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82-458: Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat (also spelt Dhanarajata ; Thai : สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์ , pronounced [sā.rìt tʰā.ná.rát] ; 16 June 1908 – 8 December 1963) was a Thai military officer and politician who served as de facto prime minister of Thailand from 1958 to 1959 and 11th prime minister of Thailand from 1959 to 1963. He staged the coup in 1957, replacing Plaek Phibunsongkhram as Thailand 's prime minister until Sarit died in 1963. He

164-696: A coup d'etat . In less than an hour, the army successfully captured strategic points with no resistance. To identify themselves, Sarit's forces wore white arm bands as a sign of purity. Following these developments, Phibun immediately fled the country and Phao was deported to Europe. Thus began Sarit's rule. According to many Western academics, the Cold War largely propped up Sarit's regime. In his book, Daniel Fineman states that Phibun, and later Sarit, aligned their foreign policies with US anti-communist foreign policy, so as to receive financial and military aid. Sarit's strict stance against communism further reinforced

246-423: A brigade command rank. Examples of the different uses of the rank include Afghanistan , Austria-Hungary , Pakistan , Prussia / Germany , India and Sri Lanka for an extraordinary achievement; Spain and Mexico for a divisional command (Spanish: mariscal de campo ); and France, Portugal and Brazil for a brigade command (French: maréchal de camp , Portuguese : marechal de campo ). The origin of

328-468: A crown above two crossed batons or swords surrounded by yellow leaves below, Syria's Marshal rank adds an extra star to its General insignia ergo three stars above crossed swords below the coat of arms. In the Royal Thai Army the rank of Chom Phon ( Thai : จอมพล, จอมพลทหารบก ) was created in 1888, together with all other military ranks along western lines, by King Chulalongkorn . Today it

410-668: A general or admiral ( Romanian : amiral ), in time of war for exceptional military merits, by the President of Romania and confirmed by the Supreme Council of National Defense . Imperial Russia had for a long time maintained the rank of Field Marshal. It was active all the way until the Russian Revolutions of 1917. When the Bolsheviks took over, they briefly abandoned military ranks until 1935. When it

492-561: A five-star general in Serbia was Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia) , a military rank that has many similarities compared to Generalfeldmarschall , Marshal of France and Field marshal (United Kingdom) but also differs in way of promotion, duration and style. However, the name of this military is etymologically closer to the nobility title of duke . It was the highest rank in the army of the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia until

574-464: A five-star officer was not adopted because, otherwise, George Marshall would be addressed as "Marshal Marshall", which was considered undignified. Thus, Douglas MacArthur is the only US officer ever to have received the rank of Marshal, which was given to him by the government of the Philippines. On the 17 June 1983, Mobutu Sese Seko promoted himself to the rank of field marshal. The order

656-452: A letter written by the king. The letter expressed the king's confidence in Sarit and urged Sarit to do his duty to the government. Second, the monarch contributed to regime's paternalistic programs. In this instance, the throne acted as a charity, collecting funds from private donors, channeling them into public programs that enhanced both the regime's and the monarchy's reputation. After 1966,

738-483: Is active or "useful" storage. The dam's catchment area is 26,400 km (10,193 sq mi) while its surface area is 300 km (116 sq mi). The Lower Mae Ping Dam is 8 m (26 ft) high, 300 m (984 ft) long and has a storage capacity of 5,000,000 m (4,054 acre⋅ft). In off-peak hours, the one pump-turbine returns water back into the Bhumibol (upper) reservoir and when demand

820-744: Is ceremonially held by members of the Thai royal family. In the Turkish Armed Forces , the corresponding rank is mareşal . Its origins can be traced to the Ottoman Empire and to the military of Persia , where it was called "müşir" and bestowed upon senior commanders upon order of the ruling sultan . The rank of mareşal can only be bestowed by the National Assembly , to generals or admirals who have displayed distinguished merit in wartime. Only two persons have been bestowed

902-714: Is equivalent to general of the army of the United States which is the highest rank in the Malaysian army and are reserved for His Majesty the King of Malaysia though there are several non-royals who hold this rank. Charles, Prince of Wales , as he was at the time, was officially appointed a Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army in November 2015. As King Charles III , he remains the only living person to hold

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984-417: Is high, the pump serves as a generator for power production. The power plant contains eight turbines for an installed capacity of 779.2 megawatts (1,044,900 hp). Six are 76.3 megawatts (102,300 hp) Francis-type , one is a 115 megawatts (154,000 hp) Pelton turbine and one is a 175 megawatts (235,000 hp) Francis pump-turbine. The dam's power house underwent upgrades and renovations in

1066-538: Is in charge of the country's military affairs. Later, a more common title for a field marshal or a commandant was (元帥 Yuan Shuai ) or grand field marshal (大元帥 da yuan shuai ). One of the most famous of these generals was Yue Fei from the Song dynasty . Since the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, it has promoted 10 military commanders to the rank of marshal, all in 1955 and abolished in 1965. Since then,

1148-589: Is not a distinctive military rank but an honour. In the French army of the Ancien Régime , the normal brigade command rank was field marshal ( maréchal de camp ). In 1793, during the French Revolution , the rank of field marshal was replaced by the rank of brigade general. The rank insignia of field marshal was two stars (one-star being used for a senior colonel rank). The French field marshal rank

1230-533: The 1932 revolution . An example was the revival of the First Ploughing ceremony (Raek Nakhwan) which dates back to the Sukothai Kingdom. According to Thak, the Sarit regime had two main reasons for reinvigorating the monarchy. First, the monarchy legitimized not only his regime, but its policies as well. Sarit's plan to stage a coup against Phibun was supported by the monarchy as evidenced by

1312-704: The Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary , the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was also given to generals in southern German States and Austria by the Holy Roman Emperor during the existence of the Holy Roman Empire up to 1806. Stratarches ( Greek : Στρατάρχης ), meaning Ruler of the Army in Greek, is a title for senior military commanders dating back to classical antiquity, in

1394-685: The Greek Civil War . The rank is not retained by the current (since 1974) Third Hellenic Republic . Field marshal is the highest attainable rank in the Indian Army . It is a ceremonial / war time rank. There have been two Indian field marshals to date. Sam Manekshaw was promoted to the rank in 1973 for his role in leading the Indian Army to assist the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 against Pakistan, backed by

1476-466: The Honours System . These include: Monarchy of Thailand Regents of Thailand Prime Ministers of Thailand Military Others Institutions Key events Field Marshal Field marshal (or field-marshal , abbreviated as FM ) is the most senior military rank , senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without

1558-515: The Musahiban and uncle of King Zahir and President Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan , was a field marshal. Mohammed Fahim became an honorary marshal in 2004. Abdul Rashid Dostum became an honorary marshal in 2020 (this position is now defunct). The first appointment to the rank was Sir William Birdwood , who received the honour in March 1925. Sir Thomas Blamey was the second appointment to

1640-603: The Second World War . It was first created with the passing of the law on the Organization of the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1901. The law was passed on the suggestion of Lieutenant Colonel (later Divisional General ) Miloš Vasić , who was minister of defense at the time. The rank was awarded only during the war for particular military contributions of top generals. Only four Serbian generals have reached

1722-470: The Sukothai ( phokhun ) with Ayuthaya's despotic power to create his personal political style. According to Thak, Luang Wichit Wathakan was essential in moulding the leadership principles of Phibun and Sarit. From him, Sarit was introduced to the idea of pattiwat (revolution) and the guiding leadership principle of phokhun . Within days of the coup, electricity rates were lowered and families living in

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1804-536: The United States Armed Forces has ever used the rank of field marshal. On 14 December 1944, Congress created the rank of "general of the army ", a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, George Marshall was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. It has been suggested that the denomination of "Marshal" for

1886-458: The mean of 25.2 millimetres (0.99 in) and since 1 January had accumulated 245.9 millimetres (9.68 in), 216 millimetres (8.5 in) or 186 percent above normal. The dam is an arch-gravity type and is 154 m (505 ft) tall, 486 m (1,594 ft) long and 8 m (26 ft) wide at its crest. It withholds a reservoir of 13,462,000,000 m (10,913,821 acre⋅ft) of which 9,762,000,000 m (7,914,182 acre⋅ft)

1968-498: The 1600s. The exact wording of the titles used by field marshals varies: examples include " marshal " and " field marshal general ". The air force equivalent in Commonwealth and many Middle Eastern air forces is marshal of the air force (not to be confused with air marshal ). Navies, which usually do not use the nomenclature employed by armies or air forces, use titles such as " fleet admiral ," " grand admiral " or " admiral of

2050-532: The 1947 military coup that overthrew the government of Prime Minister Thawal Thamrong Navaswadhi , a protege of Pridi Phanomyong , reinstalling the previously deposed Field Marshal Luang Phibunsongkram as premier. Sarit thereafter took a lasting interest in politics. He became Commander of the Royal Thai Army in 1954. During the early-1950s, the Phibun government grew increasingly unpopular. This paved

2132-649: The Army) or simply marechal also existed. Distinctively from the rank of marechal de campo , the ranks of marechal-general and marechal were the highest in the Portuguese Army, usually being reserved for the commanders-in-chief of the Army. Latter, the rank of marechal-general became reserved for the monarch , as a mere honorary dignity. Mareșal is the highest rank in the Romanian Armed Forces . The rank of mareșal can only be bestowed to

2214-606: The Forestry Company of Thailand involved the Bhumibhol Dam project, as members of the Forestry Company wanted to monopolize the cutting of timber in the areas to be flooded by the dam. Thiem further revealed that the Seri Manangkhasila Party had submitted an early application for a license to cut down trees in the area. According to Thiem, his refusal to approve the government's application was

2296-606: The Indian Army itself, in the last few days of the war . K. M. Cariappa was promoted in 1986, long after he retired, in recognition of his services as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. Khalifa Haftar was the first to "claim" receive this rank in Libya from the House of Representatives in 2016 after the liberation of oil ports in the Operation Swift Lightning . Field Marshal of Malaysia

2378-625: The Law Against Prostitution, B.E. 2503. Sarit was determined to end the consumption and sale of opium in Thailand for several reasons. First, he wanted to illustrate to the people that he did not intend to gain from the opium trade, unlike his predecessor Phao. Second, he wanted to please the Western powers who believed that the drug was used by communists to undermine the morals and economy of democratic countries. Last, he saw

2460-510: The Philippines nation-state. In the Portuguese Army , the rank of marechal de campo was created in 1762, as the most junior general officer rank. Hierarchically, it was ranked between tenente-general (lieutenant-general) and brigadeiro (brigadier), this last one not being considered a general rank, but a kind of senior colonel . In Portugal, the ranks of marechal-general (marshal-general) and marechal do Exército (marechal of

2542-502: The Seri Manangkhasila Party beat the Democrat Party, the latter was seen to have won a moral victory. The Democrat Party and the press accused the government of rigging the vote and using hooligans to terrorize both candidates and voters. In a bid to repress public discontent, Phibun declared a state of emergency and Sarit was appointed as the supreme commander of military forces. However, Sarit effectively disassociated himself from

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2624-651: The Swedish army, the field marshal had unlimited military and considerable political authority. However, the field marshal was subordinate to the Lord High Constable of Sweden (Riksmarsken) and his closest man was the rikstygmästare  [ sv ] . Initially, the field marshal was the commander of the cavalry and first became the foremost military rank in Sweden during the early 17th century, especially after count Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie received

2706-588: The US belief that only the Thai military could contain the communist threat. In contrast, Likhit Dhiravegin stresses that the notion of phokho (patriarchal rule) from the Sukhothai Kingdom and devaraja (god–king) and sakdina (dignity marks) from the Ayutthaya Kingdom are essential in understanding modern Thai politics. Likhit's analysis shows how Sarit combined paternalistic rule from

2788-418: The activist and former MP Khrong Chandawong . The Revolutionary Council Proclamation No. 12, dated 22 October 1958, gave investigating authorities the power to detain suspects as long as needed. Many of those persecuted were not communists, but rather writers or intellectuals who opposed Sarit's rule. Under the proclamation, an estimated 1,000 suspects were imprisoned. According to Frank Darling, Sarit's regime

2870-508: The army's demands. As Sarit was not at home, the crowd broke into the government compound where they made speeches condemning the government. The protesters later returned to Sarit's home where he was waiting to address them. In his speech, Sarit said, "In the name of the army and deputies of the second category, I have conducted my activities based on popular will, and the interests of the people — your coming here gives me moral support to continue." The following morning, Sarit and his army staged

2952-612: The army. US Army General Douglas MacArthur was the first and only field marshal in the history of the Philippine Army , a position he held while also acting as the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines with a rank of major general. President Quezon conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the supervision of the creation of

3034-421: The boards of 22 companies, he was discovered to have owned a trust company, a brewery, 51 cars, and 30 plots of land, most of which he gave to his dozens of mistresses. Thai language newspapers published the names of 100 women who claimed to have shared his bed, shocking the public when his corruption was uncovered. As usual with senior Thai military officers and politicians, Sarit received many royal decorations in

3116-434: The cause of his dismissal. Successful military takeover On 13 September 1957, Sarit handed Phibun the army's ultimatum. The ultimatum, signed by 58 army officers, called for the resignation of the government. The public supported Sarit's ultimatum. On 15 September, a public gathering assembled to protest Phibun and his government. The crowd, which quickly grew in numbers, marched to Sarit's residence to show support for

3198-600: The city and their consumption of frogs and lizards was normal and that there was nothing to worry about. At Hua Lamphong railway station in Bangkok, there were so many refugees arriving daily that students and monks had to set up emergency help stations. On 10 August, the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Phin, was sent by helicopter to survey the Isan region where he found nothing amiss. A second survey, also done by air,

3280-428: The coffee in smaller glasses, added less coffee, or more ice into the beverage. Thais were then forced to order the "special" coffee which was the original coffee at the original price). The Association of Rice Merchants agreed to lower their rice prices in the stores they controlled. In a bid to show that everyone was participating in the revolution, the navy was called on by Sarit to provide cheap coconuts to be sold to

3362-528: The corrupt party when he commented that the 1957 elections. "were dirty, the dirtiest. Everybody cheated." In 1957, one of Isan 's worst droughts occurred. It prompted a mass exodus of people from the northeast to Bangkok, which led to social problems. The government seemed to regard this diaspora as natural and said that it could neutralize peasant discontent. The Minister of Agriculture, Field Marshal Phin Choonhavan , said that northeasterner's migration to

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3444-659: The dam began in 1958 and was finished in 1964 at a cost of 3.5 billion baht . The reservoir was completely filled in 1970. The first two generators were commissioned in 1964. In 1972, the Sirikit Dam was completed on the Nan River , one of two major tributaries of the Chao Phraya including the Ping. The Bhumibol and Sirikit Dams control 22 percent of the Chao Phraya's annual runoff combined. Both dams also help provide for

3526-633: The eradication of opium as part of his mission to uplift the country morally. Consequently, 43,445 opium pipes were destroyed, and the Committee to Combat Addictive Drugs, headed by Sarit, was created. General Sarit declared that Thailand would abide by the UN's Universal Declaration on Human Rights of 1948, to which Thailand was a signatory, except in cases when it did not. Article 17 of the Interim Constitution of Thailand, B.E. 2502 or " M17"

3608-475: The fleet " for the equivalent rank. The traditional attribute distinguishing a field marshal is a baton . The baton nowadays is purely ornamental, and as such may be richly decorated. That said, it is not necessary for the insignia to be a baton (Such is the case in Russia post-1991 and the former Soviet Union, which use a jewelled star referred to as a Marshal's star ). Sardar Shah Wali Khan (died 1977), of

3690-474: The irrigation of 1,200,000 ha (4,633 sq mi) in the wet season and 480,000 ha (1,853 sq mi) in the dry season. In 1991, the Lower Mae Ping Dam ( 17°14′31″N 99°00′58″E  /  17.24194°N 99.01611°E  / 17.24194; 99.01611  ( Lower Mae Ping Dam ) ) was constructed 5 km (3 mi) downstream to create a lower reservoir for

3772-483: The monarchy closer to the people and raising the stature of the king to that of reverence. The practice of prostration , with the head touching the ground before royal audiences, banned decades earlier by King Chulalongkorn , was reinstated. On 5 December 1982, the Army's 21st infantry regiment was transferred to the palace and Queen Sirikit was appointed its colonel-in-chief . The Sarit government revived traditional festivals and ceremonies which were abandoned after

3854-487: The number of public appearances by the king increased and as the years passed, more visits were made. The king's newly powerful position was evidenced by the number of scheduled audiences with the prime minister and other cabinet ministers. The monarchy also moved closer to the military as illustrated by the number of military affairs attended by the king in 1963. Sarit died unexpectedly in late 1963 from liver failure, just as his economic measures were proving successful. There

3936-502: The one pumped-storage turbine that was installed. When constructed, the Bhumibol Dam contributed 73.66 percent of Thailand's power generation and in 2003 that number was 2 percent. During the 2011 Thailand floods , rainfall for March 2011 over the area of northern Thailand was an extraordinary 344 percent above normal. Bhumibol Dam in particular got 242.8 millimetres (9.56 in) of rain, 224.7 millimetres (8.85 in) above

4018-477: The opening of new markets modeled after the Sunday flea markets at Sanam Luang . Merchants could sell their goods directly to the public instead of going through middlemen , thus reducing food prices. Participating merchants only had to pay nominal fee. Sarit also lowered the price of iced black coffee, a popular beverage among locals, from 70 satang per glass to 50 satang per glass. (To evade this, merchants served

4100-427: The palace after his death, with Sarit's body lying in state under royal patronage for 100 days and the king and queen attending his cremation on 17 March 1964. After Sarit's death, his reputation took a blow when an inheritance battle between his son, Major Setha Thanarat, and his last wife, Thanpuying Vichitra Thanarat, revealed the massive extent of Sarit's wealth, which totaled over US$ 100 million. Besides sitting on

4182-497: The public. Even though many of these programs did not last long or were not implemented, their announcements helped to create an atmosphere of enthusiasm for the new government. Soon after the coup, Sarit ordered the arrest and reformation of hooligans ( anthaphan ). According to the Revolutionary Council's Proclamation No. 21, anthaphan were the bane of the society and to maintain common people's happiness, there

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4264-631: The rank has remained defunct. The last Chinese marshal, Nie Rongzhen, died in 1993. On 8 January 2022, General Birhanu Jula , the Chief of General Staff of the Ethiopian National Defence Force , was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal (or Field Marshal General, depending on source). The rank was introduced to the Ethiopian National Defence Force with this promotion. The rank of Field Marshal

4346-666: The rank in history of the Republic: Kemal Atatürk , the founder of modern Turkey , and his Chief of Staff Fevzi Çakmak , both for their successes in the Turkish War of Independence . Field Marshal Idi Amin was the military dictator and third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Somalia and Kenya. Eventually, Amin held

4428-481: The rank of general de brigada (brigade general). This last rank still exists today in the Brazilian Army, but corresponds to the present rank of major-general (major-general) in the Portuguese Army. Today, the rank of Marechal is the maximum rank available but only awarded during wartime. The Brazilian Air Force has the similar rank of air marshal . On the 11 August 2020, Chadian president Idris Déby

4510-399: The rank of Generalissimo), and as such, few persons are ever appointed to it. It is considered as a five-star rank (OF-10) in modern-day armed forces in many countries. Promotion to the rank of field marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general (a wartime victory). However, the rank has also been used as a divisional command rank and also as

4592-458: The rank of Vojvoda, most notably Radomir Putnik . Later Yugoslav People's Army had the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia used only by Josip Broz Tito as the supreme commander. This would actually be one rank above the rank of Field marshal and the equivalent of a six-star general , but it was essentially an honorific title with political connotations that became Tito's best-known nickname. South African statesman and prime minister Jan Smuts

4674-564: The rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote . He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington , was promoted to the rank of a field marshal (of multiple armies) in 1813. Nine of his field marshal batons are on display in Apsley House (see Batons of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington ). No branch of

4756-679: The rank, and was the first and so far only Australian-born and Australian Army substantive (not honorary) field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of Sir Robert Menzies , the Prime Minister of Australia , in June 1950. His field marshal's baton is on display in the Second World War galleries at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra . The third appointment was Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , who

4838-399: The rank. Field Marshal ( Arabic : فريق ) is the highest rank within the Syrian Army which is a ceremonial and honorary military rank, the only holder to-date is incumbent President Bashar al-Assad who was promoted from Colonel. Its insignia is unique amongst Arab states, as the majority of Arab militaries that has a Field Marshal rank, the insignias has the national coat of arms or

4920-422: The rank. He was promoted to the position on 22 March 2015. In Sweden, a total of 75 field marshals have been appointed, from 1609 to 1824. Since 1972, the rank has not been used in Sweden, and it had long been decided to only be used in wartime. The title denoted the commander of the mounted part of the army. During the Thirty Years' War , the field marshal was subordinate to the country's lieutenant general. In

5002-425: The ranks of Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army, Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) and Marshal of the RNZAF . The King's late father, the Duke of Edinburgh (1921–2021), also held these three ranks during his lifetime. Ayub Khan (1907–1974) was the only field marshal in the history of Pakistan. He was the second president of Pakistan and the first native commander in chief of

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5084-414: The sense of "commander-in-chief". In modern Greek usage, it has been used to translate the rank of field marshal. In this sense, the rank was borne by the kings of Greece since 1939, and has been awarded only once in modern Greek history to a professional officer: Alexandros Papagos in 1949 for his leadership in the Greek victory against Fascist Italy in World War II and against the Communist forces in

5166-455: The term dates to the early Middle Ages , originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses (from Old German Marh-scalc , lit.   ' horse-servant ' ), from the time of the early Frankish kings; words originally meaning "servant" were sometimes used to mean "subordinate official" or similar. The German Holy Roman Empire and the kingdom of France had officers named Feldmarschall and Maréchal de camp respectively as far back as

5248-490: The water-scarce Bangkok-Thonburi area were given 300 large buckets of water free every month. To help the needy, the Revolutionary Council ordered the municipal government to abolish certain taxes, charges for official service, and license fees. Hospitals were ordered to give out free medicine and healthcare to the poor, while student nurses and social workers were instructed to make house calls to help with child delivery and health problems. To lower food prices , Sarit ordered

5330-450: The way for the rise of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat. The passing of the 1955 Political Party Bill led to the proliferation of more than twenty-five political parties. The government's Legislative Committee was revamped into the Seri Manangkhasila Party which was headed by Phibun with Sarit as deputy chief and Phao as secretary-general. Sarit did not play a significant role in the election process and generally left Phao in charge. Although

5412-416: Was a peaceful transfer of power to Sarit's deputy generals: Thanom Kittikachorn , who became prime minister, and Praphas Charusathien , who became deputy prime minister. Thanom and Praphas maintained Sarit's authoritarian style of government, his anti-communism, and his pro-US policies. The strength of Sarit's relationship with King Bhumibol was evident when the king ordered 21 days of official mourning in

5494-556: Was a need to get rid of them. Those with long hair, flashy clothing, and tight pants, in fashion at the time, were also targeted. Weekly dances at Lumpini Garden were banned, and rock and roll music was prohibited from government parties. Upon the release of the victims, Sarit said that he did not hate them, but his actions were necessary for the "family". Prostitution was also considered as a menace to society. Sarit ordered all arrested prostitutes be reformed by sending them to institutions which would equip them with new skills. He also passed

5576-423: Was abolished in 1848 (although in theory it is not an actual rank but a "state dignity"). Generalfeldmarschall ('general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal', abbreviated to Feldmarschall ) was the most senior general officer rank in the armies of several German states, including Saxony, Brandenburg-Prussia, Prussia, the German Empire, and lastly, Germany (from 1918). In the Habsburg monarchy ,

5658-419: Was appointed a field marshal of the British Army on 24 May 1941. During the 2010s, the South Korean government tried to promote Paik Sun-yup to the rank of field marshal. However, the attempt failed because of his past service in the Manchukuo Imperial Army . Field Marshal is the highest rank in the Sri Lanka Army . It is a ceremonial rank. Sarath Fonseka is the first and only Sri Lankan officer to hold

5740-537: Was authoritarian and retreated from what little democracy was gained during the 1932 revolution. Thak suggests that Sarit's strict rule can be understood as the modern phokhun style of leadership, where the benevolent leader intervenes to help his people. Under Sarit's rule, the monarchy was revived and brought back to centre stage. Sarit arranged for King Bhumibhol Adulyadej to attend public ceremonies, visit provinces, patronize development projects, and present diplomas to Thailand's university graduates, helping to bring

5822-443: Was below lieutenant-general , which in 1793 became divisional-general . In the title maréchal de camp and the English "field marshal", there is an etymological confusion in the French camp between the English words "camp" and "field". The French rank of field marshal should not be confused with the rank of Marshal of France , which has been the highest rank of the French Army since the higher dignity of Marshal General of France

5904-612: Was born in Bangkok , but grew up in his mother's home town in Isan -speaking northeastern Thailand and considered himself from Isan . His father, Major Luang Ruangdetanan (real name Thongdi Thanarat), was a career army officer best known for his translations into Thai of Cambodian literature. He had partial Chinese ancestry. Sarit Thanarat was educated at a monastery school, and entered Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy in 1919, not completing his military studies until 1928, after which he

5986-610: Was commissioned as a second lieutenant . During World War II he served as commander of an infantry battalion and took part in the invasion and occupation of the Shan States in Burma . Unlike many of his fellow officers, Sarit was not discharged at the end of the war. Instead, he was promoted to command the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Bangkok-based Guards Division. As a colonel, he played a leading role in

6068-514: Was forced to resign and was charged with administrative incompetence. Enraged by the charges, Thiem went to the press to reveal the real reason for his dismissal. He stated that several powerful figures in the Thai government wanted to establish the Forestry Company of Thailand which would merge with other private companies and thereby control the lumber and teak industries. Phin, who headed this project, wanted to suspend all forestry licenses when other companies refused to collude. The plan to establish

6150-638: Was last used in Ethiopia during the Ethiopian Empire in the 20th century, when Emperor Haile Selassie was head of the Imperial Ethiopian Army . The formal ceremonial uniform matched that of its British counterpart, with the exception of headgear, which was a Bicorne adorned with a golden lion's mane. Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was promoted to Field Marshal in 1933. In 1942 he was promoted to Marshal of Finland, which really

6232-651: Was loaned US$ 66 million for the Bhumibol Dam , a dam 154 meters high on the Ping River in Tak. The project was to take six years and had to pay for itself after completion. Many MPs were against the loan as it came immediately after the Isan famine. Out of respect for the king, the plan for the dam was not rejected. Things further escalated when Thiem Khomrit, Director-General of the Forestry Department,

6314-663: Was promoted to the rank of Marshal for his efforts against terrorism in West Africa. He would die the following year. During Imperial rule in China, different dynasties gave different titles to generals. A very similar title is "司馬" ( sima ) in the Eastern Han dynasty, which literally means "master of horse", and later became a two-character surname too. "司馬" is one of the Three Excellencies in Eastern Han, who

6396-639: Was promoted to the rank on 1 April 1954. The fourth and latest appointment was to King Charles III in October 2024. When Brazil became independent from Portugal in 1822, the Portuguese system of ranks was maintained by the Brazilian Army , including the rank of marechal de campo . In the second half of the 19th century, the rank of marechal de campo was replaced, both in Portugal and Brazil, by

6478-404: Was published and again indicated that there was no crisis in Isan as all the land was in acceptable condition. In a final attempt to resolve the issue, the Phibun government allocated 53 million baht , which was to be divided equally among the 53 Isan representatives. Before the government could recover from its inept management of the Isan crisis, its integrity was once again questioned. Thailand

6560-717: Was restored, an equivalent rank Marshal of the Soviet Union was introduced in place of the Imperial Russian Army Field Marshal. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the rank was replaced by the Marshal of the Russian Federation. However, as of 2024, there has only been one Marshal of the Russian Federation. In Serbian, field marshal can be literally translated as Бојни Маршал , Bojni Maršal . The closest equivalent of

6642-423: Was signed by General Likulia Bolongo . Bhumibol Dam The dam was originally called Yanhee Dam in 1951 when the government of prime minister Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsongkram initiated the project. It was renamed Bhumibol Dam in 1957. The dam, among others in the Chao Phraya basin, was constructed beginning in the 1950s to exploit the agricultural and hydroelectric potential of the basin. Construction on

6724-446: Was the legal basis for Sarit to order executions. Using M17, parliament was abolished, newspapers were strictly censored, political parties were prohibited, and people who were suspected of colluding with communists were imprisoned. From 1958 to 1963, eleven people were executed under M17. Five were given death penalty for arson, one for heroin production, one for spearheading a messianic uprising, and four on charges of communism, including

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