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48-513: The school lay underground, and the students remained unexposed to sunlight for the seven-year duration of their study. The dragon ( zmeu or balaur ) was kept submerged in a mountaintop lake, south of Sibiu , according to some accounts. An early source on the Scholomance and Dracula folklore was the article "Transylvanian Superstitions" (1885), written by Scottish expatriate Emily Gerard . It has been established for certain this article

96-484: A coinage ) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered a neologism once it is published in a dictionary. Neologisms are one facet of lexical innovation , i.e., the linguistic process of new terms and meanings entering a language's lexicon . The most precise studies into language change and word formation , in fact, identify

144-501: A "bird's trunk, [and a] serpent's tail", according to other accounts. Indeed, zmeu has been described as a sort of man-eating giant, an equivalent of the Western ogre , possessing a "rocky tail", but still able to mount a horse. The zmeu was no more than a creature with human-face, though somewhat taller and thicker-bodied, according to the assertions of some folklorists, and are capable of human speech, though in somewhat uncouth

192-528: A German schoolteacher at the Romanian town of Hermannstadt. Some modern commentators have referred to the school as "L'École du Dragon" or "The School of the Dragon". The school, it was believed, recruited a handful of pupils from the local population. Enrollment could be seven, 10, or 13 pupils. Here they learned the language of all living things, the secrets of nature, and magic. Some sources add specifically

240-457: A dragon ( zmeu in Romanian) in this errand; every time the dragon glanced at the clouds, rainfall would come. But according to legend, God made sure the dragon would not weary, because if it plummeted, it would devour a great part of the earth. The Solomonari's dragon-mount was, however, a balaur according to folklorist Marian 's account. Scholomance is a Germanization, Solomonărie was

288-488: A fashion. One paper categorized the zmeu among the Rumanian vampires, alongside the vârcolac (blood-drinking werewolf), but the latter tends to be confused more with the blood-sucking strigă (pl. strigoi ). The zmei are also confused with the dracu (dragon) among the populace. The flying creatures ridden by the Șolomonarii are the zmeu, or the balaur, depending on the authority. But in certain fairytales,

336-453: A human ( Făt-Frumos ) is lying in ambush somewhere nearby. A Zmeu is also sometimes pictured as a flame who goes in the room of a young girl or widow and once inside, becomes a man and seduces her. There are people who have allegedly seen zmei flying through the sky. They are supposed to look like a living trail of fire, or fireworks. Neologism In linguistics , a neologism ( / n i ˈ ɒ l ə ˌ dʒ ɪ z əm / ; also known as

384-596: A misguided romantic quest like that of the title character in Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes ; Scrooge , a pejorative for misers based on the avaricious main character in Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol ; and Pollyanna , referring to people who are unfailingly optimistic like the title character of Eleanor H. Porter's Pollyanna . Neologisms are often introduced in technical writing, so-called Fachtexte or 'technical texts' through

432-424: A person's idiolect , one's unique patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Neologisms are usually introduced when it is found that a specific notion is lacking a term, or when the existing vocabulary lacks detail, or when a speaker is unaware of the existing vocabulary. The law, governmental bodies, and technology have a relatively high frequency of acquiring neologisms. Another trigger that motivates

480-442: A quality or attribute of a perceived object, as opposed to its essence. In physics, new terms were introduced sometimes via nonce formation (e.g., Murray Gell-Man 's quark , taken from James Joyce ) or through derivation (e.g. John von Neumann's kiloton , coined by combining the common prefix kilo- 'thousand' with the noun ton ). Neologisms therefore are a vital component of scientific jargon or termini technici . Polari

528-526: A sorcery taught by the devil located in the Cueva de Salamanca  [ es ] . Scholomance has been suspected of not being a genuine Romanian term, but rather a misnomer, created through the corrupted Germanization of " Solomonari ", the term for the students and not the school. Such a view was given by Elizabeth Miller , a scholar specializing in Dracula studies. A mistaken idea that "Scholomance"

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576-511: A term still below the threshold of a neologism according to Merriam-Webster , is an example of the latter which has specifically spread primarily through Facebook group and Twitter account use. The suspected origin of this way of referring to dogs stems from a Facebook group founded in 2008 and gaining popularity in 2014 in Australia. In Australian English it is common to use diminutives , often ending in –o, which could be where doggo-lingo

624-606: A type of dairy product ) from James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake . The title of a book may become a neologism, for instance, Catch-22 (from the title of Joseph Heller 's novel). Alternatively, the author's name may give rise to the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as " Orwellian " (from George Orwell , referring to his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four ) and "Kafkaesque" (from Franz Kafka ). Names of famous characters are another source of literary neologisms. Some examples include: Quixotic , referring to

672-483: Is interdisciplinary . Anyone such as a lexicographer or an etymologist might study neologisms, how their uses span the scope of human expression, and how, due to science and technology, they spread more rapidly than ever before in the present times. The term neologism has a broader meaning which also includes "a word which has gained a new meaning". Sometimes, the latter process is called semantic shifting , or semantic extension . Neologisms are distinct from

720-413: Is a blend of the words "breakfast" and "lunch", or through abbreviation or acronym , by intentionally rhyming with existing words or simply through playing with sounds. A relatively rare form of neologism is when proper names are used as words (e.g., boycott , from Charles Boycott ), including guy , dick , Chad , and Karen . Neologisms can become popular through memetics , through mass media ,

768-497: Is a cant used by some actors, circus performers, and the gay subculture to communicate without outsiders understanding. Some Polari terms have crossed over into mainstream slang, in part through their usage in pop song lyrics and other works. Example include: acdc , barney , blag , butch , camp , khazi , cottaging , hoofer , mince , ogle , scarper , slap , strides , tod , [rough] trade ( rough trade ). Verlan ( French pronunciation: [vɛʁlɑ̃] ), ( verlan

816-505: Is crucial in various industries and legal systems. Inaccurate translations can lead to 'translation asymmetry' or misunderstandings and miscommunication. Many technical glossaries of English translations exist to combat this issue in the medical, judicial, and technological fields. In psychiatry and neuroscience , the term neologism is used to describe words that have meaning only to the person who uses them, independent of their common meaning. This can be seen in schizophrenia , where

864-420: Is described by some as a "dragon", but a dragon that may assume the role of a suitor or a lover of a human female, and in some cases are heroic figures, though in other cases, diabolical. Thus zmeu has been noted to be "anthropo-ophidian", i.e., possessing both man and dragon/serpent-like features: a "scale-covered, human-like body, a snake's tail, and bat-like wings", or rather it is a "man's head" sitting on

912-526: Is in the middle of a lake. The school is also featured in the Scholomance Academy expansion pack of 2020, for the related game Hearthstone that is also set in the Warcraft universe. Zmeu The Zmeu (plural: zmei , feminine: zmeoaică / zmeoaice ) is a fantastic creature of Romanian folklore and Romanian mythology . Though referred by some sources as a dragon, the zmeu

960-404: Is nevertheless distinct, because it usually has clear anthropomorphic traits: it is humanoid and has legs, arms, the ability to create and use artifacts such as weapons, and to ride a horse, and has the desire to marry young girls. There are commentators that class it as a giant (equivalent of an ogre), or a devil, or even a vampire. In some stories, Zmeu appears in the sky and spits fire , or has

1008-497: Is the predominant language for published research and studies, like-sounding translations (referred to as 'naturalization') are sometimes used. Alternatively, the English word is used along with a brief explanation of meaning. The four translation methods are emphasized in order to translate neologisms: transliteration , transcription , the use of analogues, and loan translation . When translating from English to other languages,

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1056-485: Is the reverse of the expression "l'envers") is a type of argot in the French language , featuring inversion of syllables in a word, and is common in slang and youth language. It rests on a long French tradition of transposing syllables of individual words to create slang words. Some verlan words, such as meuf ("femme", which means "woman" roughly backwards), have become so commonplace that they have been included in

1104-431: Is unusual for a word to gain popularity if it does not clearly resemble other words. The term neologism is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French néologisme (1734). The French word derives from Greek νέο- néo (="new") and λόγος / lógos , meaning "speech, utterance". In an academic sense, there is no professional neologist, because the study of such things (cultural or ethnic vernacular, for example)

1152-493: The Petit Larousse . Like any slang, the purpose of verlan is to create a somewhat secret language that only its speakers can understand. Words becoming mainstream is counterproductive. As a result, such newly common words are re-verlanised: reversed a second time. The common meuf became feumeu . Neologism development may be spurred, or at least spread, by popular culture. Examples of pop-culture neologisms include

1200-499: The Carpathians near Hermannstadt holds Păltiniş Lake and Bâlea Lake , which host popular resorts for people of the surrounding area. In the fantasy novel Lord of Middle Air by Michael Scott Rohan , the character of wizard Michael Scot reveals that he dared to train at the Scholomance on two occasions, as there was so much knowledge it could not all be learnt in one night. The novel Anno Dracula by Kim Newman cites

1248-458: The Internet , and word of mouth , including academic discourse in many fields renowned for their use of distinctive jargon , and often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, they disappear from common use just as readily as they appeared. Whether a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. It

1296-618: The visual arts , and popular culture. Examples of words that were 20th-century neologisms include laser (1960), an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ; robot (1921) from Czech writer Karel Čapek 's play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) ; and agitprop (1930; a portmanteau of Russian "agitatsiya" (agitation) and "propaganda"). Neologisms are often formed by combining existing words (see compound noun and adjective ) or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes . Neologisms can also be formed by blending words, for example, "brunch"

1344-761: The American alt-Right (2010s), the Canadian portmanteau " Snowmageddon " (2009), the Russian parody " Monstration " ( c.  2004 ), Santorum ( c.  2003 ). Neologisms spread mainly through their exposure in mass media . The genericizing of brand names , such as "coke" for Coca-Cola , "kleenex" for Kleenex facial tissue, and "xerox" for Xerox photocopying , all spread through their popular use being enhanced by mass media. However, in some limited cases, words break out of their original communities and spread through social media . " DoggoLingo ",

1392-642: The Devil indicates that the memory of the school's origins as having to do with King Solomon had completely faded. The Scholomance, according to Gerard, was at some unspecified location deep in the mountains, but the dragon (correctly spelled zmeu , though given phonetically in German as ismeju ) was stabled underwater in a small mountaintop lake south of Hermannstadt in central Romania (modern Sibiu, Romania, called Nagyszeben in Hungarian). Stoker's novel locates

1440-499: The Evil One. They learned his secrets in the Scholomance, amongst the mountains over Lake Hermanstadt, where the devil claims the tenth scholar as his due. And in chapter 23: He dared even to attend the Scholomance, and there was no branch of knowledge of his time that he did not essay. Stoker's reference to "Lake Hermanstadt" appears to be a misinterpretation of Gerard's passage, as there is no body of water by that name. The part of

1488-594: The Golden Apples — although in all these other cases, the thief was a bird (nevertheless, in some versions of the Romanian story, the zmeu does transform into a bird to steal the golden apples). Usually, the zmeu resides in the "other world" ( celălalt tărâm ) and sometimes Făt-Frumos has to descend into his dark kingdom, implying that the zmeu lives underground. The zmeu has a plethora of magical, destructive powers at his disposal. He can fly, shapeshift , and has tremendous supernatural strength. Ultimately,

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1536-498: The Romanian form according to the popular beliefs collected by Marian , and an alternate Șolomanțâ is given elsewhere. These forms suggest a tie to King Solomon , and it has been pointed out that one account in folklore describes the Solomonari as disciples of the weather-controlling ways of Solomon. Additionally, some assimilation might have occurred with Salamanca , Spain, the famed city of learning, with medieval stories of

1584-547: The Romanian term zmeu derives from Slavic zmey . However, Václav Machek considered this problematic, leading to Romanian linguists Sorin Paliga and Eugen S. Teodor to propose the hypothesis of an early Slavic loan from the North Thracian language . The relation with Romanian zmeură ‘ raspberry ’ has been deemed to be possible, but rather unlikely, by Alexandru Ciorănescu  [ ro ] . The zmeu

1632-542: The Scholomance near a non-existent "Lake Hermannstadt". The Solomonărie , as it was called by the Romanians, was situated underground, according to Romanian folklorist Simion Florea Marian . Students there shunned sunlight for the seven-year duration of their training. By some accounts, one of the 10 graduating students would be chosen by the Devil to be the Weathermaker ( German : Wettermacher ) and to ride

1680-492: The abilities of the zmeu are of no avail, as Făt-Frumos defeats him through martial skill and daring. The zmeu likes to kidnap a maiden to be his wife in his otherworldly realm. After Făt-Frumos slays the zmeu, he takes the maiden as his own bride-to-be. Similarly, like the giant in the popular British stories of Jack and the Beanstalk , the zmeu returns home to his fortress from his raids into human lands sensing that

1728-406: The ability to change form. In other stories, it has a magical precious stone on its head that shines like the sun. It likes beautiful young girls, whom it kidnaps, usually for the purpose of marrying them. It is almost always defeated by a daring prince or knight-errant . The zmei has also been conflated with or confused with the dracu or with the balaur type dragon. Most scholars agree that

1776-655: The coining of a neologism is to disambiguate a term which may be unclear due to having many meanings. Neologisms may come from a word used in the narrative of fiction such as novels and short stories. Examples include " grok " (to intuitively understand) from the science fiction novel about a Martian entitled Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein ; " McJob " (precarious, poorly-paid employment) from Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture by Douglas Coupland ; " cyberspace " (widespread, interconnected digital technology) from Neuromancer by William Gibson and " quark " (Slavic slang for "rubbish"; German for

1824-796: The knight Greuceanu , the zmeu steals the sun and the moon from the sky, thereby enshrouding all humanity in darkness. In the story of Prâslea the Brave and the Golden Apples , the zmeu robs the king of the precious " golden apples "; a parallel can be drawn to the German fairy tale The Golden Bird , the Russian Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf , and the Bulgarian The Nine Peahens and

1872-536: The legendary Scholomance. The warlocks in Bungie 's Myth II: Soulblighter are described as having been trained at a school of magic named the Scholomance. In Blizzard Entertainment 's World of Warcraft , the Scholomance is a ruined castle held by undead forces whose cellars and crypts are now used to train necromancers and create undead monsters. Like its legendary namesake, the Scholomance in World of Warcraft

1920-498: The naturalization method is most often used. The most common way that professional translators translate neologisms is through the Think aloud protocol (TAP), wherein translators find the most appropriate and natural sounding word through speech. As such, translators can use potential translations in sentences and test them with different structures and syntax. Correct translations from English for specific purposes into other languages

1968-573: The process of lexical innovation . Technical subjects such as philosophy, sociology, physics, etc. are especially rich in neologisms. In philosophy, as an example, many terms became introduced into languages through processes of translation, e.g., from Ancient Greek to Latin , or from Latin to German or English , and so on. So Plato introduced the Greek term ποιότης ( poiotēs ), which Cicero rendered with Latin qualitas , which subsequently became our notion of ' quality ' in relation to epistemology, e.g.,

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2016-618: The process of a "neological continuum": a nonce word is any single-use term that may or may not grow in popularity; a protologism is such a term used exclusively within a small group; a prelogism is such a term that is gaining usage but still not mainstream; and a neologism has become accepted or recognized by social institutions. Neologisms are often driven by changes in culture and technology. Popular examples of neologisms can be found in science , technology , fiction (notably science fiction ), films and television, commercial branding, literature , jargon , cant , linguistics ,

2064-404: The pupils were instructed on how to cast magic spells, ride flying dragons, and control the rain. The duration of their study was seven or nine years, and the final assignment for graduation required the copying of one's entire knowledge of humanity into a "Solomonar's book". There was also the belief that the Devil instructed at the Scholomance. Moses Gaster remarked that this association with

2112-443: The same quotation from Stoker's Dracula in chapter 23. The young adult fiction novel Lady Midnight by Cassandra Clare uses the Scholomance as a Shadowhunter training academy to train elite Shadowhunters in her spinoff to The Mortal Instruments , The Dark Artifices . The novel A Deadly Education by Naomi Novik is the first in a series primarily set in a boarding school for young wizards inspired by and named for

2160-404: The zmeu merely appears as a king of the serpents. The "zmeu" figures prominently in many Romanian folk tales as the manifestation of the destructive forces of greed and selfishness. Often, the zmeu steals something of great value, which only Făt-Frumos (the Romanian " Prince Charming "; literally: "handsome youth") can retrieve through his great, selfless bravery. For example, in the ballad of

2208-667: Was a neologism first reported in 1885 by Emily Gerard was at one time current in English-speaking circles. The terms "Scholomance" and "Scholomonariu" appear in the Austrian journal Österreichische Revue in 1865. Bram Stoker , who studied Gerard 's work extensively, refers to it twice in Dracula (1897), once in chapter 18: The Draculas were, says Arminius , a great and noble race, though now and again were scions who were held by their coevals to have had dealings with

2256-615: Was an important source that Bram Stoker consulted for his novel Dracula . Gerard also published similar material in Land Beyond the Forest (1888), which Stoker might have also read, and other commentators stated this was Stoker's direct source for Scholomance in his novel. Twenty years earlier, a description of the Scholomance and its pupils (the Scholomonariu ) was given in an article written by Wilhelm Schmidt (1817–1901),

2304-400: Was first used. The term has grown so that Merriam-Webster has acknowledged its use but notes the term needs to be found in published, edited work for a longer period of time before it can be deemed a new word, making it the perfect example of a neologism. Because neologisms originate in one language, translations between languages can be difficult. In the scientific community, where English

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