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33-694: The borough of Schleiden is divided into 18 settlements (population figures of those at their main residence as at September 2020): [REDACTED] County of Luxembourg 1271–1353 [REDACTED] Duchy of Luxembourg 1353–1795 [REDACTED] French Republic 1795–1804 [REDACTED] French Empire 1804–1815 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Prussia 1815–1871 [REDACTED]   German Empire 1871–1918 [REDACTED]   Weimar Republic 1918–1933 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1933–1945 [REDACTED]   Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 [REDACTED]   West Germany 1949–1990 [REDACTED]   Germany 1990–present In

66-615: A gross floor area of more than 50,000 square metres. After the end of the Second World War , in early 1946, the British Military Government considered for a while tearing down this prominent symbol of Nazism. In September 1946 the British commandeered 42 square kilometres of land around the fort as a military training area, ejecting the population of the nearby village of Wollseifen in doing so. In 1950

99-661: A private railway. Belgium handed back the Vogelsang Training Area on 1 January 2006. The training area on the Dreiborn Plateau was turned over to non-military use and has a documentation centre and hiking area. County of Luxembourg The County of Luxembourg ( French : Luxembourg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg ) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire . It arose from medieval Lucilinburhuc ("Little Fortress") Castle in

132-496: A two-year programme of passenger services in the tourist season on Sundays and public holidays. These services terminated in 2004 in the district of Gemünd, and in 2005 they continued to Schleiden. The regional railway was managed by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg ; Rurtalbahn was the operator. Regular traffic ended on 16 October 2005. Since 2006 services have been operated privately as a museum railway in

165-489: Is especially important in keeping the meadows clear of bushes. Pollution is however still a problem, not only due to the use of the area after the war as a firing range and its more general use as a military camp, but also to a great extent due to spent ammunition , blinds and shrapnel left behind by firing carried out during the Second World War. Uncleared areas remain out of bounds to the public. As well as

198-526: Is usually translated from the Latin as "little castle". However, modern historians believe that the etymology of the word Luxembourg is a derivation of the word Letze , meaning fortification, which might have referred to either the remains of a Roman watchtower or to a primitive refuge of the Early Middle Ages. The first known reference to the territory was by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on

231-670: The Alzette and Petruss rivers. Its inhabitants' occupations included fishing, baking, and milling. In the same year, the Benedictine abbey of Altmünster was founded on the hill behind the castle by Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg . In 1136 when Count Conrad II of Luxembourg died without heirs, the Ardennes–Luxembourg branch became extinct and the county, by order of Emperor Lothair II , passed to Conrad's maternal cousin Henry

264-796: The Archduchy of Austria in 1482. It was integrated into the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, by Emperor Charles V in the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 . During the French Revolutionary Wars , Luxembourg was annexed to the department of Forêts . Following agreement at the 1815 Congress of Vienna , some of the former duchy's territory became the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg under

297-524: The Battle of Wahlerscheid took place nearby. There are the following schools in the city: The Olef Valley Railway (from Kall to Hellenthal ) stopped at Schleiden station; regular passenger services were discontinued by Deutsche Bundesbahn in 1981. Because of the Eifel National Park , which was newly established in 2004, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia is supporting tourism with

330-846: The Carolingian Empire . In 843, Luxembourg became part of Middle Francia ( Treaty of Verdun ), then Lotharingia in 855 ( Treaty of Prüm ) and, finally, of Upper Lorraine in 959. Since 925, it has belonged to East Francia , predecessor of the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, and large parts were held by the Abbey of Echternach . From the Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance , authors attributed different names to Luxembourg, such as: Lucilinburhuc , Lutzburg , Lützelburg , Luccelemburc , Lichtburg . The name

363-806: The Eifel National Park . Until 1950 the training area was run by the British Armed Forces and thereafter until 31 December 2005 by the Belgian Army . The basis of the subsequent military training area was the Nazi Ordensburg Vogelsang . This training centre is the second largest relic of Nazi infrastructure in Germany by area after their party congress site in Nuremberg and covered an area of some 100 hectares. The buildings under heritage conservation alone cover

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396-686: The Federal Republic of Germany to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The federation swapped, as part of a land consolidation process, the mainly forested land of the Vogelsang Military Training Area, which covered roughly 3,300 hectares, for an equivalent area of forest in the Eifel. However the risk of contamination left by the training area usage remains with the Federation, as in comparable cases, as part of

429-471: The Grund quarter of Luxembourg. By 1060 the fortress had been extended by Siegfried's descendants. Conrad I (d. 1086) was the first to call himself a "Count of Luxembourg". His son, Henry III , was the first count known to have established his permanent residence there, as in a 1089 document, he is referred to as "comes Henricus de Lutzeleburg". By 1083, this lower town contained two churches and bridges over

462-707: The Holy Roman Empire . The historic region of Luxembourg was settled by Celtic tribes in the 2nd Century BCE. After the conquests of Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars from 58 to 51 BC, it was incorporated into the Roman province of Germania Inferior . Upon the invasion of Germanic Franks from the East during the Migration Period in the 5th century, the Luxembourg region became part of Francia and

495-752: The Low Countries . Its fortifications were steadily enlarged and strengthened over the years by successive owners, which made it one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Through its formidable defences it became known as the "Gibraltar of the North". The Luxembourg counts lost the Limburg heritage when they were defeated by the Dukes of Brabant in the 1288 Battle of Worringen . Nevertheless, Count Henry VII , whose father Henry VI had been killed in battle, settled

528-542: The Marquisat of Arlon , and the districts of Thionville , Bitburg and Marville were combined. Luxembourg was an independent fief of the Holy Roman Empire until 1353, when the Luxembourg emperor Charles IV elevated it to the status of a duchy for his half-brother, Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg . Upon the extinction of the Luxembourg dynasty, the duchy passed to the House of Valois-Burgundy in 1443, and then to

561-804: The War of Spanish Succession , the Duchy of Luxembourg, along with Schleiden, went to the Austrian line of the House of Habsburg . When revolutionary France conquered the Austrian Netherlands in 1794/95, the Duchy of Luxembourg was quickly divided into the three French departments: Forêts , Sambre-et-Meuse and Ourthe . Schleiden was in Ourthe (capital: Liege ). At the Vienna Congress of 1815,

594-542: The 1990s the camp was closed to British Army troops. From 1950 the Belgian forces used the terrain as a military training area, establishing, extending and equipping the original Nazi fort to create the Van Dooren Barracks. In 1989 the site came under heritage conservation protection. The Belgian military left Vogelsang Camp in late 2005. At the beginning of 2006, ownership of the land was transferred from

627-513: The Blind from the House of Namur . When Henry the Blind died in 1196, Count Otto I of Burgundy (a son of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa ) raised claims to the throne. Henry the Blind's daughter, Ermesinde , married Count Theobald I of Bar , thus securing her own succession as Countess of Luxembourg. The town of Luxembourg became the centre of a state of strategic value in

660-666: The British handed over the Vogelsang Training Area to the Belgian Armed Forces . However, under the terms of the transfer of ownership British Armed Forces continued to use the Camp. Offering a mix of military and outdoor pursuits for a period of around two weeks. It was a popular destination for British troops as an alternative to base barracks life. Under the Drawdown of British Forces from Germany, in

693-835: The Eifel National Park and its conservation concept. As a result of very low human intervention since the 1950s, especially the lack of agriculture and forestry, a valuable range of flora and fauna has developed. For example, the wildcat occurs in the woods on the training area and, around the outer edges, the strictly protected red-backed shrike . In addition to the open land and woods of the Dreiborn Plateau, small stream valleys with tall, herbaceous vegetation, accompanying alder woods and underwater vegetation are of ecological interest. The slopes are covered in places by species-rich sphagnum meadows and there are also unspoilt spring bogs with willow moss . The red deer

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726-643: The Gallic War . The ruined, supposedly Roman, fortification called Lucilinburhuc was first mentioned in 963, when Count Siegfried acquired it from Wikerus, Abbot of St. Maximin's Abbey in Trier . Siegfried first appeared about 950. He was possibly a son of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine , and his mother Cunigunda was a granddaughter of the West Frankish King Louis the Stammerer . In

759-937: The Middle Ages and Early Modern times, Schleiden was the centre of a lordship , later the County of Schleiden , which itself was part of the Duchy of Luxembourg , from 1441/43 as part of the Burgundian Netherlands (first under the Burgundians, then the Habsburgs). After the division of the Netherlands, the Duchy of Luxembourg with Schleiden remained as part of the Spanish line of the Habsburgs . After

792-599: The Nazi fort of Vogelsang, that is now the main attraction after being out of bounds to the general public for decades, the National Park and nature tourism also play a role in drawing visitors to the former training area terrain. One special place of interest is the abandoned village of Wollseifen , once a small hamlet on the Dreiborn Plateau that had to be evacuated when the training area was established in 1946. Other places of interest are viewing points with wide views of

825-522: The change-of-use agreement. Since 1 January 2006, the area and its solid stone buildings have been open to the public and may be visited during the day. Part of the land is crossed by hiking trails, but walkers must not leave the paths (mainly due to uncleared munitions and for nature conservation reasons). For decades large areas of Vogelsang Training Area were only used by the military, but were otherwise largely untouched, and have therefore become natural wilderness . Today they are elementary components of

858-533: The end of 2005, and consisted of the grounds of the former Nazi leadership training centre in the fort of Vogelsang ( Ordensburg Vogelsang ) on the Erpenscheid hill plus additional terrain including the so-called Dreiborn Plateau . In the north and east it was bounded by the Urft Reservoir . The training area had an area of around 45 km and since 1 January 2006 has been fully incorporated into

891-437: The following years, Siegfried built a new castle on the site of the ruins, on a rock later called " Bockfiels ". The castle dominated a stretch of the old Roman road linking Reims , Arlon and Trier that provided prospects for trade and taxation. Although the history of Luxembourg began with the castle's construction, it seems that Siegfried and his immediate successors did not make the castle their primary residence. During

924-591: The following years, a small town and market grew around the new castle. Its first inhabitants were probably servants of Count Siegfried and clergy of Saint Michael's Church. The settlement soon received additional protection by the construction of a partial city wall and moat . In addition to the small town near the Bockfiels and the Roman road, a further settlement was established in the Alzette Valley, today

957-535: The formerly Luxembourgian areas east of the Our , Sauer and Moselle rivers were given to the Kingdom of Prussia . Thus, Schleiden became "Prussian" and, in 1871, part of the German Empire after having belonged to the Duchy of Luxembourg for centuries. The small town of Schleiden has produced two important Christian humanists : Johannes Sleidanus and Johannes Sturm , also known as Ioannes Sturmius. In 1944

990-541: The present-day City of Luxembourg , purchased by Siegfried, Count of the Ardennes in 963. His descendants of the Ardennes–Luxembourg dynasty began to call themselves Counts of Luxembourg from the 11th century onwards. The House of Luxembourg , a cadet branch of the Dukes of Limburg , became one of the most important political forces of the 14th century, contending with the House of Habsburg for supremacy in

1023-539: The quarrel by marrying Margaret of Brabant in 1292. In 1308, he was elected King of the Romans and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1312, the first of three emperors provided by the House of Luxembourg. His son, John the Blind , became King of Bohemia in 1310, whereafter the dynasty moved their seat of power to Prague Castle . The Duchy of Luxembourg was formed when the counties of Luxembourg, Durbuy , Laroche and Vianden (a vassal county since 31 July 1264),

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1056-553: The rule of, but not part of, the Kingdom of the Netherlands , after which it joined the German Confederation . Vogelsang Training Area The Vogelsang Training Area ( German : Truppenübungsplatz Vogelsang ) lay in the German North Eifel hills between the villages of Simmerath , Heimbach and Schleiden in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia . It was established in 1946 and handed back at

1089-596: The summer season, with the 2008 season being operated by the Rhein-Sieg-Eisenbahn . From 2010, the trains will run again to Hellenthal station, using an historic MAN railbus. Due to massive damage caused by the 2021 European floods , museum railway services were suspended. Until 1997 there was regular freight traffic via Schleiden to Hellenthal, after that only military traffic to Schleiden-Höddelbusch (tank loading ramp). The last troop loading took place there in winter 2002 with diesel and steam locomotives from

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