= Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie colour = Ladies = Gentlemen
76-571: Scholastica /skəˈlæstɪkə/ ( c. 480 – 10 February 543) was an Italian Christian hermit and the sister of Benedict of Nursia . She is traditionally regarded as the foundress of the Benedictine nuns. Scholastica is honored as a saint of the Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglican Communion . She was born in Italy, and a ninth-century tradition makes her
152-435: A biretta . Usually, secular priests wear either a black cassock or an ordinary men's garb in black or another dark color along with a white clerical collar . White cassocks or clothes may be worn in hot climates. Also, a ferraiolo (a kind of cope) could be worn along with the cassock. Priests also traditionally wore a biretta along with the cassock. Deacons, priests, and bishops belonging to religious institutes wear
228-443: A Christocentric life on earth) and administrative (how to run a monastery efficiently). More than half of the chapters describe how to be obedient and humble, and what to do when a member of the community is not. About one-fourth regulate the work of God (the "opus Dei"). One-tenth outline how, and by whom, the monastery should be managed. Benedictine asceticism is known for its moderation. This devotional medal originally came from
304-485: A blue habit. The Eastern Orthodox Church does not have distinct religious orders such as those in the Catholic Church. The habit ( Greek : Σχήμα , romanized : Schēma ) is essentially the same throughout the world. The normal monastic color is black, symbolic of repentance and simplicity. The habits of monks and nuns are identical; additionally, nuns wear a scarf, called an apostolnik . The habit
380-464: A cross in honor of Saint Benedict. On one side, the medal has an image of Saint Benedict, holding the Holy Rule in his left hand and a cross in his right. There is a raven on one side of him, with a cup on the other side of him. Around the medal's outer margin are the words "Eius in obitu nostro praesentia muniamur" ("May we be strengthened by his presence in the hour of our death"). The other side of
456-643: A habit, these sisters often share a common appearance: calf-length skirt, blouse or sweater, visible cross necklace. Monks in the Catholic church wear a tunic, a cincture , a hooded scapular, and, for the Liturgy of the Hours , a mantle (novices) or a cowl (professed monks). Owing to the different traditions and origins that exist, there is no singular common habit worn by the Canons Regular . Historically
532-516: A household and form a community. Benedictine tradition holds that Scholastica established a hermitage about five miles from Monte Cassino and that this was the first convent of Benedictine nuns. However, it is possible that Scholastica lived in a hermitage with one or two other consecrated virgins in a cluster of houses at the base of Mount Cassino where there is an ancient church under her patronage Monastero di Santa Scolastica. Ruth Clifford Engs notes that since Dialogues indicates that Scholastica
608-507: A particular uniform style. Uniformity and distinctiveness by order often evolved and changed over time. Interpretation of terms for clothes in religious rules could change over centuries. Furthermore, every time new communities gained importance in a cultural area the need for visual separation increased for new as well as old communities. Thus, modern habits are rooted in historic forms, but do not necessarily resemble them in cut, color, material, detail or use. In Christian monastic orders of
684-509: A provincial calendar of saints is published in each province. In almost all of these, Saint Benedict is commemorated on 11 July. Benedict is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 11 July. Benedict wrote the Rule for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. The Rule comprises seventy-three short chapters. Its wisdom is twofold: spiritual (how to live
760-463: A sarotium, coming from the Latin sacrum rochettum , 'the sacred rochet'. It is a thin band of linen worn over the cassock when not in choir. As part of their choir dress, some communities of Canons wear a mozzetta, either black or purple over the rochet. Outdoors Canons wear a black cloak and hood, but again adaptations have been made to this in some of the communities. Canons also traditionally wore
836-854: A sign of respect for not only religion but also their husbands. In India, most devoted Hindus are seen wearing a tilak and orange clothing depicting devotion to their religion. Most Hindu Pandits are either seen in a white or orange (kesari) religious clothing in India. Brahmin Hindus are most known for their devotion to the religion among all Hindus. They are seen wearing religious habits at various important moments in their life. Sunni in west asia before 19th century, religious clergy colloquially known as Mullah wore common clothes of their era with very small differences. later most Sunni mullahs in former territories of Ottoman empire started wearing long robes in black or other colours such as grey or blue, with
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#1732783206472912-615: A simple and modest manner, with an appropriate symbol, in such a way that their consecration is recognizable. Institutes which from their origin or by provision of their Constitutions do not have a specific habit should ensure that the dress of their members corresponds in dignity and simplicity to the nature of their vocation. The religious habits of Catholic nuns typically consist of the following elements: The coif and veil were common items of clothing for married women in medieval Europe. Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have changed over time. Historically,
988-477: A typical red fez and white turban which didn't look as prominent as turbans of earlier eras. Shia meanwhile clothing of Shia mullahs was mainly based on common clothing of Qajar era with a typical common robe called Qaba which evolved from robes of Safavid and Mongol eras, and a large overcoat called Aba, which was sewn in a rectangle pattern without separate sleeves which was also common among other classes but with slight differences, and seyyids wore black turbans,
1064-456: Is Benedict's day of death and that his memorial is celebrated on 11 July, while on 11 July it devotes seven lines to speaking of him, and mentions the tradition that he died on 21 March. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Saint Benedict on 14 March. The Lutheran Churches celebrate the Feast of Saint Benedict on July 11. The Anglican Communion has no single universal calendar, but
1140-639: Is bestowed in degrees, as the monk or nun advances in the spiritual life. There are three degrees: (1) the beginner, known as the Rassaphore ('robe bearer') (2) the intermediate, known as the Stavrophore ('cross bearer'), and (3) the Great Schema worn by Great Schema Monks or Nuns. Only the last, the Schemamonk or Schemanun, the monastic of the highest degree, wears the full habit. The habit
1216-563: Is formally bestowed upon monks and nuns at the ceremony known as the tonsure (Greek κουρά ). The parts of the Eastern Orthodox habit are: The portions of the habit worn by the various degrees of monastics is as follows: In Hinduism, religious clothing is a huge element of an individual’s life. Most Hindus are known to wear a religious pendant in their daily life to show their faith in God. Hindu women cover their heads with scarf as
1292-523: Is represented in a Benedictine habit , often as an abbess , and holding the Rule of Saint Benedict , with a crucifix or an ascending dove. Scholastica was selected as the main motif for a high-value commemorative coin: the Austria €50 'The Christian Religious Orders' , issued 13 March 2002. On the obverse (head) side of the coin Scholastica is depicted alongside Benedict. Scholastica is honored on
1368-609: Is the patron saint of speleologists . On the island of Tenerife ( Spain ) he is the patron saint of fields and farmers. An important romeria ( Romería Regional de San Benito Abad ) is held on this island in his honor, one of the most important in the country. In the pre-1970 General Roman Calendar , his feast is kept on 21 March, the day of his death according to some manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum and that of Bede . Because on that date his liturgical memorial would always be impeded by
1444-462: Is unclear). Gregory also says she was dedicated to God from a young age. She and her brother Benedict were brought up together until the time he left to pursue studies in Rome . A young Roman woman of Scholastica's class and time would likely have remained in her father's house until marriage (likely arranged) or entry into consecrated life. On occasion several consecrated virgins would live together in
1520-457: The Catholic , Lutheran and Anglican Churches, the habit often consists of a tunic covered by a scapular and cowl , with a hood for monks or friars and a veil for nuns ; in apostolic orders it may be a distinctive form of cassock for men, or a distinctive habit and veil for women. Catholic Canon Law requires only that the garb of their members be in some way identifiable so that
1596-622: The De Laude Virginitatis , written for the nuns at Barking , and in the shorter Carmen de virginitate . What is known of Scholastica derives from the Dialogues of Gregory the Great. Early calendars and place names in the area around Monte Cassino support the historical accuracy of St. Gregory the Great's account of her life. Gregory names as his sources four of Benedict's contemporaries. A contemporary, Caesarius of Arles , wrote
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#17327832064721672-569: The Eight Auspicious Signs in Buddhism. In Chinese Buddhism , the kāṣāya is called gāsā (Ch. 袈裟). During the early period of Chinese Buddhism , the most common color was red. Later, the color of the robes came to serve as a way to distinguish monastics, just as they did in India. However, the colors of a Chinese Buddhist monastic's robes often corresponded to their geographical region rather than to any specific schools. By
1748-475: The Nara period or Heian period . Hakama ( 袴 ) are a type of traditional Japanese clothing , originally worn only by men, but today they are worn by both sexes. There are two types, divided umanori ( 馬乗り , "horse-riding hakama ") and undivided andon bakama ( 行灯袴 , "lantern hakama ") . The umanori type have divided legs, similar to trousers , but both types appear similar. Hakama are tied at
1824-575: The Parthian monk An Shigao came to China and translated a work which describes the color of monastic robes utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí (Ch. 大比丘三千威儀). Another text translated at a later date, the Śariputraparipṛcchā , contains a very similar passage corroborating this information, but the colors for the Sarvāstivāda and Dharmaguptaka sects are reversed. In traditions of Tibetan Buddhism , which follow
1900-554: The Regula virginum (Rule for Virgins), a rule drawn up for virgins living in community, for a community which was headed by his sister, Caesaria. Scholastica is the patron saint of Benedictine nuns , education, and convulsive children, and is invoked against storms and rain. Her feast is celebrated on 10 February. Saint Scholastica's Day bears special importance in the Benedictine monastic calendar. In iconography, Scholastica
1976-631: The veil , it is common for novices to wear a white veil while professed members wear black, or if the order generally wears white, the novice wears a grey veil. Among some Franciscan communities of men, novices wear a sort of overshirt over their tunic; Carthusian novices wear a black cloak over their white habit. Kāṣāya ( Sanskrit : काषाय , romanized : kāṣāya ; Pali : kasāva; Chinese : 袈裟 ; pinyin : jiāshā ; Cantonese Jyutping : gaa saa ; Japanese : 袈裟 kesa ; Korean : 袈裟 가사 gasa ; Vietnamese : cà-sa ), "chougu" ( Tibetan ) are
2052-546: The Greek himation , and its shape and folds have been treated in Greek style in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra . Other items that may have been worn with the triple robe were: In India, variations of the kāṣāya robe distinguished different types of monastics. These represented the different schools that they belonged to, and their robes ranged widely from red and ochre, to blue and black. Between 148 and 170 CE,
2128-550: The Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of the Mūlasarvāstivādins. According to Dudjom Rinpoche from the tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, the robes of fully ordained Mahāsāṃghika monastics were to be sewn out of more than seven sections, but no more than twenty-three sections. The symbols sewn on the robes were the endless knot (Skt. śrīvatsa ) and the conch shell (Skt. śaṅkha ), two of
2204-406: The attire of the culture they are working in, or to even discard their use entirely. While styles vary, for those wearing the traditional habit, three pieces are consistently worn: tunic (robe), belt/cincture, veil. The habit of some Dominican Sisters consists of a tunic, belt (cincture), scapular, veil, rosary, and on formal occasions a cappa (mantle). Even for orders that have chosen not to wear
2280-399: The best sources: a handful of Benedict's disciples who lived with him and witnessed his various miracles. These followers, he says, are Constantinus, who succeeded Benedict as Abbot of Monte Cassino, Honoratus , who was abbot of Subiaco when St. Gregory wrote his Dialogues , Valentinianus , and Simplicius . In Gregory's day, history was not recognised as an independent field of study; it
2356-524: The body in a specific manner. The three main pieces of cloth are the antarvāsa , the uttarāsaṅga , and the saṃghāti . Together they form the "triple robe", or tricīvara . The tricīvara is described more fully in the Theravāda Vinaya (Vin 1:94 289). A robe covering the upper body. It is worn over the undergarment, or antarvāsa. In representations of the Buddha, the uttarāsaṅga rarely appears as
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2432-688: The calendars of the Church of England and the Episcopal Church on 10 February. The calendar of the Diocese of Aachen has an additional feast of the translation of Scholastica's relics on 6 February, the Premonstratensians commemorate her on 9 February. Benedict of Nursia Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire , near Orléans , France Benedict of Nursia ( Latin : Benedictus Nursiae ; Italian : Benedetto da Norcia ; 2 March 480 – 21 March 547), often known as Saint Benedict ,
2508-566: The common habit was the distinctive white cassock, with white fascia, over time some communities of Canons have changed to wearing the black cassock with black fascia. The only item of the habit that is common to all Canons is the linen rochet a mark of the canonical status. In the Netherlands, some wore a cacullae (a small asymmetrical black cope of cloth or sheepskin.) Some communities of canons, notably in Austria and Switzerland wear
2584-415: The cross. An investigation found a number of painted crosses on the walls of the abbey with the letters now found on St Benedict medals, but their meaning had been forgotten. A manuscript written in 1415 was eventually found that had a picture of Benedict holding a scroll in one hand and a staff which ended in a cross in the other. On the scroll and staff were written the full words of the initials contained on
2660-571: The cross. Either the inscription "PAX" (Peace) or the Christogram "IHS" may be found at the top of the cross in most cases. Around the medal's margin on this side are the Vade Retro Satana initials VRSNSMV which stand for "Vade Retro Satana, Nonquam Suade Mihi Vana" ("Begone Satan, do not suggest to me thy vanities") then a space followed by the initials SMQLIVB which signify "Sunt Mala Quae Libas, Ipse Venena Bibas" ("Evil are
2736-545: The crosses. Medals then began to be struck in Germany, which then spread throughout Europe. This medal was first approved by Pope Benedict XIV in his briefs of 23 December 1741 and 12 March 1742. Benedict has been also the motif of many collector's coins around the world. The Austria 50 euro 'The Christian Religious Orders' , issued on 13 March 2002 is one of them. The early Middle Ages have been called "the Benedictine centuries." In April 2008, Pope Benedict XVI discussed
2812-589: The earlier Rule of the Master , but it also has a unique spirit of balance, moderation and reasonableness ( ἐπιείκεια , epieíkeia ), which persuaded most Christian religious communities founded throughout the Middle Ages to adopt it. As a result, Benedict's Rule became one of the most influential religious rules in Western Christendom . For this reason, Giuseppe Carletti regarded Benedict as
2888-521: The foundational document for thousands of religious communities in the Middle Ages. To this day, The Rule of St. Benedict is the most common and influential Rule used by monasteries and monks, more than 1,400 years after its writing. A basilica was built upon the birthplace of Benedict and Scholastica in the 1400s. Ruins of their familial home were excavated from beneath the church and preserved. The earthquake of 30 October 2016 completely devastated
2964-411: The founder of Western Christian monasticism . Apart from a short poem attributed to Mark of Monte Cassino, the only ancient account of Benedict is found in the second volume of Pope Gregory I 's four-book Dialogues , thought to have been written in 593, although the authenticity of this work is disputed. Gregory's account of Benedict's life, however, is not a biography in the modern sense of
3040-635: The group and went back to his cave at Subiaco. There lived in the neighborhood a priest called Florentius who, moved by envy, tried to ruin him. He tried to poison him with poisoned bread. When he prayed a blessing over the bread, a raven swept in and took the loaf away. From this time his miracles seem to have become frequent, and many people, attracted by his sanctity and character, came to Subiaco to be under his guidance. Having failed by sending him poisonous bread, Florentius tried to seduce his monks with some prostitutes. To avoid further temptations, in about 530 Benedict left Subiaco. He founded 12 monasteries in
3116-506: The habit is a sign of consecration, poverty and membership in a particular Religious family, I join the Fathers of the Synod in strongly recommending to men and women religious that they wear their proper habit, suitably adapted to the conditions of time and place. Where valid reasons of their apostolate call for it, Religious, in conformity with the norms of their Institute, may also dress in
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3192-494: The habit of their institute. Latin Church clergy other than bishops, in particular any who are abbots or apostolic prefects or ordinary of a personal ordinariate, may wear pontifical items. Mitre, crosier and ring are bestowed on an abbot at his blessing and the pectoral cross is a customary part of an abbatial habit. In Lutheranism , various religious orders have a habit of a different colour. The Daughters of Mary wear
3268-502: The influence St Benedict had on Western Europe. The pope said that "with his life and work St Benedict exercised a fundamental influence on the development of European civilization and culture" and helped Europe to emerge from the "dark night of history" that followed the fall of the Roman empire . Benedict contributed more than anyone else to the rise of monasticism in the West. His Rule was
3344-686: The maturation of Chinese Buddhism, only the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was still in use, and therefore the color of robes served no useful purpose as a designation for sects, the way that it had in India. In Japanese Buddhism , the kāṣāya is known as the kesa ( 袈裟 ) . In Japan, during the Edo and Meiji periods , kesa were sometimes pieced together from the theatrical kimono used in Noh theatre . Pope John Paul II in his post-apostolic Exhortation Vita consecrata (1996) says concerning
3420-546: The medal has a cross with the initials CSSML on the vertical bar which signify "Crux Sacra Sit Mihi Lux" ("May the Holy Cross be my light") and on the horizontal bar are the initials NDSMD which stand for "Non-Draco Sit Mihi Dux" ("Let not the dragon be my guide"). The initials CSPB stand for "Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti" ("The Cross of the Holy Father Benedict") and are located on the interior angles of
3496-547: The modern Norcia , in Umbria . If 480 is accepted as the year of his birth, the year of his abandonment of his studies and leaving home would be about 500. Gregory's narrative makes it impossible to suppose him younger than 20 at the time. Benedict was sent to Rome to study, but was disappointed by the academic studies he encountered there. Seeking to flee the great city, he left with his nurse and settled in Enfide . Enfide, which
3572-494: The mountain now rises almost perpendicularly; while on the right, it strikes in a rapid descent down to where, in Benedict's day, 500 feet (150 m) below, lay the blue waters of a lake. The cave has a large triangular-shaped opening and is about ten feet deep. On his way from Enfide, Benedict met a monk, Romanus of Subiaco , whose monastery was on the mountain above the cliff overhanging the cave. Romanus discussed with Benedict
3648-456: The mountains of central Italy . The present-day Order of Saint Benedict emerged later and, moreover, is not an "order" as the term is commonly understood, but a confederation of autonomous congregations . Benedict's main achievement, his Rule of Saint Benedict , contains a set of rules for his monks to follow. Heavily influenced by the writings of John Cassian ( c. 360 – c. 435 ), it shows strong affinity with
3724-460: The mouth. Śvetāmbara ascetics have an Ogho or Rajoharan (a broom of woolen threads) to clean insects around their sitting place or while they are walking. Digambara ascetics have a Morpichhi and a Kamandal in their hands. This practice may vary among different sects of Jains but essential principle remains the same to limit needs. In Japan, various types of very traditional dress are worn by Shinto priests, often dating to styles worn by nobles during
3800-542: The observance of Lent , the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar moved his memorial to 11 July, the date that appears in some Gallic liturgical books of the end of the 8th century as the feast commemorating his birth ( Natalis S. Benedicti ). There is some uncertainty about the origin of this feast. Accordingly, on 21 March the Roman Martyrology mentions in a line and a half that it
3876-547: The only difference of mullahs was wearing turbans which was in common with Sufi derwishes. largest centres of Islamic education in central education was in Turkestan which was also centre of Sufism and Bukhara which was the main destination of Turkmen mullahs before 20th century and such large cities. mullahs wore same robes as commoners with an overcoat called Chapan/Chakmen. from 20th century onwards islamic education declined in central asia under Soviet rule and after 1990's there
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#17327832064723952-421: The outer world and by the visits of Romanus, Benedict matured both in mind and character, in knowledge of himself and of his fellow-man, and at the same time he became not merely known to, but secured the respect of, those about him; so much so that on the death of the abbot of a monastery in the neighbourhood (identified by some with Vicovaro ), the community came to him and begged him to become its abbot. Benedict
4028-479: The person may serve as a witness of the Evangelical counsels . In many orders, the conclusion of postulancy and the beginning of the novitiate is marked by a ceremony, in which the new novice is accepted as a novice and then clothed in the community's habit by the superior . In some cases the novice's habit will be somewhat different from the customary habit: for instance, in certain orders of women that use
4104-545: The purpose which had brought him to Subiaco, and gave him the monk's habit. By his advice Benedict became a hermit and for three years lived in this cave above the lake. Gregory tells little of Benedict's later life. He now speaks of Benedict no longer as a youth ( puer ), but as a man ( vir ) of God. Romanus , Gregory states, served Benedict in every way he could. The monk apparently visited him frequently, and on fixed days brought him food. During these three years of solitude, broken only by occasional communications with
4180-488: The religious habit of Catholic sisters was a visible sign of a woman's consecration to God. Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have changed over time. For example, in former times, the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul wore a cornette instead of a veil. Due the ecclesiastical document Perfectae caritatis , many congregations decided to simplify their habits, to conform to
4256-448: The religious habit of consecrated persons: §25 [...] The Church must always seek to make her presence visible in everyday life, especially in contemporary culture, which is often very secularized and yet sensitive to the language of signs. In this regard the Church has a right to expect a significant contribution from consecrated persons, called as they are in every situation to bear clear witness that they belong to Christ. Since
4332-538: The right side as it had originated from Ilkhanate but at least from second half of 20th century some Qaba and Labbada are produced in opposite manner. Mullahs used to have long preserved beards and usually shaved their head but after the revolution the trend is trimmed short beard and typical short hairstyles. Sunni in central asia Sunni mullahs in central asia continued wearing their traditional clothing which resembled common clothing, in case of Ethnicities which didnt wear turban as daily wear (such as Turkmens and Kazakhs)
4408-598: The robes of Buddhist monks and nuns , named after a brown or saffron dye. In Sanskrit and Pali, these robes are also given the more general term cīvara , which references the robes without regard to color. Buddhist kāṣāya are said to have originated in India as set of robes for the devotees of Gautama Buddha . A notable variant has a pattern reminiscent of an Asian rice field. Original kāṣāya were constructed of discarded fabric . These were stitched together to form three rectangular pieces of cloth, which were then fitted over
4484-494: The same clothing has been preserved till present day and spread to shia scholars outside Iran whore used to wear local clothing before 20th century; pattern of Qaba has been changed and slightly westernised with buttons added and sleeves sewn into the body rather than traditional straight sleeves, and they no more use a sash, and caps aren't worn under turban. there has been also a newer design called Labbada with round collar instead of Qaba. before 20th century left side of Qaba covered
4560-417: The standardised uniforms. keeping a mustache was also more common in earlier times but modern mullahs either fully shave or trim the mustaches following fundamentalist trend. Female ascetics and Śvetāmbara male monks always wear un-stitched or minimally stitched white clothes. Digambara Jain monks do not wear clothes. A loin cloth which reaches up to the shins is called a Cholapattak. Another cloth to cover
4636-408: The structure of the basilica, leaving only the front facade and altar standing. Religious habit A religious habit is a distinctive set of religious clothing worn by members of a religious order . Traditionally some plain garb recognizable as a religious habit has also been worn by those leading the religious eremitic and anchoritic life, although in their case without conformity to
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#17327832064724712-529: The things thou profferest, drink thou thine own poison"). This medal was first struck in 1880 to commemorate the fourteenth centenary of Benedict's birth and is also called the Jubilee Medal; its exact origin, however, is unknown. In 1647, during a witchcraft trial at Natternberg near Metten Abbey in Bavaria, the accused women testified they had no power over Metten, which was under the protection of
4788-473: The tradition of Subiaco identifies with the modern Affile , is in the Simbruini mountains, about forty miles from Rome and two miles from Subiaco. A short distance from Enfide is the entrance to a narrow, gloomy valley, penetrating the mountains and leading directly to Subiaco. The path continues to ascend, and the side of the ravine on which it runs becomes steeper until a cave is reached, above this point
4864-480: The twin sister of Benedict. Her feast day is 10 February. According to the 6th-century Dialogues of Gregory the Great , Scholastica was born c. 480 in Nursia , Umbria , of wealthy parents (Anicius Eupropius and his wife Claudia Abondantia Reguardati). While Gregory only states that Scholastica was Benedict's sister, a later tradition says she was his twin (whether this is meant biologically or spiritually, or both,
4940-437: The upper part of the body is called Pangarani (Uttariya Vastra). A cloth that passes over the left shoulder and covers the body up to a little above the ankle is called a Kïmli. Kïmli is a woolen shawl. They also carry a woolen bed sheet and a woolen mat to sit on. Those who wear clothes have a muhapati , which is a square or rectangular piece of cloth of a prescribed measurement, either in their hand or tied on their face covering
5016-406: The uppermost garment, since it is often covered by the outer robe, or saṃghāti. The saṃghāti is an outer robe used for various occasions. It comes over the upper robe ( uttarāsaṅga ), and the undergarment ( antarvāsa ). In representations of the Buddha, the saṃghāti is usually the most visible garment, with the undergarment or uttarāsaṅga protruding at the bottom. It is quite similar in shape to
5092-525: The vicinity of Subiaco, and, eventually, in 530 he founded the great Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino , which lies on a hilltop between Rome and Naples. Benedict died of a fever at Monte Cassino not long after his sister, Scholastica , and was buried in the same tomb. According to tradition, this occurred on 21 March 547. He was named patron protector of Europe by Pope Paul VI in 1964. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared him co- patron of Europe, together with Cyril and Methodius . Furthermore, he
5168-492: The waist and fall approximately to the ankles, and are worn over a kimono (hakamashita), with the kimono then appearing like a shirt. A Jōe ( 浄衣 ) is a garment worn in Japan by people attending religious ceremonies and activities, including Buddhist and Shinto related occasions. Not only Shinto and Buddhist priests can be found wearing Jōe at rituals, but laymen as well, for example when participating in pilgrimage such as
5244-555: The word. It provides instead a spiritual portrait of the gentle, disciplined abbot. In a letter to Bishop Maximilian of Syracuse, Gregory states his intention for his Dialogues , saying they are a kind of floretum (an anthology , literally, 'flower garden') of the most striking miracles of Italian holy men. Gregory did not set out to write a chronological, historically anchored story of Benedict, but he did base his anecdotes on direct testimony. To establish his authority, Gregory explains that his information came from what he considered
5320-455: Was a branch of grammar or rhetoric, and historia was an account that summed up the findings of the learned when they wrote what was, at that time, considered history. Gregory's Dialogues , Book Two, then, an authentic medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter, is designed to teach spiritual lessons. Benedict was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia ,
5396-592: Was a rise in wahabism and fundamentalism rather than locally developed schools which also affected the clothing and modern day mullahs in central asia wear uniforms similar to west asian mullahs. Turkmen mullahs in Iran continued wearing traditional Chakmen till modern day but new uniforms have been introduced in official madrasahs which are cyan or grey robes with westernised designs and are tighter than shorter. turbans have also been made smaller than before. however old generation mullahs still wear Chakmen over white shirt rather
5472-417: Was acquainted with the life and discipline of the monastery, and knew that "their manners were diverse from his and therefore that they would never agree together: yet, at length, overcome with their entreaty, he gave his consent". The experiment failed; the monks tried to poison him. The legend goes that they first tried to poison his drink. He prayed a blessing over the cup and the cup shattered. Thus he left
5548-664: Was an Italian Catholic monk. He is famed in the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Lutheran Churches , the Anglican Communion , and Old Catholic Churches . In 1964 Pope Paul VI declared Benedict a patron saint of Europe . Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco in present-day Lazio, Italy (about 65 kilometres (40 mi) to the east of Rome), before moving further south-east to Monte Cassino in
5624-464: Was dedicated to God at an early age, perhaps she lived in her father's house with other religious women until his death and then moved nearer to Benedict. The most commonly told story about her is that Scholastica would, once a year, go and visit her brother at a place near his abbey, and they would spend the day worshiping together and discussing sacred texts and issues. One day they had supper and continued their conversation. When Benedict indicated it
5700-652: Was time for him to leave, Scholastica, perhaps sensing that the time of her death was drawing near, asked him to stay with her for the evening so they could continue their discussions. Not wishing to break his own Rule , Benedict refused, insisting that he needed to return to his cell. At that point, Scholastica closed her hands in prayer, and after a moment, a wild storm started outside of the guest house in which they were staying. Benedict asked, "What have you done?", to which she replied, "I asked you and you would not listen; so I asked my God and he did listen. So now go off, if you can; leave me and return to your monastery." Benedict
5776-409: Was unable to return to his monastery, and they spent the night in discussion. Three days later, from his cell, he saw his sister's soul leaving the earth and ascending to heaven in the form of a shining white dove. Benedict had her body brought to his monastery, where he had it laid in the tomb which he had prepared for himself. The Anglo-Saxon bishop and scholar Aldhelm recounts the story in both
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