the whole of Bessarabia united with Romania . In

4897-424: The total population). The town Jewish community was influenced mainly from the Jewish community of nearby Odesa . During a pogrom in 1905, eight Jews living in the city were killed. During World War II , most of the Jews living in the city fled to nearby Odesa, where they were later killed. The 800 Jews who were left in the city were shot to death in the nearby Leman River. Around 500 of the prewar town Jews survived

4980-399: The town of Akkerman was inhabited by Muslims, Christians and Jews. It had 55 Muslim households in 25 neighbourhoods and 113 Non-Muslim households in 9 neighbourhoods and it was a "has" of the Sultan , a land property that was directly owned by the Sultan. The castle of Akkerman also had a Jewish congregation and a Roma congregation. It was established as the fortress of Akkerman , part of

5063-421: The travellers who passed through the town was John VIII Palaiologos . Following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II brought in colonists from Asprokastron to repopulate the city. In 1484, along with Kiliia , it was the last of the Black Sea ports to be conquered by the Ottomans. The Moldavian prince Stephen the Great was unable to aid in its defence, being under threat of

SECTION 60

#1732782781289

5146-467: The trial lasted very long. The government's dossier presented at the trial contained about 70,000 pages and the verdict 180. All this and the unusual number of persons prosecuted made the trial last 103 days. During the trial, Parfentie Voronovski, one of the participants, said that Nenin came from Moscow to organize the revolutionary committee and he, at Nenin's orders, would cut the telephone and telegraph line in Tatarbunary . Leonte Ţurcan , at

5229-425: The trial, informed that Nenin presented himself as a student coming from Russia to organize the committees. Nenin frequently asked about the state of the revolutionary committees and brought him two books – The Communist ABC and The Red Army. Ţurcan also said that after Nenin went to Odessa then to Moscow , upon his arrival in Bessarabia , informed the committees that the Red Army promised to intervene when

5312-413: The uprising took refuge across the Dniestr in the village of Jura (Camenca raion), then part of the newly created Moldavian ASSR , and were very well treated but most of them suffered greatly during the Great Purge of 1937-1938. Another event following the uprising was the de facto banning of the Romanian Communist Party by the third Mârzescu Law while the second had banned it de jure . The law

5395-414: The uprising was quickly silenced. In Southern Bessarabia , a Soviet Party Committee was created in May 1922 and the leaders were two Comintern agents – Andrei Klyushnikov (Nenin) and Nicolai Shishman (Afanasiev), together with three locals – Ivan Bejanovici (Kolţov or Pugaciov), Ivan Dobrovolski (Gromov) and Iustin Batișcev  [ ro ] (Almazov). This committee was not subordinated to

5478-432: The uprising were of social-economic nature – economic crisis in Romania, the agricultural policy in 1921, the drought and famine of 1923/1924 and harsh administration. Moldovan historian Ludmila Rotari claims that the Ukrainian and Russian populations, main participants, were on a greater social-economic scale compared to the Romanian population that was on the lowest scale and with the German and Bulgarian ones, comprising

5561-483: The villages near Tatarbunary – Strumok (Romanian: Cişmele) and Bîlolîssia (Romanian: Achmanghit) after which they went to Nerushai (Romanian: Neruşai), Mykhailivka (Romanian: Mihăileni) and Desantne (Romanian: Galileşti). The rebels formed Soviet-type institutions – revolution committees, militia units and the Red Guards. The total number of the rebels was 4000-6000 persons and they were mainly Ukrainians and Russians . The rebellion had little affinity with

5644-518: The war, and around half of them returned to the city. As of 1920, the population was estimated at 35,000. 8,000 were Romanian , 8,000 were Jewish , and 5,000 were German . Additional populations included Turks, Greeks , Bulgarians and Russians . According to the 2001 Ukrainian census , the majority of the city's population are Ukrainians (62.88%). Other communities include Russians (28.25%), Bulgarians (3.72%), Moldovans (1.89%), Gagauz (0.41%) and Romanians (0.02%). The language situation

5727-408: Was Osip Poliakov , known as Platov. The planned action in the North Zone had the purpose of inspiring other uprisings in Galicia . The first, fourth, and fifth zones were to begin action one week after the uprisings in the second and third zones. Even though the plan was complex, no significant events took place except for Tatarbunary and in the Danube port of Kiliia (Romanian: Chilia Nouă), where

5810-436: Was a Bolshevik -inspired and Soviet-backed peasant revolt that took place on 15–18 September 1924, in and around the town of Tatarbunary ( Tatar-Bunar or Tatarbunar ) in Budjak ( Bessarabia ), then part of Romania , now part of Odesa Oblast , Ukraine . It was led by a pro- Soviet revolutionary committee which called for the creation of a "Moldavian Soviet Republic" and an end to "Romanian occupation". The uprising

5893-472: Was included in the district Sărata, but did not have the role of a district center. At that time, the majority of the population was German, with larger communities of Jews and Ukrainians. In the 1930 census, it was found that of the 2,661 inhabitants of the village, 1,948 were Germans (73.21%), 316 Jews (11.88%), 173 Ukrainians (6.50%), 89 Russians (3.34%), 75 Romanians (2.82%), 38 Bulgarians (1.43%), 13 Poles, 3 Czechs, 2 Armenians, 1 Hungarian and 1 Serb. During

5976-945: Was instigated and led by communists from across the Dniester region who were opposed to the establishment of Greater Romania and regarded the Moldovans as a distinct people (later that year, a Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , roughly corresponding to Transnistria , was established inside the Ukrainian SSR). The Tatarbunary Uprising, as well as the uprisings of Khotyn and Bender , occurred in those regions in which there were very important demographic changes resulting from Tsarist Russia's policy of colonizing Bessarabia with large numbers of Ukrainians , Russians and other nationalities. American professor and expert in Moldovan issues Charles King however considers

6059-519: Was known in Romanian as Cetatea Albă with other languages using the Turkish name, Akkerman , or variations of the Turkish name. Since 1944 the city has been known as "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" (Білгород-Дністровський), while on the Soviet geography maps often translated into its Russian equivalent of " Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy " (Белгород-Днестровский), literally "white city on the Dniester". The city

6142-416: Was led by Ivan Bejanovici. It appears that initial targets were Tuzly or Prymors'ke but no gendarmes were present at that time in Nikolaievca . The rebels cut the telephone and telegraph lines, killed the mayor and two gendarmes (last by grenade fire), set fire to several buildings, including the town hall, and spread manifests in which they encouraged the population to rebel. The manifests were signed by

6225-453: Was merged into Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion. In Jewish sources, the city is referred as Weissenburg and Ir Lavan (meaning "white castle" in German and "white city" in Hebrew) as well as Akerman (אַקערמאַן). Karaite Jews lived there since the 16th century, some even claim the existence of Khazar Jews in the town as early as the 10th century. In 1897, 5,613 Jews lived in the city (19.9% of

6308-683: Was merged into Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion. Until 26 January 2024, Sarata was designated urban-type settlement . On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Sarata became a rural settlement. 46°02′N 29°40′E  /  46.033°N 29.667°E  / 46.033; 29.667 Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi ( Ukrainian : Білгород-Дністровський , IPA: [ˈb⁽ʲ⁾iɫɦorod d⁽ʲ⁾n⁽ʲ⁾iˈstrɔu̯sʲkɪj] ; Romanian : Cetatea Albă ; Russian : Белгород-Днестровский , romanized :  Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy ), historically known as Aq Kirmān ( Turkish : Akkerman ) or by other names ,

6391-576: Was proclaimed a republic and that the Red Army crossed the Dniester to cast out the Romanian Army. He ended his speech by saying: "Long live the Soviet Republic of Moldavia". At the same time, a Soviet artillery detachment in Ovidiopol , on the left bank of the Dniester , had engaged in maneuvers. During that night, out of Nenin's orders, two main groups were formed that took control of

6474-455: Was published by the C.C. of M.O.P.R. in 1927, strengthening the anti-Romanian Soviet propaganda. Authorities of the Kingdom of Romania saw the incident as a mere terrorist action backed by the Soviet Union, that tried to destabilise the situation inside the country and prepared for a Red Army incursion. The rebellion was also condemned by the country's non-communist socialist groups;

6557-689: Was represented to be by the Socialist press everywhere. Dutch professor Wim P. van Meurs, in his book dedicated to Bessarabia , considers the uprising as clearly instigated by communist agitators from across the Dniester and remarks that it was too well timed between the failure of the Vienna Conference and the proclamation of the Moldavian Autonomous Republic , moreover, for the Kremlin not to be involved. Ukrainian and Russian authors consider that main factors contributing to

6640-626: Was sentenced to life forced labor (eventually reduced to 16 years), the most severe penalty, Nichita Lisovoi and Leonte Ţurcan to 15 years forced labor, another three to 10 years and 20 others to 5 years in prison. The remaining received convictions of 1 to 3 years in prison. Also, each of the 85 convicts were to pay 1,000 lei representing legal charges. The trial attracted Soviet propaganda and international attention, with Romain Rolland , Maxim Gorky , Paul Langevin , Theodore Dreiser , and Albert Einstein , among others, speaking out on behalf of

6723-486: Was set to be implemented by mid-September. The Comintern approved the plan, which divided Romania into five action zones: The Soviet Union had asked not to be directly involved in the preparations. The only help would come from other Communists. In preparation, arms, munitions, and explosives were smuggled in boats across the Soviet-Romanian border, mainly at night. The plan relied on support from peasants who resented Romanian government's agricultural policy, particularly

6806-458: Was suppressed by the Romanian Army's Third Corps after three days of fighting in which 1,600 people were arrested and 3,000 died, among them, some of the leaders of the uprising – Andrei Kliushnikov , Ivan Bejanovici and Ivan Dobrovolski . Iustin Batishcev survived, but was arrested by the Romanian authorities. Nicolai Shishman managed to hide and on March 1, 1925, crossed the Dniestr into

6889-687: Was the last city on the right bank of the Dnister to be incorporated into the newly established Principality of Moldavia, and for the next century was its second major city, the major port and an important fortress. In 1420, the citadel was attacked for the first time by the Ottomans , but defended successfully by Moldavian Prince Alexander the Kind . In the 15th century, the port saw much commercial traffic as well as being frequently used for passenger traffic between central Europe and Constantinople . Among

#288711