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25-586: Schutter may refer to two rivers in Germany: Schutter (Kinzig) , tributary of the Kinzig, Baden Württemberg Schutter (Danube) , tributary of the Danube, Bavaria Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Schutter . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

50-471: Is an important holiday route in southern Germany that is rich in history. It runs for 120 kilometres, linking numerous historical industrial sites, which represent several centuries, with cultural and natural monuments. The Bavarian Iron Route runs along old transport routes from the Nuremberg Region near Pegnitz southwards to Regensburg and links the former iron centres of East Bavaria, namely

75-518: The trip hammer or with sledgehammers until all the slag and charcoal had been removed. For that, the iron was heated in another forge oven or smith's hearth. The iron could then be directly used as soft iron . A further improvement process, such as fining as used in blast furnace operations, was not needed. The resulting coarse bar iron was then further worked externally e.g. in special, small hammer works ( Zainhammer ) into thin iron rods, (e.g. thick wire ), so-called rod iron ( Zaineisen ), which

100-625: The Rhine in the still recognizable Kinzig-Murg Channel . The major tributaries of the Schutter are the Sulzbach and the Unditz . Passing through 19 towns and villages, the Schutter used to be an important source of energy for commercial traders for centuries. According to the 1925 Baden Hydropower Register ( Badische Wasserkraftkataster ), no less than 36 hydroelectric power stations operated on

125-555: The Schutter Mouth Flood Protection Association ( Zweckverband Hochwasserschutz Schuttermündung ), headquartered in Kehl, to be responsible for flood protection on the lowland section of the Schutter. Between 1994 and 2007, 14 flood protection measures were carried out and some sections of the Schutter were re-naturalised. Hammer forge A hammer mill , hammer forge or hammer works

150-569: The Schutter with a total of 47 waterwheels, 12 electricity generator stations with 17 turbines, including house and farm mills, industrial mills, hammer forges , electricity works , oil mills , barley presses and sawmills . The water of the Schutter was also used to irrigate meadows (water meadows). Today still recognizable meadow-watering systems are found in the parish of Friesenheim-Oberschopfheim, in Hohberg-Niederschopfheim, Kehl-Goldscheuer, Willstätt-Eckartsweier (west of

175-641: The Schutter. In addition to the many reports of floods in the local town councils minutes, the Flood Cross ( Hochwasserkreuz ) in Schweighausen recalls a flood in 1895. On 6 June the farmer, Landolin Bauer, was carried away in the floodwaters together with his horse and cart. A cross was erected at the site of the accident above the farm of Stefisbauernhof : in the Steig, in honor of the victim. In

200-793: The Upper Styrian valleys of the Mur and Mürz and their side valleys. The seats of the hammer lords ("black counts") were known as Hammerherrenhäuser ("hammer lord manors"). Steelworkers in Thiers , France used hammer mills, powered by the Durolle River in the Vallée des Rouets , for the production of knives and other cutlery until the middle of the 19th century. Hammer mills were not widespread in England, but there are examples such as

225-763: The borough of Lahr. The Schutter then leaves the Black Forest and flows in a northerly direction parallel to the River Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain . It crosses the parishes of Friesenheim, Neuried, Schutterwald, Kehl and Willstätt and empties into the Kinzig near Kehl , a few kilometres before the Kinzig joines the Rhine . At the end of the last ice age, the Würm Glaciation ), the Schutter flowed, like other Black Forest rivers, parallel to

250-718: The confluence of two little brooks, the Geisbergbach and the Lohbach. Their source was enclosed in 1904 by the Lahr Branch of the Black Forest Club as called the Schutterquelle . The Schutter initially flows westwards, then, after an almost right-angled bend, northwards through the municipalities of Schuttertal and Seelbach . It then flows increasingly in an arc towards the west again and passes through

275-464: The etymological meaning of the name Schutter. The word Schutter is probably derived from the early Germanic form scutro , which means 'fast flowing water'. Scutro , which includes the Indo-Germanic root sceud , also allows interpretation in the sense of 'enclosing' or 'impoundment of water' and may refer to the plethora of embankments, dams and mills on the Schutter. In addition to

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300-703: The family seat of the "hammer lord", was generally located in the immediate vicinity of the mill. Important hammer castles may be seen along the Bavarian Iron Route , for example in Theuern , Dietldorf and Schmidmühlen In Austria the hammer mills were mainly found in the Iron Roots ( Eisenwurzen ) along the Austrian Iron Route around the tripoint of the states of Lower Austria , Styria and Upper Austria (e. g. Ybbsitz ) and in

325-400: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schutter&oldid=933114692 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Schutter (Kinzig) Linguistic experts disagree about

350-526: The mining regions of Pegnitz, Auerbach , Edelsfeld , Sulzbach-Rosenberg and Amberg . From there it becomes a waterway , about 60 km long, on the rivers Vils and Naab until they empty into the Danube near Regensburg. In the literature, hammer mills were immortalised in Friedrich Schiller 's ballad, Der Gang nach dem Eisenhammer (1797), which Bernhard Anselm Weber set to music for

375-577: The municipalities of Schuttertal and Schutterwald , Schutterzell, a district of Neuried also bear the name of the river in their place names. The name of the Schutterlindenberg hill in Lahr also comes from the name of the river. The Schutter rises at Hünersedel in the Black Forest above Schweighausen at a height of 680 metres, but really begins in the village of Schweighausen at

400-504: The one at Abinger Hammer in Surrey from which the village derived its name. Typical produces of the hammer mills were: These products were usually produced as semi-finished articles, but were sometimes also further forged into finished products such as sickles , scythes , shovels , weapons or miners' tools . Most of the mills listed here have survived and are open to the public. The Bavarian Iron Route ( Bayerische Eisenstraße )

425-415: The ore was melted into a glowing clump of soft, raw iron , fluid slag and charcoal remnants. The iron was not fluid as it would be in a modern blast furnace , but remained a doughy, porous lump mainly due to the presence of liquid slag. These lumps of sponge iron , known historically as "blooms" were initially compacted by hand using a sledgehammer . After that they were forged several times, usually with

450-412: The vicinity in order to ensure that there was only a short distance to transport the iron-containing ores to the smelteries. Finally, agricultural land was needed in order to feed the many craftsmen involved. Hammer mills were widespread from the late Middle Ages in the following regions: In these regions there were iron ore deposits, which could be extracted with the means available at the time. There

475-588: The village and in the Schutterwald meadows). So much water was impounded above mills (the Schutterzell mill, Dundenheim mill and Kittersburg mill) or in specially constructed weirs (Eckartsweier), that the surface of the water was higher than the surrounding land and was discharged into irrigation channels. The largest water meadows were the Unterwassermatten (today a nature reserve), which

500-549: The years 1936 to 1938, the Schutter Relief Canal was built between Lahr-Dinglingen and Nonnenweier in order to protect the villages and towns alongside the Schutter in the Rhine Plain from flood permanently. In addition, two flood retention basins were built at Lahr-Kuhbach (built between 1983 and 1985) and Seelbach-Wittelbach (built between 1989 and 1991). In the 1980s, the relevant municipalities founded

525-406: Was a workshop in the pre- industrial era that was typically used to manufacture semi-finished, wrought iron products or, sometimes, finished agricultural or mining tools, or military weapons. The feature that gave its name to these workshops was the water-driven trip hammer , or set of hammers, used in the process. The shaft, or 'helve', of the hammer was pivoted in the middle and the hammer head

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550-679: Was a higher density in the Wupperviereck, where there were several hundred sites. The Upper Palatinate was one of the European centres of iron smelting and its many hammer mills led to its nickname as the " Ruhrgebiet of the Middle Ages". Placenames with the suffix -hammer are very common in this region. The home of the lord in charge of a hammer mill was rather grandly known as a "hammer castle" or "hammer palace" ( Hammerschloss ). This usually inconspicuous schloss , which acted as

575-593: Was irrigated for about a hundred years before being abandoned in 1935. In the 2000s, the irrigation of the meadows of Eckartsweier and Kittersburg was put back into operation for ecological reasons. In the Oberschopfheimer Allmend, meadow irrigation was also restarted in 2014. The Schutter has flooded time and again, for example in 1958, 1970, 1978, 1980 and 1987, drowning arable land and destroying roads, bridges and houses. The Schutter valley, Lahr and Rhine Plain were equally affected by floods caused by

600-770: Was lifted by the action of cams set on a rotating camshaft that periodically depressed the end of the shaft. As it rose and fell, the head of the hammer described an arc . The face of the hammer was made of iron for durability. These mills, which were original driven by water wheels , but later also by steam power , became increasingly common as tools became heavier over time and therefore more difficult to manufacture by hand. The hammer mills smelted iron ore using charcoal in so-called bloomeries ( Georgius Agricola 1556, Rennherden , Rennfeuer or Rennofen : from Rinnen = "rivulets" of slag or Zrennherd from Zerrinnen = "to melt away"). In these smelting ovens, which were equipped with bellows also driven by water power,

625-471: Was needed by nailsmiths to produce nails . Further processing into so-called refined iron or into "elastic" steel for e.g. for sword blades, was carried out by specialised refined iron hammer forges or by blacksmiths on site. Geographically, hammer mills were dependent on the availability of water power. At the same time, there had to be forests nearby to produce the large quantities of charcoal needed. In addition, there had to be deposits of iron ore in

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