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44-633: Retroreflective sheeting is widely used in a variety of applications today, after early widespread use on road signs in the 1960s. High-visibility clothing frequently combines retroreflective sheeting with fluorescent fabrics in order to significantly increase the wearer's visibility from a distance, which in turn reduces the risk of traffic-related accidents. Such clothing is commonly worn as (often mandatory) PPE by professionals who work near road traffic or heavy machinery , often at night or in low-visibility weather conditions, such as construction workers , road workers and emergency service personnel. It

88-634: A new study would be conducted. In 1999, the European Commission conducted the MAIDS report , comparable in scale to the Hurt Report, following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) standards, and studying 921 accidents as well as exposure data on an additional 923 cases from five locations in France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain and Italy. In 2005, Congress passed

132-567: A person's visibility and therefore prevent accidents caused by persons not being seen. As a result, it is often worn in occupations where hazardous situations are created by moving vehicles or low lighting conditions. These occupations include railway and road workers, airport workers and emergency services. Cyclists and motorcyclists may also use high-visibility clothing to increase their visibility when operating amongst motor traffic. Hunters may be required to wear designated high-visibility clothing to prevent accidental shooting. The Hurt Report in

176-585: A shorter design that allows equipment belt access. It also includes many optional features, such as a 5-point breakaway design for easy removal, panels readily identifying the wearer as an emergency responder, and radio and badge holders. A European Union directive which covers high-visibility clothing. Hunting laws in each state or province may require hunters to wear designated garments in blaze orange to prevent misidentification of humans as game animals, and resulting shooting accidents. The required total visible area and times of use vary by jurisdiction and by

220-463: A significant improvement on black clothing at night and that retro-reflective strips were more effective when attached to knees and ankles than on a more or less static jacket. A 2012 British case-control study showed a non-significant increase in the odds of a crash for users of reflective conspicuity aids whilst cycling. In 2014, a further case-control study conducted in Canada reported a decrease in

264-403: A similar effect on driver perceptions. At that time there were no studies published that had actually demonstrated a reduction in collision crashes for bicyclists wearing fluorescent or retroreflective clothing whilst on public roads. A 2009 Australian study of drivers trying to see stationary cyclists on a closed circuit found that fluorescent vests (without retro-reflective stripes) were not

308-659: A standard would meet methodology criteria developed globally with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and complying with Principles of Good Laboratory Practices and national as well as international regulations — ultimately to be adopted as a standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). While the CE marking standard for motorcycle protective clothing has been criticised for regulatory capture by

352-549: Is IS 15809 : 2017. The American National Standards Institute published standard 107 for high-visibility clothing in 1999. The standard defines three classes of successively more-visible garments, to protect workers exposed to successively higher levels of risk from motor vehicles and heavy equipment . The International Safety Equipment Association developed the standard, with revisions in 2004, 2010, 2015, and 2020. The 207 standard has different requirements for fluorescent background material, specifically allowing for

396-428: Is also commonly worn by cyclists or joggers to increase their nighttime visibility to road traffic. High-visibility clothing typically come in fluorescent colors like yellow, orange, and red, as these shades are highly visible in various lighting conditions and are internationally recognized for safety use. It designed according to specific standards to ensure effectiveness. In Canada, these requirements are outlined in

440-407: Is both more visible to humans and less visible to game animals. The International Organization for Standardization published standard ISO 20471 for high-visibility clothing in 2013. Australian/New Zealand Standard - AS/NZS 4602.1:2011 High visibility safety garments Garments for high risk applications from Standards Australia. Part 1: Garments for high risk applications - Sample of

484-742: Is expected to be only 300 crashes, compared to the 900 crashes collected and analyzed in the Hurt Study, 921 in the MAID's Study (Europe 2000) and the 1,200 recommended by the National Transportation Safety Board." Published in 2011, Liz de Rome and colleagues undertook the first comprehensive study into the effectiveness of motorcycle personal protective equipment . In order to establish whether motorcycle personal protective clothing should be considered an effective safety measure, their in-depth motorcycle crash cohort study

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528-439: Is impossible to determine if the findings of past studies are still valid. The National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety study cited a broad list of changes that have occurred that affect the current validity of the Hurt Report, broken into four categories: Hurt argues that the age of the study does not necessarily invalidate all its findings or even its core findings; rather, it highlights the need for current work to affirm or update

572-428: The CE marking standard for motorcycle armour is too low, with inadequate impact absorption to reduce fractures. It was the first study to conclude that: “A reduction in the maximum force limit would improve rider protection and appears feasible.” Work continues on determining a global standard for collection of worldwide data on motorcycle accidents and safety, which would enable international sharing of research. Such

616-943: The Motorcycle Safety Foundation pledged $ 2.8 million — with several conditions, including a provision that at least 900 cases would be studied. At the time, the funding was still about $ 2 million short. The National Transportation Safety Board originally had recommended a scope of 900 to 1,200 case studies. In 2009, the Federal Highway Administration and Oklahoma State University 's Oklahoma Transportation Center began conducting an 'abbreviated' Motorcycle Crash Causation Study with 300 case studies "to help identify common factors – including road configurations, environmental conditions and rider experience" and "how these factors may be affected by countermeasures that, if effectively implemented, will prevent motorcycle crashes or lessen

660-462: The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) law (2005-2009) mandating a new motorcycle crash study and budgeted $ 2.8 million for the study, providing that motorcyclists, manufacturers, and other motorcycle related organizations would match that amount. The AMA committed $ 100,000 to the study, and continues to raise awareness and raise funds, and

704-617: The Scottish Region of British Railways . Fluorescent orange jackets, known as "fire-flies", were issued to track workers on the Pollokshields to Eglinton Street electrified section in Glasgow ; they were later tried in other areas, such as Edinburgh , Aberdeen and Inverness . Train drivers operating in these areas were asked their opinion as to the effectiveness of the jackets. Following trials, high-visibility clothing

748-485: The United States found that very few motorcyclists involved in collisions wore high-visibility clothing, and that just over half of the collisions studied, nearly two-thirds of those involving another vehicle, were due to the motorist unintentionally violating the motorcyclist's right of way. "This dominant culpability of the driver of the other vehicle... emphasizes the special need for high contrast conspicuity for

792-699: The CSA Standard Z96-15 (R2020), while in the United States, they follow the ANSI/ISEA 107-2020. Retroreflective sheeting for road signs is categorized by construction and performance specified by technical standards such as ASTM D4956-11a.; various types give differing levels of retroreflection, effective view angles, and lifespan. Sheeting has replaced button copy as the predominant type of retroreflector used in roadway signs. There are several grades of retroreflective sheeting which include

836-535: The CSA Standard Z96-15 High-Visibility Safety Apparel". Hurt Report The Hurt Report , officially Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures , was a motorcycle safety study conducted in the United States, initiated in 1976 and published in 1981. The report is named after its primary author, Professor Harry Hurt . Noted motorcycle journalist David L. Hough described

880-735: The EN510 quick release standard and the EN471 and its successor EN ISO 20471:2013 high visibility standards, have improved the effectiveness and contributed to improved safety for rail workers and other staff. The specifications for Rail Industry Standard RIS-3279-TOM (fluorescent orange) high-visibility clothing suitable for use on railways in the United Kingdom are published by the Rail Safety and Standards Board . The latest Indian standards for High Visibility Warning Clothes - Specification

924-526: The Hurt Report as "the most comprehensive motorcycle safety study of the 20th century." The study was initiated by the Department of Transportation 's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , which contracted with the University of Southern California Traffic Safety Center — the work was ultimately conducted by USC professor Harry Hurt. The Hurt Report findings significantly advanced

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968-714: The current state of motorcycle safety: The more time goes by, the less things look different. Riders today have the same sort of accidents as riders in the 1970s, except that today they crash much more expensive bikes. Between 1997 and 2008, motorcycle rider annual fatalities increased from 2,116 to 5,290 – a 150 percent jump, according to U.S. Department of Transportation's Fatality Analysis Reporting System. In 2008 alone, deaths due to motorcycle crashes rose by an estimated 2.2 percent while all other vehicle classes saw reductions in fatalities. — Oklahoma State University, Transportation Center , 2009 In David Hough 's book Proficient Motorcycling , Dr. Hurt said he had always assumed

1012-430: The effectiveness of visibility aids (fluorescent and retroreflective clothing and equipment) was carried out by Kwan and Mapstone in 2006. The authors found 42 studies which collectively suggested that fluorescent clothing could increase the distance at which drivers could detect and then recognise cyclists in daylight conditions. The same review found evidence that retro-reflective materials worn by cyclists at night had

1056-495: The harm when they occur." Consistent with its stated provisions, the Motorcycle Safety Foundation withdrew support of the abbreviated study, saying such a study would be "unlikely to either validate the findings of prior studies or establish, to any statistical significant level, any new causative factors. The abbreviated study would be unlikely to accomplish either of these goals because the sample size

1100-414: The motorcycle and rider." A New Zealand case-control study found that the population attributable risks were 33% for wearing no reflective or fluorescent clothing; one third of motorbike accidents might have been prevented by wearing high-visibility clothing. Conspicuous behaviors, such as the wearing of high-visibility clothing, the use of headlights in the daytime, and the use of a white helmet, reduced

1144-439: The odds of a collision with a motor vehicle when wearing 'light' coloured (not specifically fluorescent) clothing in daylight but an increase in the odds of a collision for cyclists using fluorescent clothing (and lights) at night. The number of conspicuity aids used was positively associated with an increase in collision crash odds but a non-significant reduction in the likelihood of hospitalisation. A randomized controlled trial

1188-541: The overall effect 47%) and for those participants who reported 'high' use of the jackets vs 'low' use (60% vs 33%). The study was based on participants self-reporting data , and there was evidence of response bias , which the authors attempt to correct for, reducing the 47% figure to 38%. Since April 2013, New York City regulations require commercial cyclists, such as restaurant delivery persons or bike messengers , to wear high visibility clothing while riding. Experimental use of high-visibility clothing began in 1964 on

1232-498: The prototype Hyperloop pod vehicles on the SpaceX Hypertube test track . High-visibility clothing High-visibility clothing , sometimes shortened to hi vis or hi viz , is any clothing worn that is highly luminescent in its natural matt property or a color that is easily discernible from any background. It is most commonly worn on the torso and arm area of the body. Health and safety regulations often require

1276-568: The report was Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures, Volume 1: Technical Report. After retiring from USC in 1998, Hurt established and headed the Head Protection Research Laboratory (HPRL), of Paramount, CA. Professor Hurt, with a team of investigators (all of whom were motorcyclists themselves) examined motorcycle accident scenes in the City of Los Angeles, day and night, during

1320-585: The research team to compare accident-involved riders to riders in the same location who were not involved in a crash. The study took place throughout the City of Los Angeles including urban as well as rural conditions, e.g., incidents of motorcycles striking animals. Each accident was studied individually with approximately 1,000 data elements, collected for each of the 900 accident scenes, including measuring and photographing vehicle damage, skid marks, scrape marks, people marks, and interviewing survivors. Hundreds of accident-involved riders donated their helmet to

1364-481: The research, which allowed team members to disassemble, measure, photograph and record the accident damage as part of the study. The Hurt Report summarized accident findings related to motorcycle crashes into a 55-point list . Among the major points: two-thirds of motorcycle-car crashes occurred when the car driver failed to see the approaching motorcycle and violated the rider's right-of-way. The report also provided data showing clearly that helmets significantly reduce

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1408-639: The risk of a rider facing a collision. Traffic risks to the cyclist are similar to those faced by motorcyclists, with the main differences being that cyclist speeds are typically lower, and the cyclist wears less protective gear. In a 2009 study, most UK cyclists and almost all motorists believed that high-visibility clothing would increase cyclists' visibility. Almost all drivers agreed that cyclists need to wear reflective clothing in low lighting environments, whereas less than three-quarters of cyclists (72%) agreed, and less than half claimed that they always did so. A Cochrane Systematic Review of research evidence for

1452-449: The risk of brain injury and death but with no increased risk of crash involvement or neck injury. When interviewed in 1999, Professor Hurt "confided that he believes the report is still basically valid." Nonetheless, while the Hurt Report "remains the benchmark of motorcycle crash research" and contained at the time of its publication factual, verifiable information, in clear scientific terms — it has been described as outdated. In

1496-508: The standard. Safe Work Australia - general Personal Protective Equipment guide including references to high visibility clothing Class D workwear is suited to daytime use in Australia. Canadian Standards : Z96-15 - High-visibility safety apparel Canadian Center for Occupational Health and safety (CCOHS): Guide High-Visibility Safety Apparel : "Requirements for high-visibility safety clothing for Canadian workers are found in

1540-429: The state of knowledge of the causes of motorcycle accidents, in particular pointing out the widespread problem of car drivers failing to see an approaching motorcycle and precipitating a crash by violating the motorcyclist's right-of-way. The study also provided data clearly showing that helmets significantly reduce deaths and brain injuries without any increased risk of accident involvement or neck injury. The full title of

1584-535: The three major grades: engineer grade, high intensity prismatic (HIP) and diamond grade. Within these categories are further delineations based on material used and visibility distance. Diamond grade typically has the greatest distance for visibility of the three major categories. Barcodes can be printed onto retroreflective sheeting to enable scanning up to 50 feet away. The special effects technique of front projection uses retroreflective screens to create false backgrounds for scenes shot in studios. Front projection

1628-439: The twenty-four-month period of 1976–77. They did on-scene investigations of over 900 accidents and studied 3,600 police reports from the area of each accident. Investigators later returned to 505 crash scenes at the same time of day, same day of the week and with the same environmental conditions to measure traffic volumes, photograph passing motorcycles and interview 2,310 riders who stopped to talk with investigators. This allowed

1672-403: The type of hunting in the area. Hunting clothes are available in blaze orange camouflage , where the bright orange color is plainly visible to human eyes, but the shape of the hunter is broken up by irregular patterns to prevent identification as a threat by game animals such as deer, who cannot see the color. Some jurisdictions also allow the use of a "blaze pink ," a color that proponents argue

1716-412: The use of high visibility clothing as it is a form of personal protective equipment . Many colors of high visibility vests are available, with yellow and orange being the most common examples. Colors other than yellow or orange may not provide adequate luminescence for conformity to standards such as ISO 20471 . As a form of personal protective equipment, high-visibility clothing is worn to increase

1760-549: The year 2000, editors from the Motorcycle Safety Foundation wrote, in preparing the National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety: It was apparent that our effectiveness would be limited by a consistent lack of viable, current research in most subjects related to motorcycling safety. Wide-ranging changes in motorcycling and related factors have altered the motorcycling landscape since the Hurt Report so thoroughly that it

1804-466: Was conducted in Denmark between 2012 and 2013. The study collected data from 6793 regular cyclists for a year. The results suggest that conspicuity enhancing jackets can reduce by 47% the risk of collisions with other road users that cause injury and 55% for those collisions involving a motor vehicle. The effect of the intervention was higher in winter compared to summer (56% vs 39%), in daylight (51% vs

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1848-400: Was conducted over 12 months in Australia. It found that while protective clothing is associated with reduced risk and severity of crash-related injuries, a high proportion of clothing failed under crash conditions. Moreover, it also found that motorcycle armor is ineffective at reducing fractures. Subsequent research by Bianca Albanese and colleagues (2017) may explain this ineffectiveness:

1892-608: Was issued to engineering and other staff working on the electrified lines of the London Midland Region of British Railways in 1965. It was thought to be more important due to the higher speeds of the newly electrified West Coast Main Line route from London Euston to Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool . The first version was worn as a jerkin and was "visible at ... half a mile in normal weather conditions". Since then, features of high-visibility clothing such as

1936-486: Was used in 2001: A Space Odyssey during the "Dawn of Man" sequence. Other films that have used front projection techniques include Silent Running , Where Eagles Dare and Superman . Star Wars episodes IV, V and VI used retroreflective sheeting for the lightsaber blades. Reflective tape is used to provide an explicit way to do optical navigation of autonomous vehicles . For example, strips of retroreflective tape are used to provide navigation inputs to

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