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39-622: Schwarzlofer is a river of Tyrol , Austria and Bavaria , Germany . Its source is on the Schwarzlofer alm , north of Waidring (Tyrol). It passes through Reit im Winkl (Bavaria) and flows into the Großache near Kössen (Tyrol). This article related to a river in Austria is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Bavaria is

78-418: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tyrol (state) Tyrol is separated into two parts, divided by a 7-kilometre wide (4.3 mi) strip of Salzburg State . The two constituent parts of Tyrol are the northern and larger North Tyrol ( Nordtirol ) and the southeastern and smaller East Tyrol ( Osttirol ). Salzburg State lies to the east of North Tyrol, while on the south Tyrol has

117-672: A border to the Italian province of South Tyrol , which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire before the First World War . With a land area of 12,683.85 km (4,897.26 sq mi), Tyrol is the third-largest federal state in Austria. North Tyrol shares its borders with the federal states Salzburg in the east and Vorarlberg in the west. In the north, it adjoins the German federal state of Bavaria ; in

156-462: A month away from the age of twenty-one. His death precipitated an invasion by his Wittelsbach uncle Duke Stephen II of Bavaria-Landshut . Stephen, allied with Bernabò Visconti , re-united Landshut with Meinhard's Upper Bavarian lands and also claimed Tyrol. Again facing the threat of losing her patrimony, Margaret was finally induced to contract the County of Tyrol over to her late son's brother-in-law,

195-565: A thoroughly comparable picture: In Vienna and Lower Austria, Austria patriotism dominated (1988) over territorial consciousness. In Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria, national patriotism slightly outweighed federal state patriotism. In Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, national patriotism clearly dominated. When asked to rate their own national patriotism on a ten-point scale, 83% of Carinthians, 69% of Tyroleans, 63% of Vorarlbergers, Burgenlanders and Styrians, 59% of Upper Austrians, 55% of Lower Austrians, 47% of Viennese and 43% of Salzburgers gave it

234-429: Is associated with Tyrol it is also known as "Tyrolean Dried Fruit Bread". The question of which regional unit was the bearer of primary identification was raised in the 1987 Austrian Consciousness Survey. The possible answers were: the hometown (local patriotism), one's own province (regional patriotism), (Central) Europe (European consciousness), the world (cosmopolitanism). A research project led by Peter Diem offers

273-639: Is buried at the Minoritenkirche . Margaret's feudal heir would have been her elder cousin's son, Frederick III of Aragon , ruler of the island of Sicily , the only descendant of Otto III of Carinthia , the penultimate ruler from the Gorizia-Tyrol dynasty. After his line , the succession would have gone in 1401 to Joanna of Aragon, Countess of Foix , and in 1407 to Yolande of Aragon , Queen of Naples (both daughters of John I , King of Aragon ). Only in 1740 would that descent converge with

312-475: Is divided into nine districts ( Bezirke ); one of them, Innsbruck, is a statutory city . There are 277 municipalities. The districts and their administrative centres, from west to east and north to south, are: The traditional form of mural art known as Lüftlmalerei is typical of Tyrolean villages and towns. Kletzenbrot is a sweet bread made with dried fruits and nuts for the Advent season . Because it

351-496: Is known for its university, and especially for its medicine. Tyrol is popular for its famous ski resorts, which include Kitzbühel , Ischgl and St. Anton . The 15 largest towns in Tyrol are: The historical population is given in the following chart: The federal state's gross domestic product (GDP) was 34.6 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

390-902: The Sächsische Weltchronik (Saxon World Chronicle); she was also called Medusa by the Florence chronicler Filippo Villani and is further known by a variety of nicknames, including Kriemhild , Medusa , Mouthpoke , Pocket-mouth , Satchel-mouth , the Big Mouth , the Mouth Bag , the Pocket-Mouthed , the She-Wolf of the Tyrol , the Ugly Duchess , and With the Pouch Mouth . Contemporaries such as

429-766: The Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburg dynasty. Margaret was the only surviving daughter of Duke Henry of Carinthia , also landgrave of Carniola , Count of Tyrol and former King of Bohemia , with his second wife Adelaide, a daughter of the Welf duke Henry I of Brunswick . As her father's three marriages had produced no male heirs, he reached an agreement with the Wittelsbach emperor Louis IV in 1330 that enabled Margaret to succeed him in his Carinthian and Tyrolean estates, while Carniola would be handed over to

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468-706: The Großglockner , part of the Hohe Tauern range on the border with Carinthia. It has a height of 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft), making it the highest mountain in Austria. In ancient times, the region was split between the Roman provinces of Raetia (west of the Inn River) and Noricum . From the mid-6th century, it was resettled by Germanic Bavarii tribes. In the Early Middle Ages it formed

507-470: The Habsburg duke Rudolph IV of Austria in 1363. In 1420, the committal residence was relocated from Merano to Innsbruck. The Tyrolean lands were reunited when the Habsburgs inherited the estates of the extinct Counts of Görz in 1500. In the course of the German mediatization in 1803, the prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularized and merged into the County of Tyrol (which in

546-606: The Meinhardiner Counts of Görz . In 1271, the Tyrolean possessions were divided between Count Meinhard II of Görz and his younger brother Albert I , who took the lands of East Tyrol around Lienz and attached them (as "outer county") to his committal possessions around Gorizia ("inner county"). The last Tyrolean countess of the Meinhardiner Dynasty, Margaret , bequeathed her assets to

585-549: The Middle Ages , claiming that John Henry had never consummated his matrimony. Margaret's former brother-in-law Charles IV, elected German anti-king in opposition to Emperor Louis in 1346, campaigned in Tyrol the next year and laid siege to Tirol Castle; however, he had to pull out without success, though not without burning down the cities of Bozen and Meran out of revenge. After the emperor's death in October, Charles

624-651: The "tribes" that a book published in London would like to portray. (The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe, London 1994 The Times guide to the peoples of Europe ) Margaret, Countess of Tyrol Margaret , nicknamed Maultasch (1318 – 3 October 1369), was the last Countess of Tyrol from the House of Gorizia ( Meinhardiner ), and an unsuccessful claimant to the Duchy of Carinthia . Upon her death, Tyrol became united with

663-749: The 1915 London Pact and the provisions of the Treaty of Saint Germain . From November 1918, it was occupied by 20,000–22,000 soldiers of the Italian Army. Tyrol was the center of an important resistance group against Nazi Germany around Walter Caldonazzi, which united with the group around the priest Heinrich Maier and the Tyrolean Franz Josef Messner. The Catholic resistance group very successfully passed on plans and production facilities for V-1 rockets , V-2 rockets , Tiger tanks , Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to

702-688: The Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Maier and his group informed the American secret service OSS very early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. For after the war they planned an Austria united with South Tyrol and Bavaria. After World War II , North Tyrol was governed by France and East Tyrol was part of the British Zone of occupation until Austria regained independence in 1955. The capital, Innsbruck,

741-588: The Habsburg duke (and self-proclaimed " Archduke ") Rudolf IV of Austria , who eventually united it with the Austrian dominions . The conflict over Tyrol was settled by the 1369 Peace of Schärding between Rudolf's brother and successor Duke Albert III of Austria and Duke Stephen II of Bavaria, the financial compensation for which was exigent upon Margaret's death. Margaret died in exile in Vienna in 1369 and

780-502: The Habsburgs. In the ongoing struggle between the rivalling Habsburg, Wittelsbach and Luxembourg dynasties, Emperor Louis had assured his position by defeating his Habsburg rival Frederick the Fair at the 1322 Battle of Mühldorf – a fact that prompted his former Luxembourg ally King John of Bohemia to explore possibilities to increase his own power base. He approached Henry of Carinthia, his former brother-in-law whom he had defeated in

819-551: The Wittelsbachs themselves, thus squeezing out Margaret and her Bohemian (Luxembourg) husband entirely. Nevertheless, when the Tyrolean lands were claimed by the Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty, she cleverly played on her affiliation with the rivalling Luxembourgs. She sent for her husband's capable brother Charles who, backed by local nobles, at least enforced Margaret's succession as Countess of Tyrol. However,

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858-472: The actual holders of the Tyrol, when Maria Theresa , wife of the Aragonian heir Francis III, Duke of Lorraine , succeeded in Tyrol as well. In the fierce dispute over her divorce and remarriage, Margaret received the nickname Maultasch (literally "bag mouth", cf. Maultasche , meaning "whore" or "vicious woman") in contemporary ecclesiastical propaganda. The epithet is first documented in a 1366 sequel of

897-643: The children disliked each other from the beginning. By the marriage, King John secured access to the Alpine mountain passes to Italy , which in turn drove the Wittelsbach emperor to break the arrangements he had made with Margaret's father. When Henry of Carinthia died in 1335, Louis thus gave Carinthia to the Habsburg duke Albert II of Austria , who had raised inheritance claims as the eldest son of King Albert I of Germany and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol , Margaret's paternal aunt. Tyrol, in turn, would be taken by

936-494: The chronicler John of Winterthur called her exceptionally beautiful; however, with the lack of contemporary portraits, the nickname Maultasch led to the widespread notion of a woman with deformed features. Quentin Matsys 's 1513 portrait The Ugly Duchess (which was thought to have been made after a sanguine by Leonardo da Vinci , but it is more likely that the latter is a copy after Matsys' [1] ) may refer to Margaret, and it

975-669: The country, but found no shelter in any noble residence. He finally was forced to leave the Tyrolean lands and was received as a refugee by the Aquileia patriarch Bertram of St. Genesius . Margaret again played the rivalling dynasties off against each other and escaped the revenge of the deprived Luxembourgs by turning to the House of Wittelsbach: in the presence of Emperor Louis IV, she married his eldest son Margrave Louis I of Brandenburg on 10 February 1342 in Meran . The fact that she entered

1014-641: The course of the Etsch and Eisack in present South Tyrol over the Brenner and then following the northern Wipp valley to Hall. From there roads branched along the River Inn . The Via Raetia went westwards and up onto the Seefeld Plateau , where it crossed into Bavaria where Scharnitz is today. The Porta Claudia , built in the early 17th century is a fortification that underlines the importance of

1053-423: The highest value. The results of this study underline the assumption of a highly developed sense of national identity in most Austrian provinces. Peculiarly, the federal provinces are also largely "endogamous" in relation to other provinces, i.e. they correspond to what ethnologists would call a gentile association, a "tribe". It is therefore also permissible to identify the inhabitants of the Austrian provinces as

1092-489: The marriage without being granted a divorce from John Henry caused a veritable scandal on the European stage and earned the couple the excommunication by Pope Clement VI . Margrave Louis succeeded in gaining the support of the Tyrolean nobles and took it upon himself to declare Margaret's marriage to John Henry null and void . The scholars William of Ockham and Marsilius of Padua defended this "first civil marriage " of

1131-725: The next year became a constituent land of the Austrian Empire ), but Tyrol was ceded to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1805. Andreas Hofer led the Tyrolean Rebellion against the French and Bavarian occupiers. Later, South Tyrol was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy , a client state of the First French Empire, by Bavaria in 1810. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole of Tyrol was returned to Austria in 1814. Tyrol

1170-688: The road in the Early Modern Period. Today Tyrol has international road, rail and air connections. Innsbruck Airport is Tyrol's international airport. In addition there are several smaller airports in various places such as St. Johann in Tirol , Höfen in the Außerfern or Langkampfen . Many public transit companies operate a common tariff scheme as part of the Tyrol Transport Association . The federal state

1209-508: The situation again worsened when young John Henry turned out to be a haughty, incompetent co-ruler and philanderer disrespected by the Tyrolean aristocracy. His brother Charles temporarily acted as a regent; however, his mediation efforts were rejected and in 1336/37 he left Tyrol to join his father on a Prussian Crusade . When on the evening of 1 November 1341 John Henry came home from hunting, Margaret refused her husband admittance to their Tirol Castle residence. Furious, John Henry moved around

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1248-571: The south, it shares borders with the Italian province of South Tyrol and the Swiss canton of Graubünden . East Tyrol shares its borders with the federal state of Carinthia to the east and Italy's Province of Belluno ( Veneto ) to the south. The federal state's territory is located entirely within the Eastern Alps at the Brenner Pass . The highest mountain in the federal state is

1287-819: The southern part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria , until the Counts of Tyrol , former Vogt officials of the Trent and Brixen prince-bishops at Tyrol Castle , achieved imperial immediacy after the deposition of the Bavarian duke Henry the Proud in 1138, and their possessions formed a state of the Holy Roman Empire in its own right. When the Counts of Tyrol died out in 1253, their estates were inherited by

1326-512: The struggle for the Bohemian throne in 1310, and arranged the engagement of his younger son John Henry , brother of the future Emperor Charles IV , to Henry's heiress Margaret in 1327. John Henry was sent to Tyrol and in 1330, upon approval by Emperor Louis, he and Margaret celebrated their wedding in Innsbruck at the age of eight and twelve, respectively. According to contemporary sources,

1365-423: The youngest daughter of the Austrian duke Albert II. With the assistance of the Habsburgs, the countess and her second husband were finally absolved from excommunication by Pope Innocent VI in 1359. After the sudden death of her husband Louis in 1361, her son Meinhard III succeeded his father as Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count of Tyrol. However, Meinhard died less than two years later without heirs and just under

1404-711: Was 40,900 euro or 136% of the EU27 average in the same year. Tyrol has long been a central hub for European long-distance routes and thus a transit land for trans-European trade over the Alps. As early as the 1st century B.C. Tyrol had one of the most important north–south links of the Roman Empire , the Via Claudia Augusta . Roman roads crossed the Tyrol from the Po Plain in present-day Italy, following

1443-472: Was Sir John Tenniel 's model for the "Duchess" in his illustrations of Lewis Carroll 's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland . In 1816 Jacob Grimm collected the "Legends of Margarete" in his book German sagas and Lion Feuchtwanger used her story in his 1923 novel The Ugly Duchess . The tale of Margaret's unsuccessful siege of Carinthian Hochosterwitz Castle and its shrewd garrison was popularized by

1482-425: Was a Cisleithanian Kronland (royal territory) of Austria-Hungary from 1867. The County of Tyrol then extended beyond the boundaries of today's federal state, including North Tyrol and East Tyrol; South Tyrol and Trentino ( Welschtirol ) as well as three municipalities, which today are part of the adjacent province of Belluno. After World War I , these lands became part of the Kingdom of Italy according to

1521-468: Was able to consolidate Luxembourg rule and abandoned his hostile attitude. He gave in and dissolved the marriage of his brother with Margaret according to canon law , to obtain papal agreement for John Henry's remarriage to Margaret of Opava , daughter of the Přemyslid duke Nicholas II in 1349. The countess forged a new alliance by the marriage of her son by Louis, Meinhard III , to Margaret of Habsburg,

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