42-488: Sarpsborg ( pronounced [ˈsɑ̀ʂbɔr] or [ˈsɑ̀rpsbɔrɡ] ), historically Borg , is a city and municipality in Østfold county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Sarpsborg. Sarpsborg is part of the fifth largest urban area in Norway when paired with neighbouring Fredrikstad . As of 1 January 2018, according to Statistics Norway these two municipalities have
84-622: A humid continental climate (Dfb) or temperate oceanic climate (Cfb), depending on winter threshold used (0 °C (32 °F) as in US or −3 °C (27 °F) as in Europe). The all-time high 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) was recorded in July 2018. The all-time low −26 °C (−15 °F) was set in December 2002. Since the weather station was incepted in 1991, the records may not be representative of
126-421: A city based on the local manufacturing and refining industry, with only around ten percent employed within the local manufacturing industry, coinciding with Norway's general shift towards a post-industrial society . Despite this, the city is still widely regarded by Norwegians both unofficially and officially, to be an industrial city. Borregaard Industries is, and always has been, the most important industry in
168-662: A departure, not a positive description. One of the word's early users, Ivan Illich , prefigured this criticism and invented the term Conviviality, or the Convivial Society , to stand as a positive description of his version of a post-industrial society. A group of scholars (including Allen Scott and Edward Soja ) argue that industry remains at the center of the whole process of capitalist accumulation, with services not only becoming increasingly industrialized and automated but also remaining highly dependent on industrial growth. Some observers, including Soja (building on
210-401: A general increase in expertise through the economy and throughout society. In this manner, it eliminates what Alan Banks and Jim Foster identify as "undesirable work as well as the grosser forms of poverty and inequality". This effect is supplemented by the aforementioned movement of power into the hands of young educated people concerned with social justice. Economists at Berkeley have studied
252-589: A longer time frame. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is 20 April and average date for first freeze in autumn is 22 October giving a frost-free season of 184 days (1981-2010 average). Sarpsborg has several sister cities : List of cities in Norway Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include
294-790: A more prominent role in the wake of manufacturing's decline. Actor and then-artistic director of the Old Vic Theatre , Kevin Spacey , has argued the economic case for the arts in terms of providing jobs and being of greater importance in exports than manufacturing (as well as an educational role) in a guest column he wrote for The Times . Post-industrialism is criticized for the amount of real fundamental change it produces in society, if any at all. A mild view held by Alan Banks and Jim Foster contends that representations of post-industrial society by advocates assume professional, educated elites were previously less relevant than they have become in
336-416: A municipality of its own. The rural municipalities of Tune, Skjeberg , and Varteig were merged with the city on 1 January 1992. The population is steadily growing, and during the summer of 2005 it reached 50,000 inhabitants. In 2016 the town celebrated its 1,000th anniversary, and the entire year was commemorated by a special programme that encouraged historic preservation within the town. Historically,
378-410: A post-industrial society as they still expect its benefits but are more sensitized to moral trade-offs and risks. Similarly, post-industrial society has serviced the creative culture. Many of those most well-equipped to thrive in an increasingly technological society are young adults with tertiary education. As education itself becomes more and more oriented towards producing people capable of answering
420-588: A total population of 136,127 with 55,840 in Sarpsborg and 81,278 in Fredrikstad. Statistics for 2021, say that the city has a population where 19% of the children belong to families that have "low-income in the long-term"; that is the highest level for a city (in Norway); the national level is 11.3%. In Norse times the city was just called Borg (from borg which means " castle "). The background for this
462-513: Is based on a coat of arms dating from 1556 and shows a bear above a castle. The bear was introduced as early as some time in the 13th century, by the earl of Sarpsborg (Comes de Saresburgh) , Alv Erlingsson . He used the bear to symbolise his strength. The castle symbolises the fortress (borg) that gave the city its original name. The city was founded as Borg by the Viking King Olav Haraldsson (Saint Olaf) in 1016. It
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#1732780112013504-506: Is exacerbated by a " corporate liberalism " that seeks to continue economic growth through "the creation and satisfaction of false needs ", or as Christopher Lasch more derisively refers to it, "subsidized waste". Urban development (UD) in the context of post-industrialism is also a point of contention. In opposition to the view that the new leaders of post-industrial society are increasingly environmentally aware, this critique asserts that UD rather leads to environmental degradation, which
546-490: Is reflected by the economic history of post-industrial societies. As economic activities shift from primarily primary and secondary sector-based to tertiary, and later quaternary, sector-based, cities in which this shift occurs become more open to exchanges of information. This is necessitated by the demands of a tertiary and quaternary sector: in order to better service an industry focused on finance, education, communication, management, training, engineering, and aesthetic design,
588-549: Is rooted in the patterns of development. Urban sprawl , characterised behaviourally by cities "expanding at the periphery in even lower densities" and physically by " office parks , malls, strips, condo clusters, corporate campuses, and gated communities", is singled out as the main issue. Resulting from a post-industrialist culture of " mobile capital , the service economy , post-Fordist disposable consumerism and banking deregulation ", urban sprawl has caused post-industrialism to become environmentally and socially regressive. Of
630-419: Is stressed to be one where knowledge is power and technology is the instrument. Naturally, where one is creatively inclined, they are advantaged by such a society. The doctrine of "speed, mobility, and malleability" is well suited to a dynamic creative industry and as industries of good production decrease in precedence, the way is paved for artists, musicians, and other such types, whose skills are better used by
672-465: Is that it is a technocracy ". Such societies then become notable for their ability to subvert social consciousness through powers of manipulation rather than powers of coercion , reflective of the "ideology of the ruling class [as] … predominantly managerial". Pope Francis has suggested that "the post-industrial period may well be remembered as one of the most irresponsible in history", although he follows this comment with "the hope that humanity at
714-686: Is treated elsewhere by contentions that the post-industrial society merely perpetuates capitalism. Recalling the critical assertion that all modern societies are technocracies, T. Roszak completes the analysis by stating that "all societies are moving in the direction of technocracies". From this, the foremost "suave technocracies" reside in the West, whereas all others are successively graded in descending order: "vulgar technocracies", " teratoid technocracies", and finally "comic opera technocracies". This view importantly presumes one transition and furthermore one path of transition for societies to undergo, i.e.
756-461: Is unsurprising, having been foreshadowed in Daniel Bell 's presumption as to how economic employment patterns will evolve in such societies. He asserts employment will grow faster in the tertiary (and quaternary) sector relative to employment in the primary and secondary sector and that the tertiary (and quaternary) sectors will take precedence in the economy. This will continue to occur such that
798-544: The top division in a play-off game in Fredrikstad stadion . Sarpsborg 08 has a women's football team that was promoted to the women's Division 1 at the end of 2011, at the same time as the club's under-19 girls reached the Junior Cup Final. Sarpsborg BK plays in the highest bandy division. Sarpsborg is famous for its two elite leagues teams in floorball, Sarpsborg IBK and Greåker IBK . Sarpsborg has
840-545: The "impact of the expert" will expand and power will be monopolized by knowledge. As tertiary and quaternary sector positions are essentially knowledge-oriented, this will result in a restructuring of education, at least in its nuances. The "new power… of the expert" consequently gives rise to the growing role of universities and research institutes in post-industrial societies. Post-industrial societies themselves become oriented around these places of knowledge production and production of experts as their new foci. Consequently,
882-615: The Global West, which its proponents assume to be solely capable of fully realizing industrialization and then post-industrialization. Herman Kahn optimistically predicted the "economic growth, expanded production and growing efficiency" of post-industrial societies and the resultant "material abundance and… high quality of life " to extend to "almost all people in Western societies" and only "some in Eastern societies". This prediction
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#1732780112013924-417: The city must become points of exchange capable of providing the most updated information from across the globe. Conversely, as cities become a convergence of international ideas, the tertiary and quaternary sector can be expected to grow. A cult of 'creatives' have sprung up embodying and often describing and defending the post-industrial ethos. They argue that businesses that create intangibles have taken
966-555: The city. The city is also the home of Borg Bryggerier , part of the Hansa Borg Bryggerier , which is Norway's second largest brewery -group. During the 1950s and 1960s, Sarpsborg was famous for its football (soccer) team, Sarpsborg FK , but is now more known for its ice hockey team, Sparta Warriors . In football, Sarpsborg 08 FF has taken over the local throne, currently playing at the highest national level. On 6 November 2009, they sent arch-rival FFK down from
1008-570: The dawn of the twenty-first century will be remembered for having generously shouldered its grave responsibilities". In line with the view that nothing fundamental has changed in the transition from industrial societies to post-industrial societies is the insistence of lingering problems from past development periods. Neo-Malthusian in essence, this outlook focuses on post-industrial society's continuing struggle with issues of resource scarcity , overpopulation , and environmental degradation , all of which are remnants from its industrial history. This
1050-411: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 574193838 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:48:32 GMT Post-industrial society In sociology, the post-industrial society is the stage of society's development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy. The term
1092-447: The former, environmental degradation results from encroachment as cities meet demands on low-density habitation; the wider spread of population consumes more of the environment while necessitating more energy consumption to facilitate travel within the ever-growing city, incurring greater pollution. This process evokes the neo-Malthusian concerns of overpopulation and resource scarcity that inevitably lead to environmental deterioration. Of
1134-419: The greatest beneficiaries in the post-industrial society are young urban professionals. As a new, educated, and politicized generation, more impassioned by liberalism, social justice, and environmentalism, comes into being; the shift of power into their hands, as a result of their knowledge endowments, is often cited as a good thing. The increasing importance of knowledge in post-industrial societies results in
1176-425: The industrial society (producing the raw materials and goods consumed by its peer) were for some reason to cut off supply to the post-industrial nation, there would be little recourse for the latter to ensure that supply chains were not disrupted. Since the society based on ideas would have diminished real product output, the industrial society would be in a position to dictate terms to its counterpart. The response from
1218-408: The latter, "post-industrialism's doctrine of … mobility and malleability" encourage a disconnect between communities where social belonging falls into the category of things considered by the "post-Fordist disposable consumer[ist]" attitude as interchangeable, expendable, and replaceable. Post-industrialism as a concept is highly Western -centric. Theoretically and effectively, it is only possible in
1260-408: The local waterfall. In Norse times Østfold county was called Borgarsýsla which means "the county (sýsla) of Borg" and the law district of southeast Norway was called Borgarþing meaning "the thing /court of Borg". The old name has been revived in the diocese of Borg (1968) and Borgarting Court of Appeal (1995). The coat-of-arms is from modern times and was granted on 13 November 1991. It
1302-516: The mid-to-late 1960s. The term has grown and changed as it became mainstream. The term is now used by marketers such as Seth Godin , public policy PhDs such as Keith Boeckelman, and sociologists such as Neil Fligstein and Ofer Sharone. U.S. President Bill Clinton used the term to describe Chinese growth in a round-table discussion in Shanghai in 1998. The post-industrialized society is marked by an increased valuation of knowledge. This itself
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1344-625: The need for self-actualization, creativity, and self-expression, successive generations become more endowed with the ability to contribute to and perpetuate such industries. This change in education, as well among the emerging class of young professionals, is initiated by what James D Wright identifies as an "unprecedented economic affluence and the satiation of basic material needs". Ellen Dunham-Jones as well observes this feature of post-industrial society where "abundant goods [are] equitably distributed [in order that] laborless leisure and self-determination " can be consumed. The post-industrial society
1386-424: The new social order , and that changes that have occurred are minor but greatly embellished. More critical views see the entire process as the highest evolution of capitalism , wherein the system produces commodities as opposed to practical goods and is determined privately instead of socially. This view is complemented by the assertion that "the characteristic feature of a modern [that is, post-industrial] society
1428-408: The one that Western societies are slated to complete. Much like the demographic transition model, this prediction does not entertain the idea of an Eastern or other alternative models of transitional development. When historians and sociologists considered the revolution that followed the agricultural society they did not call it a "post-agricultural society". "Post-industrial society" signifies only
1470-583: The ones below have begun to emerge. Daniel Bell popularized the term through his 1974 work The Coming of Post-Industrial Society . Although some have credited Bell with coining the term, French sociologist Alain Touraine published in 1969 the first major work on the post-industrial society. The term was also used extensively by social philosopher Ivan Illich in his 1973 paper Tools for Conviviality and appears occasionally in Leftist texts throughout
1512-505: The sawmill and timber shipping industry has been Sarpsborg's most important sources of income, however since the industrialisation in Norway, more specifically Sarpsborg and the establishment of local manufacturing businesses during the late 1800s, the biggest being Borregaard , Sarpsborg has changed from its traditional timber-based economy and pre-industrial society to a more manufacturing and refining-based economy and industrial society . In modern times Sarpsborg has moved away from being
1554-457: The tertiary and quaternary sector. Urban geographer Trevor Barnes, in his work outlining the Vancouver experience in post-war development, evokes the post-industrial condition, citing the emergence and consolidation of a significant video games industry as a constituent of the elite service sector. This increased faculty of the post-industrialist society with respects to the creative industry
1596-454: The theories of the French philosopher of urbanism Henri Lefebvre ), suggest that although industry may be based outside of a "post-industrial" nation, that nation cannot ignore industry's necessary sociological importance. Further concerns can be raised regarding the difference in mindset and objectives between those in an industrial society, and those in a post-industrial one. For instance, if
1638-443: The value of knowledge as a form of capital , adding value to material capital, such as a factory or a truck. Speaking along the same lines of their argument, the addition or 'production' of knowledge, could become the basis of what would undoubtedly be considered 'post-industrial' policies meant to deliver economic growth. The valuation of specifically scientific knowledge and technology can paradoxically be devalued by individuals in
1680-528: Was burned to the ground by Swedish invaders in 1567 during the Northern Seven Years' War . Half the population was evacuated down the river to what is today known as Fredrikstad, about 15 kilometres (9 mi) downstream. Much of the rebuilt town disappeared into the river Glomma during a 1702 mudslide . Again Borg was rebuilt, and it was recreated as a city in 1839, and separated from Tune as
1722-420: Was originated by Alain Touraine and is closely related to similar sociological theoretical concepts such as post-Fordism , information society , knowledge economy , post-industrial economy , liquid modernity , and network society . They all can be used in economics or social science disciplines as a general theoretical backdrop in research design . As the term has been used, a few common themes, including
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1764-555: Was the fortification built by Olav Haraldsson (see History section). Later the genitive case of the name of the waterfall Sarpr ( Sarp Falls ) was added, it's unclear how Sarpsborg received this part of its name, two interpretations are the most prevalent. The first coming from the Icelandic word Sarpr which means birdcage in English. The other interpretation is that Sarpr means "the one who swallows", probably referring to
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