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40-611: It would have provided additional power for the ISS as well as roll axis control capability for the orbital facility. If the Science Power Platform had been delivered to the ISS, it would have been attached to the zenith port of Zvezda , a position currently occupied by Poisk . The SPP would have had eight solar arrays and a robotic arm provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) dedicated to maintaining

80-600: A NASA -provided Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilization , a kitchen equipped with a refrigerator/freezer and a table, a bicycle for exercise, a toilet and other hygiene facilities, this section also contained the Elektron system that electrolyzes condensed humidity and waste water to provide up to 5.13 kilograms (11.3 lb) per day of oxygen for breathing, while hydrogen is expelled into space. The system also creates condensed water that could be used for drinking in an emergency, but ordinarily fresh water from Earth

120-450: A catastrophic disintegration of the PrK is realistic, and has expressed confidence in their ability to monitor and manage the leak. As of November 2024 , to mitigate the leak and the risk of a catastrophic failure the normal operating procedure is to keep the hatch leading to the PrK from Zvezda closed except when a spacecraft is being actively accessed. When the hatch leading to the PrK

160-560: A fiber-optic telemetry cable. The next day, STS-106 crew members floated into Zvezda for the first time, at 05:20 UTC on 12 September 2000. Zvezda provided early living quarters, a life support system, a communication system ( Zvezda introduced a 10 Mbit/s Ethernet network to the ISS ), electrical power distribution, a data processing system, a flight control system, and a propulsion system. These quarters and some, but not all, systems have since been supplemented by additional ISS components. Due to Russian financial problems, Zvezda

200-515: A limitation from its predecessor Mir and Salyut stations rooted in a Soviet spacecraft design philosophy favoring the permanent installation of critical hardware. This approach, while providing more internal living space by concealing systems behind closed panels, contrasts with the US Orbital Segment's (USOS) strategy of using easily replaceable 41.3-inch-wide (105 cm) International Standard Payload Racks . USOS modules, connected via

240-413: A total capacity of 860 kg. The oxidizer used for the propulsion system is dinitrogen tetroxide and the fuel is UDMH , the supply tanks being pressurised with nitrogen. The two main engines on Zvezda can be used to raise the station's altitude. This was done on 25 April 2007. This was the first time the engines had been fired since Zvezda arrived in 2000. Elektron proved to be rather noisy for

280-401: Is around 1 ⁄ 4 the size of Polyus , and has no armaments. Zvezda consists of three pressurized compartments and one unpressurized compartment. From forward to aft, the pressurized compartments are: a spherical transfer compartment, a long cylindrical main working compartment, and a short cylindrical transfer tunnel. The unpressurized assembly compartment wraps around the exterior of

320-602: Is located on the Zvezda service module near the aft or rear of the International Space Station on this Assembly Compartment. The "Transfer Chamber" is equipped with automatic docking equipment and is used to service Soyuz and Progress spacecraft . The Service Module has 16 small thrusters as well as two large 3,070-newton (690 lb f ) S5.79 thrusters that are 2-axis mounted and can be gimballed 5°. The thrusters are pressure-fed from four tanks with

360-627: Is opened, a hatch leading to the US Orbital Segment of the ISS is closed, which would contain a catastrophic failure and decompression to just the Russian Orbital Segment . Aft port Nadir Zenith Forward Zarya (ISS module) Zarya ( Russian : Заря , lit.   'Sunrise' ), also known as the Functional Cargo Block (Russian: Функционально-грузовой блок ),

400-626: Is similar in layout to the core module (DOS-7) of the Mir space station. It was in fact labeled as Mir-2 for quite some time in the factory. Its design lineage thus extends back to the original Salyut stations. The space frame was completed in February 1985 and major internal equipment was installed by October 1986. The Mir-2 space station was redesigned after the failure of the Polyus orbital weapons platform core module to reach orbit. Zvezda

440-558: Is still being considered, but nothing has been launched. The nodal module, named Prichal , docked to the ISS on November 26, 2021. Zvezda (ISS module) Zvezda ( Russian : Звезда , lit.   'star'), also known as the Zvezda Service Module , is a module of the International Space Station (ISS). It was the third module launched to the station, and provided all of

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480-463: Is the inaugural component of the International Space Station (ISS). Launched on 20 November 1998 atop a Proton-K rocket, the module would serve as the ISS's primary source of power, propulsion, and guidance during its early years. As the station has grown, Zarya ' s role has transitioned primarily to storage, both internally and in its external fuel tanks. A descendant of the TKS spacecraft used in

520-507: The Poisk module since 2009. The transfer compartment's airlock functionality was only used once during Expedition 2 , when Yury Usachov and James Voss put a docking cone on the nadir port to prepare for the arrival of the Pirs module. The working compartment (Russian: Рабочий Отсек, РО , romanized:  Rabochii Otsek, RO ) is where the crews work and live and makes up the bulk of

560-700: The Salyut programme , Zarya was built in Russia but its construction was financed by the United States. Its name, meaning "sunrise," symbolizes the beginning of a new era of international space cooperation. The Zarya design was originally intended as a module for the Russian Mir space station, but was not flown as of the end of the Mir program. A FGB cargo block was incorporated as an upper stage engine into

600-531: The Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM), have 51-inch-wide (130 cm) hatches that accommodate the movement of these racks between modules and spacecraft. Consequently, broken or unfixable hardware on Zvezda remains permanently in place. A notable example is the pre-installed Elektron oxygen-generating system, which required frequent repairs by cosmonauts due to the inability to replace it. Zvezda's 78.74-centimetre-wide (31.00 in) hatch and

640-505: The Polyus spacecraft, flown (unsuccessfully) on the first Energia launch. With the end of the Mir program, the design was adapted to use for the International Space Station. The Zarya module is capable of station keeping and provides sizable battery power; it was suggested to have initially been built to both power and control the recoil from a further derivation of the then classified Skif laser system/Polyus satellite. Commentators in

680-661: The Zvezda Service Module would be further delayed, hence the FGB had to be capable of independent propellant storage and transfer from Progress spacecraft even without Zvezda ). Zarya also has 24 large steering jets, 12 small steering jets, and two large engines that were used for reboost and major orbital changes; with the docking of Zvezda these are now permanently disabled. Since they are no longer needed for Zarya 's engines, Zarya's propellant tanks are now used to store additional fuel for Zvezda . Zarya

720-1097: The Russian advertising agencies that orchestrated the event. Management and integration of the Service Module into the International Space Station began in 1991. Structural construction was performed by RKK Energia , then handed over to the Khrunichev Design Bureau for final outfitting. Joint reviews between the Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos) and the NASA ISS Program Office monitored construction, solved language and security concerns and ensured flight readiness and crew training. Several years of delay were encountered due to funding constraints between Roscosmos and RKK Energia requiring repeated delays in First Element Launch. On 26 July 2000, Zvezda became

760-647: The SPP should have made the power supply of the four Russian modules independent from the power supply of the rest of the station. The already-made pressurised hull of a static test article for this component is now being used for the Russian Mini Research Module 1 , which launched on STS-132 in 2010. Rassvet is docked to the Zarya nadir port. RKK Energia, the manufacturer of the Russian Orbital Segment components, has proposed something similar to

800-619: The SPP. The SPP's robotic arm ( European Robotic Arm ) was still added and is currently a part of the station, and launched together with the Russian Nauka Multipurpose Laboratory Module on 21 July 2021, after many delays. An agreement was reached in March 2006 by the Russians and NASA in order to provide part of the power the Russian segments need from the four American solar arrays. Originally

840-669: The Soviet Union; the design of the module and all systems are Soviet/Russian. The United States funded Zarya through the U.S. prime contracts in the 1990s as the first module for ISS, and it was built from December 1994 to January 1998 in Russia at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (KhSC) in Moscow. The module was included as part of NASA's plan for the International Space Station (ISS) instead of Lockheed Martin 's "Bus-1" option because it

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880-505: The West thought that the Zarya module was constructed more cheaply and lifted to orbit faster than should have been possible in the post-Soviet era, and that the FGB might have been largely constructed from mothballed hardware from the Skif laser program (which had been canceled after the failed 1987 Polyus launch). The research and development of a similar design was paid for by Russia and

920-513: The aft docking port typically used by Progress cargo spacecraft. Initially, the leak rate was minimal, less than 1 pound (0.45 kg) per day, but it has steadily increased, reaching 3.7 pounds (1.7 kg) per day as of April 2024. While both NASA and Roscosmos suspect issues with welds, the exact cause of the leak remains unknown. NASA has classified the leaks as a high-risk threat to spaceflight activities, potentially leading to "catastrophic failure." However, Roscosmos says that it does not believe

960-618: The aft transfer compartment (No. 10). There are a further three 22.5 cm (8.9 in) diameter windows in the forward end of the forward transfer compartment (No. 12, 13 and 14), for observing approaching craft. Window No. 11 is unaccounted for in all available sources. Zvezda is also the home of the Lada Greenhouse, which is a test for growing plants in space. The "Assembly Compartment" holds external equipment such as thrusters, thermometers, antennas, and propellant tanks. The large movable " Lira satellite communications antenna "

1000-586: The crew and significant maintenance work, having failed several times and requiring the crew to use the Solid Fuel Oxygen Generator canisters (also called " oxygen candles ", which were the cause of a fire on Mir ) when it has been broken for extended amounts of time. It also contains the Vozdukh, a system which removes carbon dioxide from the air based on the use of regenerable absorbers of carbon dioxide gas. The Zvezda module inherited

1040-649: The front end at the docking sphere, one on the Earth-facing side ( nadir ) of the docking sphere and one axially on the aft end. Attached to the forward port is the Pressurized Mating Adapter PMA-1 , which in turn is connected to the Unity Module – this is the connection between the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) and the US Orbital Segment (USOS). Attached to the aft port is the Zvezda Service Module . The lower port (nadir)

1080-584: The lack of available replacement Elektron units hindered the replacement process. The discontinuation of Elektron production further exacerbated this issue. In October 2020, the Elektron system malfunctioned again, leading to its deactivation. The rocket used for launch to the ISS carried advertising ; it was emblazoned with the logo of Pizza Hut restaurants, for which they are reported to have paid more than US$ 1 million. The money helped support Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center and

1120-438: The module's volume. It comprises two cylinders joined together by a conical adapter. The forward, small-diameter instrument compartment (Russian: Приборой Отсек, ПО , romanized:  Priboroi Otsek, PO ) contains the station command post (central computer) and related equipment, The aft large-diameter habitable compartment (Russian: Жилой Отсек, ЖО , romanized:  Zhloi Otsek, ZhO ) contains two sleeping quarters,

1160-516: The original ISS plan with the addition of a nodal module (with six docking ports) and two additional science/energy modules called Science Power Module 1 and 2 to the segment around 2013-2015. The Science Power Modules would perform similar functions and would have solar arrays similar to the SPP, but unlike it the truss structure would be much smaller. As of 2021, the Science Power Module(s) (unknown whether one or two modules)

1200-573: The solar arrays have been however partially retracted so the P1/S1 radiators of the Integrated Truss Structure could deploy. They are still generating some power, but not the average 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) of power, they once provided when they were fully unfurled. Zarya has 16 external fuel tanks that can hold up to 6.1 tonnes (13,000 lb) of propellant (this requirement was mandated by NASA in early 1997 over concerns that

1240-564: The station's life support systems , some of which are supplemented in the US Orbital Segment (USOS), as well as living quarters for two crew members. It is the structural and functional center of the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS), which is the Russian part of the ISS. Crew assemble here to deal with emergencies on the station. The module was manufactured in the USSR by Energia , with major sub-contracting work by GKNPTs Khrunichev. Zvezda

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1280-699: The third component of the ISS when it docked at the aft port of Zarya . (The U.S. Unity module had already been attached to Zarya ). Later in July, the computers aboard Zarya handed over ISS commanding functions to computers on Zvezda . On 11 September 2000, two members of the STS-106 Space Shuttle crew completed final connections between Zvezda and Zarya ; during a 6-hour, 14 minute EVA , astronaut Ed Lu and cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko connected nine cables between Zvezda and Zarya , including four power cables, four video and data cables and

1320-436: The transfer tunnel. Zvezda weighs about 18,051 kg (39,796 lb) and has a length of 13.1 m (43 ft). The solar panels extend 29.7 m (97 ft). The transfer compartment (Russian: Переходный Отсек, ПхО , romanized:  Perekhodniy Otsek, PKhO ) has three docking ports, along with a internal hatch that can seal it off from the rest of the module, allowing it to serve as an airlock. When Zvezda

1360-652: Was initially used by visiting Soyuz spacecraft and Progress spacecraft to dock to the ROS; The Rassvet module is now docked semipermanently on the nadir port of Zarya , and visiting spacecraft use Rassvet 's nadir docking port instead. It was planned to install another zenith docking port in the docking sphere, however, after the design was changed, a spherical cover was welded in its place. Zarya has two solar arrays measuring 10.67 by 3.35 meters (35.0 by 11.0 ft) and six nickel-cadmium batteries that can provide an average of 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) of power –

1400-544: Was launched on 20 November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81 in Kazakhstan to a 400 km (250 mi) high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years. After Zarya reached orbit, STS-88 launched on 4 December 1998 to attach the Unity module . Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months, Zarya was required to do so for almost two years due to delays to

1440-500: Was launched on a Proton launch vehicle on 12 July 2000, and docked with the Zarya module on 26 July 2000 at 01:45 UTC . It is a descendant of the Salyut programme's DOS spacecraft, leading to the alternate name, DOS-8 . The basic structural frame of Zvezda , known as "DOS-8", was initially built in the mid-1980s to be the core of the Mir-2 space station. This means that Zvezda

1480-470: Was launched with no backup and no insurance. Due to this risk, NASA had constructed an Interim Control Module (ICM) in case it was delayed significantly or destroyed on launch. Since September 2019, the Zvezda module has been experiencing a worsening air leak. The source appears to be microscopic structural cracks within the small transfer tunnel, known by the Russian acronym PrK, which connects Zvezda to

1520-672: Was launched, its forward port docked to the aft port of the Zarya module already in orbit. The nadir (Earth-facing) port was initially intended to be used by the Universal Docking Module , it would instead be used by the Pirs module from 2001 to 2021 and the Nauka module since 2021. The zenith (space-facing) port was initially intended to be used by the Science Power Platform , it would instead be used by

1560-642: Was significantly cheaper ( US$ 220 million vs. $ 450 million). As part of the contract, Khrunichev constructed much of an identical module (referred to as "FGB-2") for contingency purposes. FGB-2 was proposed to be used for a variety of projects; it has been used to construct the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module Nauka . Zarya has a mass of 19,323 kilograms (42,600 lb), is 12.56 meters (41.2 ft) long and 4.11 meters (13.5 ft) wide at its widest point. The module has three docking ports : one axially on

1600-503: Was used. Zvezda has 14 windows. There are two 22.5 cm (8.9 in) diameter windows, one in each of the two crew sleep compartments (windows No. 1 and 2), six 22.5 cm (8.9 in) diameter windows (No. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) on the forward Transfer Compartment earth-facing floor, a 40 cm (16 in) diameter window in the main Working Compartment (No. 9), and one 7.5 cm (3.0 in) diameter window in

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